Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Bed Rest”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone.

OBJECTIVE: To compare preterm delivery rates (before 34 weeks of gestation) and neonatal morbidity and mortality in patients with risk factors or symptoms of cervical incompetence managed with therapeutic McDonald cerclage and bed rest versus bed rest alone. STUDY DESIGN: Cervical length was measured in patients with risk factors or symptoms of cervical incompetence. Risk factors for cervical incompetence included previous preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation that met clinical criteria for the diagnosis of cervical incompetence, previous preterm premature rupture of membranes before 32 weeks of gestation, history of cold knife conization, diethylstilbestrol exposure, and uterine anomaly. When a cervical length of <25 mm was measured before a gestational age of 27 weeks, a randomization for therapeutic cerclage and bed rest (cerclage group) or bed rest alone (bed rest group) was performed. The analysis is based on intention to treat. RESULTS: Of the 35 women who met the inclusion criteria, 19 were allocated randomly to the cerclage group and 16 to the bed rest group. Both groups were comparable for mean cervical length and mean gestational age at time of randomization, mean overall 20 mm and 21 weeks. Preterm delivery before 34 weeks was significantly more frequent in the bed rest group than in the cerclage group (7 of 16 vs none, respectively; P =.002). There was no statistically significant difference in neonatal survival between the groups (13 neonates survived in the bed rest group vs all in the cerclage group). The compound neonatal morbidity, defined as admission to the neonatal intensive care unit or neonatal death, was significantly higher in the bed rest group than in the cerclage group (8 of 16 vs 1 of 19, respectively; P =.005; RR = 9.5, 95% CI, 1.3-68.1). CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic cerclage with bed rest reduces preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation and compound neonatal morbidity in women with risk factors and/or symptoms of cervical incompetence and a cervical length of <25 mm before 27 weeks of gestation.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed2002

Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): effect of therapeutic cerclage with bed rest vs. bed rest only on cervical length.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of therapeutic cerclage and bed rest vs. just bed rest on cervical length and to relate these effects to the risk of preterm delivery. DESIGN: Cervical length was measured in patients at high risk of cervical incompetence. When a cervical length < 25 mm was measured before 27 weeks' gestation, randomization for therapeutic cerclage and bed rest vs. just bed rest was performed. After randomization, cervical length was measured weekly. For statistical analysis, t-test and Fisher's exact tests were used and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Nineteen women were randomly allocated to receive a therapeutic cerclage and bed rest and 16 were allocated to receive bed rest only. Mean cervical lengths and mean gestational ages before randomization were comparable between both groups, overall 19.8 mm and 20.7 weeks. Cervical length was measured again at a mean gestation of 22.1 weeks. Mean cervical length (31 mm) was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer after cerclage than after bed rest only (19 mm). A cervical length > or = 25 mm was measured in 22 of the 35 included women, 16 in the cerclage group and six in the bed-rest group (P = 0.006). Of these 22 women, only one delivered before 34 weeks' gestation, which was significantly less frequent than six out of 13 women with a cervical length < 25 mm (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic cerclage with bed rest increases cervical length more often than bed rest alone. A postintervention cervical length > or = 25 mm reduces the risk of preterm delivery in women at high risk of cervical incompetence and a preintervention cervical length < 25 mm.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cervical incompetence prevention randomized cerclage trial: emergency cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare preterm delivery rates and neonatal morbidity/mortality rates for women with cervical incompetence with membranes at or beyond a dilated external cervical os that was treated with emergency cerclage, bed rest plus indomethacin, versus just bed rest. STUDY DESIGN: Women with cervical incompetence with membranes at or beyond a dilated external cervical os, before 27 weeks of gestation, were treated with antibiotics and bed rest and randomly assigned for emergency cerclage and indomethacin or bed rest only. RESULTS: Twenty-three women were included; 13 women were allocated randomly to the emergency cerclage and indomethacin group, and 10 women were allocated randomly to the bed rest-only group. Gestational age at time of randomization was 22.2 weeks in the emergency cerclage and indomethacin group and 23.0 weeks in the bed rest-only group. Mean interval from randomization until delivery was 54 days in the emergency cerclage and indomethacin group and 20 days in the bed rest-only group (P=.046). Mean gestational age at delivery was 29.9 weeks in the emergency cerclage and indomethacin group and 25.9 weeks in the bed rest-only group. Preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation was significantly lower in the emergency cerclage and indomethacin group, with 7 of 13 deliveries versus all 10 deliveries in the bed rest-only group (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency cerclage, indomethacin, antibiotics, and bed rest reduce preterm delivery before 34 weeks compared with bed rest and antibiotics alone.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

