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PubMed1983

Long-term broiler performance with bambermycins and bambermycins plus roxarsone.

Bambermycins and bambermycins plus roxarsone were fed to broilers in ten consecutive experiments to determine if response (measured by body weight and feed efficiency) was continuous over a long term. Bambermycins was added at 1.1 ppm (1 to 44 days) and 2.2 ppm (45 to 51 days) to both test rations. In addition, one test ration contained roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) at 50 ppm (1 to 44 days). Each experiment was conducted with 1,080 commercial broiler cross-run chickens. Broilers fed bambermycins and bambermycins plus roxarsone were heavier (P less than .05) than controls in every experiment. Bambermycins plus roxarsone treated broilers were heavier (P less than .05) than bambermycins treated broilers in 2 out of 10 experiments. Broilers fed bambermycins converted feed more efficiently (P less than .05) than controls in 6 of 10 experiments and were more efficient (P less than .05) than bambermycins plus roxarsone fed broilers in 1 of 10 experiments. Bambermycins plus roxarsone treated broilers were more efficient (P less than .05) than controls in 5 of 10 experiments. These findings indicate that over a long term bambermycins and bambermycins plus roxarsone consistently and significantly (P less than .05) increased broiler body weights over controls, although the addition of roxarsone was not always effective in increasing body weights or improving feed efficiency over bambermycins fed alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of bambermycins (Flavomycin) in diets for growing turkeys.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the response of turkeys to graded levels of bambermycins++ in wheat-based diets. In one, 960 Medium White poults were fed 0,2,3, or 4 mg bambermycins per kg from day-old to 12 wk of age. In the other, 264 male and 408 female Large White poults were fed 0,2,5, or 10 mg bambermycins per kg from day-old to 15 (females) or 18 (males) wk of age. Response of Medium White poults increased with age, with significantly greater weight gain from 8 to 12 wk of age as well as final weights when the diet was supplemented with bambermycins. Large White poults responded with highly significant increases in gains from 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 wk of age, and a highly significant linear response to bambermycins in final weights. Although feed efficiency of Large White poults from 0 to 4 wk of age increased with bambermycins, overall efficiency in both trials decreased when the diets were supplemented. The earlier and greater response of Large White poults in comparison with birds of a Medium White strain may be related to the differing growth characteristics of those strains. The difference may also be related to the re-use of litter in the former trial. However, the effect of neither strain nor litter was determined within the same experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of bambermycins on quantity, prevalence, duration, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected broiler chickens.

Twenty broiler chickens were fed bambermycins (Flavomycin; an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces) at the rate of 3 g/ton (US) for 63 days, and 20 control birds were fed nonmedicated feed. The birds were inoculated (dosed) on the 10th and 11th feeding day with Salmonella typhimurium. The study evaluated the effects of bambermycins on Salmonella incidence, shedding, and antimicrobial resistance. Bambermycins had no effect on body weights, duration of shedding of salmonellae, number of salmonellae shed on postdosing day 3, tissue recoverability of salmonellae, and total number of resistance patterns. Bambermycins resulted in the decrease of salmonellae to be more gradual; however, both treatments were comparable at the end of the study. The majority of S typhimurium from bambermycins-treated birds maintained the original antibiogram of streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and nalidixic acid. The salmonellae isolated from the control birds were more resistant to 2 drugs (varying antibiograms). Bambermycins as a feed additive in broiler diets given at the dose level of 3 g/ton had no detrimental effects based on salmonellae shedding and antimicrobial resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The use of bambermycins (Flavomycin) and halofuginone (Stenorol) in diets for growing turkeys.