A randomized prospective comparison of nifedipine and bed rest versus bed rest alone in the management of preeclampsia remote from term.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with nifedipine for mild preeclampsia remote from term reduces the number of days of maternal hospitalization and improves pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 200 patients at 26 to 36 weeks' gestation were randomly allocated to treatment with either bed rest alone (n = 100) or bed rest in combination with nifedipine (n = 100). RESULTS: Patients receiving nifedipine had significantly lower systolic (p < 0.0001) and diastolic (p < 0.0001) blood pressures during therapy. Severe hypertension as an indication for delivery was significantly (p < 0.05) more frequent in the bed-rest-alone group. The two study groups had similar average days of maternal hospitalization (12.6 +/- 7.9 vs 12.3 +/- 10.3) and pregnancy prolongation (22.3 +/- 13.5 vs 22.5 +/- 15.7). There were no differences between groups with respect to birth weight, incidences of small-for-gestational-age infants and preterm birth, number of days spent in special care unit, or cord blood gas measurement. CONCLUSION: Nifedipine therapy for preeclampsia reduces maternal blood pressure but does not reduce number of days of maternal hospitalization or improve perinatal outcome.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed1989

Controlled trial of hydration and bed rest versus bed rest alone in the evaluation of preterm uterine contractions.

Patients who are seen with uterine contractions but without documented change in cervical dilation or effacement are often treated with intravenous hydration before the initiation of intravenous tocolytic therapy. This is done with the intention of stopping uterine activity in patients with false preterm labor. A prospective randomized study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydration on preterm uterine contractions in patients without proved preterm labor. A total of 28 patients were treated with bed rest and an intravenous bolus and subsequent continuous infusion of 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution. A control group of 20 patients were treated with bed rest alone. Uterine activity and arrest of uterine contractions were compared between the two groups. Contractions stopped in 54% of the patients treated with hydration, whereas contractions stopped in 40% of the patients in the control group. This difference was not statistically significant. As a crossover study, those in the control group with contractions that continued after the initial observation period were subsequently treated with intravenous fluids. Only one patient in this group stopped contracting. Of all patients whose contractions with either therapy, 18% eventually were delivered of preterm infants. This included 20% of the hydration group and 14% of the control group. The use of hydration as a pretherapy indicator to differentiate true preterm labor from false preterm labor could not be supported by this study. In addition, patients whose contractions stopped with either hydration or bed rest are at increased risk of subsequent preterm delivery.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed2002

Attenuated sympathetic nerve responses after 24 hours of bed rest.

Bed rest reduces orthostatic tolerance. Despite decades of study, the cause of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this report we examined hemodynamic and sympathetic nerve responses to graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) before and after 24 h of bed rest. LBNP allows for baroreceptor disengagement in a graded fashion. We measured heart rate (HR), cardiac output (HR x stroke volume obtained by echo Doppler), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during a progressive and graded LBNP paradigm. Negative pressure was increased by 10 mmHg every 3 min until presyncope or completion of -60 mmHg. After bed rest, LBNP tolerance was reduced in 11 of 13 subjects (P <.023), HR was greater (P <.002), cardiac output was unchanged, and the ability to augment MSNA at high levels of LBNP was reduced (rate of rise for 30- to 60-mmHg LBNP before bed rest 0.073 bursts x min(-1) x mmHg(-1); after bed rest 0.035 bursts x min(-1) x mmHg(-1); P < 0.016). These findings suggest that 24 h of bed rest reduces sympathetic nerve responses to LBNP.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Cardiorespiratory deconditioning with static and dynamic leg exercise during bed rest.

Bed rest deconditioning was assessed in seven healthy men (19-22 yr) following three 14-day periods of controlled activity during recumbency by measuring submaximal and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate, and plasma volume. Exercise regimens were performed in the supine position and included a) two 30-min periods daily of intermittent static exercise at 21% of maximal leg extension force, and b) two 30-min periods of dynamic bicycle ergometer exercise daily at 68% of VO2max. No prescribed exercise was performed during the third bed rest period. Compared with their respective pre-bed rest control values, VO2max decreased (P less than 0.05) under all exercise conditions; -12.3% with no exercise, -9.2% with dynamic exercise, but only -4.8% with static exercise. Maximal heart rate was increased by 3.3% to 4.9% (P less than 0.05) under the three exercise conditions, while plasma volume decreased (P less than 0.05) -15.1% with no exercise and -10.1% with static, but only -7.8% (NS) with dynamic exercise. Since neither the static nor dynamic exercise training regimes minimized the changes in all the variables studied, some combination of these two types of exercise may be necessary for maximum protection from the effects of the bed deconditioning.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Changes in nuclear magnetic resonance (T2) relaxation of limb tissue with bed rest.

Bed rest is used to simulate the effects of weightlessness on human physiology. A spin-echo procedure was used to image the lower leg of 15 normal male volunteers before and after 5 weeks of horizontal bedrest. In addition to noninvasively measuring muscle size changes, accurate T2 images were produced to investigate possible relaxation time changes immediately (2-4 h) and 1-2 days after bed rest. Subcutaneous fat showed no change in T2, bone marrow showed a decrease, and muscle showed no change immediately after bed rest but increased 1-2 days following reambulation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Bed rest used to be widely advised for women with a multiple pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the effect of bed rest in hospital for women with a multiple pregnancy for prevention of preterm birth and other fetal, neonatal and maternal outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and reference lists of relevant articles were searched. Date of last search: January 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials which compare outcomes in women with a multiple pregnancy and their babies who were offered bed rest in hospital with women only admitted to hospital if complications occurred. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Assessment for inclusion and methodological quality of the trials was done by the reviewer. Data were extracted by the reviewer and double entered. All eligible trials were included in the initial analysis. Prespecified sensitivity analyses have been carried out to evaluate the effect of trial quality, the effects of hospitalisation for bed rest in women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy, in women with a triplet pregnancy and in women with a twin pregnancy complicated by cervical effacement and dilatation prior to labour. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials were included which involved over 600 women and 1400 babies. (1) Analyses of all trials. Routine bed rest in hospital for multiple pregnancy did not reduce the risk of preterm birth, or perinatal mortality. There was a trend to a decreased number of low birth weight infants born to women in the routinely hospitalised group, which became significant when the trial using alternate allocation was excluded (odds ratio (OR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-0.99). No differences were seen in the number of very low birth weight infants. No support for the policy was found in other neonatal outcomes. No information is available on developmental outcomes for infants in any of the trials. Women's views about the care they received were reported rarely. (2) Analyses of hospitalisation for bed rest in women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy. The risk of preterm birth was not reduced. Indeed significantly more women delivered very preterm (<34 weeks gestation) (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.01-3.34). No differences were seen in perinatal mortality, or in other neonatal outcomes. Women receiving hospitalisation for bed rest had a decreased risk of developing hypertension (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.32-0.97), although this effect was no longer apparent when the trial using alternate allocation was excluded. (3) Analyses of hospitalisation for bed rest in women with a triplet pregnancy. Most of the comparisons made between the hospitalised and control groups suggest beneficial treatment effects from routine hospitalisation for bed rest. However all the differences observed between the experimental and control groups were compatible with chance variation. (4) Analyses of hospitalisation for bed rest in women with a twin pregnancy complicated by cervical effacement and dilatation prior to labour. No differences were seen in the risk of preterm birth, perinatal mortality, fetal growth or in other neonatal outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is currently not enough evidence to support a policy of routine hospitalisation for bed rest in multiple pregnancy. No reduction in the risk of preterm birth or perinatal death is evident, although there is a suggestion that fetal growth is improved. For women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy the results of this review suggest that it may be harmful in that the risk of very preterm birth is increased. Until further evidence is available to the contrary, the policy cannot be recommended for routine clinical practice.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed1996

Changes in spectra of heart rate and blood pressure variabilities during bed rest and head-up tilt after bed rest.