Experiments were conducted at three geographic locations in the United States (Arkansas, Colorado, and Minnesota) to examine the response of Large White turkeys to bambermycins in the presence of halofuginone. Each location utilized diets commonly used at that station for growing turkeys. All diets contained 3 ppm halofuginone, and were supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 g bambermycins/ton (908 kg). Bambermycins was fed from day-old to marketing; halofuginone was removed from feed for 3 days prior to marketing. Although there were some significant differences in final body weights or feed utilization among locations, there were no significant interactions of location X bambermycins. Body weight of males was significantly (P less than .05) improved by the addition of 2 g bambermycins/ton. Body weight of females was significantly (P less than .05) improved by all levels of bambermycins; 4 g/ton stimulated significantly (P less than .05) superior gains than 1 or 2 g/ton. When body weight for both sexes was combined, bambermycins at 2 and 4 g/ton resulted in significant (P less than .05) improvements in body weight. Feed utilization, expressed as units of feed per unit of gain, was not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. There were no significant differences in mortality related to location or dietary treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of bambermycins, in vitro, on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance.

The potential of bambermycins (a growth-promoting antimicrobial approved for turkeys, broilers, and swine) to overcome or control plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance was determined in a series of in vitro experiments. Four possible modes of action of bambermycins were studied: synergistic effect with 12 other antimicrobials, elimination of resistance (R) plasmids from Escherichia coli, selective killing or inhibition of E coli carrying R plasmids, and inhibition of R plasmid transfer. Bambermycins had no synergistic activity with the other drugs tested and had little effect on eliminating plasmids from host bacteria. Dependent on plasmid type, bambermycins decreased or increased transfer frequency of R plasmids. Bambermycins also selectively inhibited growth of bacteria harboring certain R plasmids.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Effect of bambermycins and tylosin on performance of growing-finishing swine.

Five experiments (five different locations) with a total of 1,230 pigs (135 pens) were conducted in Minnesota, Missouri and Indiana to study the effects of supplementary bambermycins (2.2 ppm) and tylosin (44 or 22 ppm) in swine diets. The antibiotics were fed during the growing and finishing periods, and effects on rate of gain and efficiency of feed conversion were measured. A significant improvement in ADG and F:G over the control pigs was observed with the bambermycins treatment. A numerical but nonsignificant improvement in ADG and a significant improvement in F:G over control were observed with the tylosin treatment. The performance was divided into growing and finishing periods. In the growing period, bambermycins and tylosin numerically but nonsignificantly improved ADG and F:G over control pigs. The finishing period response to bambermycins was significantly improved for ADG and F:G. The tylosin finisher response was numerically but nonsignificantly improved for ADG and F:G over negative control. Significant location effects were observed. This result would be expected due to variation in genetic background of the experimental animals and differences in housing, environment and management.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Effects of monensin and bambermycins on the performance of market turkeys.

The effects were examined of monensin and the bambermycins in feed on growing turkeys. The drugs were used alone and in combination. A total of 1,600 hen and tom turkeys were divided into 32 pens. Four treatments were used, including 45 or 90 g/ton (907 kg) monensin either to 10 wk of age or to market age with and without adding of 2 g/ton of bambermycins. Evaluation parameters, including body weight, feed efficiency, and mortality, were done at 6, 10, and 13 wk of age for hens and 6, 10, and 18 wk of age for toms. Adding bambermycins increased body weights of hens at 10 wk of age and toms at 6 and 10 wk of age. No differences among treatments were noted at market weight within any of the parameters studied. No differences among treatments were noted in efficiency or mortality by the conclusion of the trial.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of bambermycin, carbadox, chlortetracycline and olaquindox on antibiotic resistance in intestinal coliforms: a new animal model.

Groups of germ-free mice kept in isolators and associated with faecal microflora from piglets were continuously given either water or a solution of one of the following: chlortetracycline (20 micrograms/ml), carbadox (50 micrograms/ml), olaquindox (50 micrograms/ml), bambermycin (flavomycin) (5 micrograms/ml) or mixtures of these drugs. The proportions of lactose-fermenting bacteria in their faeces which were resistant to chlortetracycline, carbadox or olaquindox were measured by a comparative plate-counting procedure. Compared to occurrence in control mice, the occurrence of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria was higher in mice receiving chlortetracycline (P less than 0.001) and lower in mice receiving bambermycins (P less than 0.005). In contrast, olaquindox and carbadox did not change the proportion of resistant coliforms in mice faeces. A control experiment was conducted with five groups of germ-free mice given the same flora and kept without drugs in separate isolators. No difference in the occurrence of resistant coliforms could be found between these groups. The germ-free mouse associated with faecal microflora from a conventional animal seems to be a suitable model for determining in vivo the effect of low doses of antimicrobial drugs on drug resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric flora.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Effects of the antibiotic ionophores monensin, lasalocid, laidlomycin propionate and bambermycin on Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in vitro.