Changes in the spectra of heart rate and systolic blood pressure variabilities (HRV and SBPV) were recorded during head-down bed rest and head-up tilt (HUT) in 15 healthy young men. After bed rest, five subjects failed to complete HUT test. During bed rest, the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) powers of HRV and SBPV spectra were all significantly decreased, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV spectrum (LF:HFHRV) increased on the 16th day. During the first 6min of HUT after bed rest, the heart rate was faster, but the LF:HFHRV and the LF power of SBPV spectrum in all subjects were similar to the data during HUT before bed rest. The diastolic and mean arterial pressure were significantly increased during HUT except in those who failed to complete the HUT test after bed rest. The results suggest that the peripheral vascular sympathetic activity and the cardiac parasympathetic activity are decreased with a relative increase in the cardiac sympathetic activity during bed rest, but the cardiovascular autonomic responsiveness during HUT after bed rest is basically preserved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity in men during bed rest and on orthostasis after bed rest.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in autonomic function are commonly seen during and after spaceflight, and its ground-based analog, 6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). They may include peripheral vascular regulation, but vasomotor sympathetic efferent nerve discharges to peripheral vasculatures have not been examined. The aim of our study was to examine changes in vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity during HDBR and under orthostasis after HDBR. METHODS: We performed 6 d of HDBR on six male subjects, and measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) together with plasma norepinephrine concentrations in the supine position before HDBR and in 6 degrees head-down position on the sixth day (HDBR6) of HDBR. We also measured MSNA in head-up tilt (HUT) test before and after HDBR. RESULTS: On HDBR6, MSNA burst rate was the same (17+/-4 bursts x min(-1)) as that in supine position before HDBR (15+/-2 bursts min(-1)), but plasma norepinephrine concentrations were decreased to 1.14+/-0.10 pmol x ml(-1) compared with the supine value before HDBR (1.56+/-0.20 pmol x ml(-1), p<0.05). After HDBR, supine MSNA burst rate significantly increased by 58% to 24+/-4 bursts x min(-1). MSNA increment in response to HUT was similar between before (34+/-3 bursts min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) and after (40+/-6 bursts x min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) HDBR. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that: a) the relationship between MSNA and plasma norepinephrine concentrations was altered on the sixth day during HDBR; b) the vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity was enhanced after HDBR; and c) the augmentation of vasomotor sympathetic outflow to muscles under orthostasis was preserved after HDBR.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest.

Prolonged bed rest produces profound changes in muscle and bone, particularly of the lower limb. This review first addresses the various models used by researchers to study disuse-induced changes in muscle and bone as observed during prolonged bed rest in humans. Dramatic change in muscle mass occurs within 4-6 wk of bed rest, accompanied by decreases of 6 to 40% in muscle strength. Immobilization studies in humans suggest that most of this lost muscle mass and strength can be regained with appropriate resistance training within several weeks after a period of disuse. Significant decrements in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and calcaneus observed in able-bodied men after bed rest are not fully reversed after 6 months of normal weightbearing activity. Importantly, the lost bone mass is not regained for some weeks or months after muscle mass and strength have returned to normal, further contributing to the risk of fracture. Those who enter a period of bed rest with subnormal muscle and bone mass, especially the elderly, are likely to incur additional risk of injury upon reambulation. Practical implications for exercise professionals working with individuals confined to bed rest are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Physiology and complications of bed rest.

Prolonged bed rest causes major cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychological changes. Complications often result from these effects of bed rest, especially when aging has already decreased the reserves in these systems. These problems can be limited by judicious prescription of modified bed rest.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of bed rest after mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial of no versus six days of bed rest.

BACKGROUND: Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is determined largely by the appearance of post-traumatic complaints (PTC). The prevalence of PTC after six months is estimated to be between 20 and 80%. Bed rest has been advocated to prevent PTC but its effectiveness has never been established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bed rest on the severity of PTC after MTBI. METHODS: Patients presenting with MTBI to the emergency room were randomly assigned to two intervention strategies. One group was advised not to take bed rest (NO) and the other to take full bed rest (FULL) for six days after the trauma. The primary outcome measures were severity of PTC on a visual analogue scale and physical and mental health on the medical outcomes study 36 item short form health survey (SF-36) at two weeks and three and six months after the trauma. RESULTS: Between October 1996 and July 1999, 107 (54 NO, 53 FULL) patients were enrolled. Outcome variables in both groups clearly improved between two weeks and six months. After adjustment for differences in baseline variables, most PTC tended to be somewhat more severe in the FULL group six months after the trauma, but no significant differences were found. Neither were there any significant differences in the outcome parameters between the two groups after three months. Two weeks after the trauma, most PTC in the FULL group were slightly less severe than those in the NO group, and physical subscores of the SF-36 in the FULL group were slightly better. These differences were not significant. Patients in the FULL group reported significantly less dizziness during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: As a means of speeding up recovery of patients with PTC after MTBI, bed rest is no more effective than no bed rest at all. Bed rest probably has some palliative effect within the first two weeks after the trauma.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

The Cochrane review of bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica.

STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review within the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of advice to rest in bed for patients with acute low back pain (LBP) or sciatica. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Low back pain is a common reason for consulting a health care provider, and advice on daily activities constitutes an important part in the primary care management of low back pain. METHODS: All randomized studies available in systematic searches (electronic databases, contact with authors, and reference lists) were included. Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed the validity of included trials, and extracted data. Investigators were contacted to obtain missing information. RESULTS: Nine trials with a total of 1435 patients were included. Four trials compared bed rest with advice to stay active, and the overall results were heterogeneous. Overall, results from two high-quality studies indicate no difference in pain intensity at the 3-week follow-up (standardized mean difference 0.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.3, 0.2]), and a small difference in functional status in favor of staying active (weighted mean difference 3.2 [on a 0-100 scale] 95% CI 0.6, 5.8). In two high-quality trials no differences were reported in pain intensity between 2-3 days of bed rest and 7 days of bed rest. In another two high-quality trials, no differences were found between bed rest and exercises in pain intensity or functional status. CONCLUSION: Bed rest compared with advice to stay active at best has no effect, and at worst may have slightly harmful effects on LBP. There is not an important difference in the effects of bed rest compared with exercises in the treatment of acute low back pain, or 7 days compared with 2-3 days of bed rest in patients with low back pain of different durations with and without radiating pain.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Magnetic resonance imaging quantitation of changes in muscle volume during 7 days of strict bed rest.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged bed rest results in a loss of leg lean body mass. Previous studies using bed rest as a model for microgravity have shown decreases in leg mass after 12 and 14 d, 5 and 17 wk. HYPOTHESIS: As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide a precise and non-invasive means of determining muscle volume, we sought to determine if changes in leg muscle volume could be detected in bed rest periods as short as 7 d. METHODS: Five young, healthy, male volunteers were subjected to 7 d of absolute bed rest. Each subject underwent MRI quantitation of segmental muscle volumes of the calves and thighs before and after bed rest. Eleven (calf) and nine (thigh) contiguous 1-cm thick transaxial images were generated over prescribed regions using a Technicare MRI imager with a 0.6T superconducting magnet and body coil. Image processing was performed using a generalized 8-bit medical image analysis package developed at University of Texas Medical Branch. Images were analyzed for muscle and non-muscle volumes (including fat, blood vessel, and bone marrow volumes). RESULTS: The MRI quantitation demonstrated bed rest-induced significant decreases in segmental thigh muscle (approximately 3.0%, p < 0.05) volume. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that computerized image analysis of MRI images provides a sensitive tool capable of detecting leg volume changes of as little as 3.0% over a 7-d period of strict bed rest.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fluid and salt supplementation effect on body hydration and electrolyte homeostasis during bed rest and ambulation.

Bed rest (BR) induces significant urinary and blood electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of fluid and salt supplements (FSS) on catabolism, hydration and electrolytes. The aim was to measure the effect of FSS on catabolism, body hydration and electrolytes during BR. Studies were done during 7 days of a pre-bed rest period and during 30 days of a rigorous bed rest period. Thirty male athletes aged, 24.6 +/- 7.6 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided into three groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented bed rested subjects (UBRS) and supplemented bed rested subjects (SBRS). The UBRS and SBRS groups were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime for 30 days. The SBRS daily took 30 ml water per kg body weight and 0.1 sodium chloride per kg bodyweight. Plasma sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels, urinary Na, K, Ca and Mg excretion, plasma osmolality, plasma protein level, whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) level increased significantly (p < or = 0.05), while plasma volume (PV), body weight, body fat, peak oxygen uptake, food and fluid intake decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) in the UBRS group when compared with the SBRS and UACS groups. In contrast, plasma and urinary electrolytes, osmolality, protein level, whole blood Hct and Hb level decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05), while PV, fluid intake, body weight and peak oxygen uptake increased significantly (p < or = 0.05) in the SBRS group when compared with the UBRS group. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values. The data indicate that FSS stabilizes electrolytes and body hydration during BR, while BR alone induces significant changes in electrolytes and body hydration. We conclude that FSS may be used to prevent catabolism and normalize body hydration status and electrolyte values during BR.

Adaptation, Physiological↗