AIMS: To examine the effects of ionophores on Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pure and mixed ruminal fluid cultures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four Salmonella serotypes (Dublin, Derby, Typhimurium, and Enteriditis) and two strains of E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895 and FDIU 6058) were cultured in the presence of varying concentrations of ionophores (monensin, lasalocid, laidlomycin propionate, and bambermycin) in pure and mixed ruminal fluid cultures. Bacterial growth rates in pure culture were not affected (P > 0.10) by ionophores at concentrations up to 10 times the approximate rumen ionophore concentration under normal feeding regimens. Likewise, ionophores had no effect (P > 0.10) on Salmonella or E. coli CFU plated from 24-h ruminal fluid incubations. Ionophore treatment decreased (P < 0.01) the acetate : propionate ratio in ruminal fluid cultures as expected. CONCLUSIONS: Ionophores had no effect on the foodborne pathogens Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that ionophore feeding would have little or no effect on Salmonella or E. coli populations in the ruminant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of mannanoligosaccharides, bambermycins, and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), bambermycins (BAM), and virginiamycin (VIR) on the growth performance of male turkeys. Hybrid Large White male poults were assigned to six dietary treatments: control, MOS, BAM, VIR, MOS+BAM (MB), and MOS+VIR (MV). All diets were formulated to meet NRC (1994) nutrient requirements. There were eight replicate floor pens per treatment with 20 birds per pen reared from 1 to 140 d. Body weight and feed conversion (FC) were collected at 3-wk intervals and at 20 wk of age. Mortality and culled birds were recorded daily. All treatments except MV significantly (P < 0.05) increased 20 wk BW. Body weight was increased at 12 wk by BAM, whereas VIR increased BW at Weeks 12 and 15. All treatments improved FC for Weeks 0 to 3, whereas VIR, MB, and MV improved FC for Weeks 0 to 12 and 0 to 18. There were no treatment effects on cumulative mortality or cull rate. Dietary supplemental MOS, BAM, and VIR resulted in improved growth performance of Large White turkeys. These results indicate that MOS may be utilized as an alternative to antibiotic growth promotants to improve turkey performance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella are widely recognized as important agents of foodborne disease with worldwide distribution. The use of ionophores in feeding growing ruminants is widespread in the United States and has attracted recent interest due to the apparent temporal relationship between initial ionophore use and the increase in human E. coli O157:H7 cases. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term feeding of ionophores on fecal shedding, intestinal concentrations, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium in growing lambs. Sixteen lambs were used in each experiment, four lambs per treatment group: monensin, laidlomycin propionate, bambermycin, and a control treatment. Lambs were fed a grain and hay (50:50) diet with their respective ionophore for 12 d before experimental inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 or S. typhimurium. Animals were maintained on their respective diets an additional 12 d, and fecal shedding of inoculated pathogens was monitored daily. Lambs were killed and tissues and contents were sampled from the rumen, cecum, and rectum. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal shedding of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were observed due to treatment. Occurrence of Salmonella or E. coli in luminal contents and tissue samples from the rumen, cecum, and rectum did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Feeding monensin decreased (P < 0.05) the incidence of scours in sheep infected with Salmonella compared with the other treatments. No differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found in any of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Results from these studies indicate that short-term ionophore feeding had very limited effects on E. coli and Salmonella shedding or on antimicrobial susceptibility in experimentally infected lambs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Flavophospholipol use in animals: positive implications for antimicrobial resistance based on its microbiologic properties.

Bambermycin (flavophospholipol) is a phosphoglycolipid antimicrobial produced by various strains of Streptomyces. It is active primarily against Gram-positive bacteria because of inhibition of transglycosylase and thus of cell wall synthesis. Bambermycin is used as a feed additive growth promoter in cattle, pigs, chickens, and turkeys, but has no therapeutic use in humans or animals. Flavophospholipol is known to suppress certain microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis) and thus contributes to an improved equilibrium of the gut microflora providing a barrier to colonization with pathogenic bacteria and resultant improved weight gain and feed conversion. Flavophospholipol has also been shown to decrease the frequency of transferable drug resistance among Gram-negative enteropathogens and to reduce the shedding of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella in pigs, calves, and chickens. Plasmid-mediated resistance to bambermycin has not been described. Likewise, cross-resistance among bacteria between bambermycin and penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, or oleandromycin has not been observed. This brief review summarizes the antimicrobial properties of bambermycin, in particular, its potentially favorable role in decreasing antimicrobial resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of a dried Bacillus subtilis culture and antibiotics on performance and intestinal microflora in turkeys.

Two experiments, each involving a 3 x 2 factorial design, were conducted with Large White Nicholas turkeys. The first experiment involved three antibiotic treatments: an unmedicated control diet, the diet plus 44 ppm of penicillin-streptomycin (1:3), and the diet plus 44 ppm of Zn bacitracin; each diet was fed in the presence and absence of a dried Bacillus subtilis culture to females 0 to 16 wk of age. Antibiotic supplements increased body weight at 12 (P less than .05) and 16 (P less than .001) wk of age. Body weight and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by feeding the B. subtilis culture in this experiment. The dietary B. subtilis culture significantly increased B. subtilis counts in the crop and cecum but failed to influence intestinal Lactobacillus or Escherichia coli counts. The second experiment also involved three antibiotic treatments: an unmedicated control diet, 44 ppm of Zn-bacitracin, and 2.2 ppm of bambermycins, and each diet was fed in the presence and absence of the dried B. subtilis culture to male birds from 0 to 20 wk of age. Increased body weight gain was observed in birds receiving the B. subtilis culture at 12 wk (P less than .01). Feed efficiency of birds receiving the B. subtilis culture was improved (P less than .05) at 20 wk. Birds receiving bambermycins had greater body weights (P less than .05) at 12 and 16 wk of age than birds receiving Zn bacitracin or the control diet. Livability was not affected by the B. subtilis culture or the antibiotic treatments in either experiment.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Effect of antibiotics on tissue trace mineral concentration and intestinal tract weight of broiler chicks.

Two experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks to determine the effect of antibiotics on intestinal weight and kidney, bone, and liver trace mineral concentrations. All antibiotics were in diets at the manufacturers' recommendations. Feed intake of experimental diets (antibiotics or non-treated control) was restricted to 90% of that of an additional group fed the control diet ad libitum. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by dietary treatments. Virginiamycin decreased intestinal weight an average of 19% as compared with 14% for bambermycins and oxytetracycline, 6% for Zn bacitracin, and 18% for lincomycin. Except for Zn bacitracin, all antibiotics produced intestinal weights which were lower (P less than .01) than those of controls. Only virginiamycin increased (P less than .01) kidney Mn concentration. Bone Mn concentration was greater (P less than .01) for virginiamycin than bambermycins or oxytetracycline in Experiment 2, and greater (P less than .05) for lincomycin than virginiamycin or Zn bacitracin in Experiment 2. Feeding Zn bacitracin increased (P less than .01) bone Zn concentration whereas feeding virginiamycin caused a decline (P less than .05) in bone Zn concentration in Experiment 1. There were no differences in Cu, Zn, or Fe concentrations in liver or kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Influence of different medium components on the in vitro activity of the growth-promoting antibiotic flavomycin against enterococci.

The growth-promoting antibiotic flavomycin (also called bambermycin, flavophospholipol and moenomycin) has a complex spectrum of activity against enterococci, with some species being naturally resistant and others susceptible. In this study, proteins added to Mueller-Hinton II medium had a strong deleterious effect on the activity of flavomycin, glucose had no effect and starch decreased the activity of flavomycin. The fatty substances Tween 80 and tributyrin increased the activity of flavomycin for several enterococcal species. Slight differences in the composition of the susceptibility test medium affected the MIC results obtained, indicating that strict standardization of the test medium is necessary.

Animals↗