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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Diagnostic considerations and sample collection for anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria are particularly frequent in infections following surgery and other trauma implanting bacteria of the normal mucosal flora. A few clinical clues of anerobic infections like smelling pus or discharge, preceeding aminoglycoside therapy or lack of anaerobic bacterial growth are important clues that anaerobes may be involved. Successful recovery of anaerobic bacteria, however, requires special techniques carried out by the clinician. Samples must be taken with a few basic rules in mind: (1) puncturing by syringe is the preferable method of sampling, (3) oxygen must not gain access to the samples (and must be removed before transport to the laboratory, if inadvertently admitted), (4) rapid transport to the laboratory improves the chance of successful recovery of anaerobes, and (5) special transport methods are required for specimens containing anaerobic bacteria.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rationale for identification and susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria are involved in a wide variety of human infections. In recent years there have been major refinements in technical materials used for transporting specimens, growing and identifying anaerobic bacteria and performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Because of the major importance of anaerobic bacteria and their changing susceptibility patterns, it has become increasingly important to identify these organisms and, in certain situations, to determine susceptibilities. The commercial availability of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized systems for identification has been helpful. However, the recent development of rapid identification systems based on tests for preformed enzymes has been a major advance. Finally, the commercial availability of broth microdilution susceptibility systems makes routine testing feasible. Guidelines for using these procedures are presented.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Antimicrobial activity of antituberculosis agents against anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic infections may coexist with tuberculosis, and can be mistaken for one another. The effect of therapy with antituberculosis chemotherapeutic agents against anaerobic bacteria (with the exception of rifampin) is unknown. We therefore examined the in vitro efficacy of certain commonly used antituberculosis agents (rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol) against 370 strains of anaerobic bacteria, including 86 isolates of Bacteroides fragilis. Rifampin at a concentration of 2 microgram/ml inhibited 91 percent of all anaerobic isolates. Both ethambutol and isoniazid were totally ineffective against any of the anaerobes tested, even at 64 microgram/ml. Therapy with rifampin in an unsuspected anaerobic infection can be misdiagnosed for tuberculosis. Therefore, when tuberculosis is suspected, isoniazid and ethambutol can be used and rifampin withheld until the acid-fast bacilli are demonstrated by additional diagnostic procedures, such as transtracheal aspiration.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2005

Sodium ion pumps and hydrogen production in glutamate fermenting anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria ferment glutamate via two different pathways to ammonia, carbon dioxide, acetate, butyrate and molecular hydrogen. The coenzyme B12-dependent pathway in Clostridium tetanomorphum via 3-methylaspartate involves pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a novel enzyme, a membrane-bound NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. The flavin- and iron-sulfur-containing enzyme probably uses the energy difference between reduced ferredoxin and NADH to generate an electrochemical Na+ gradient, which drives transport processes. The other pathway via 2-hydroxyglutarate in Acidaminococcus fermentans and Fusobacterium nucleatum involves glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase, which uses the free energy of decarboxylation to generate also an electrochemical Na+ gradient. In the latter two organisms, similar membrane-bound NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductases have been characterized. We propose that in the hydroxyglutarate pathway these oxidoreductases work in the reverse direction, whereby the reduction of ferredoxin by NADH is driven by the Na+ gradient. The reduced ferredoxin is required for hydrogen production and the activation of radical enzymes. Further examples show that reduced ferredoxin is an agent, whose reducing energy is about 1 ATP 'richer' than that of NADH.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Urinary tract and genito-urinary suppurative infections due to anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobes have been involved in many different types of urinary tract infection. This review describes the microbiology, diagnosis and management of urinary tract and genito-urinary suppurative infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. The types of infections of the urinary tract in which anaerobes have been involved include para- or periurethral cellulitis or abscess, acute and chronic urethritis, cystitis, acute and chronic prostatitis, prostatic and scrotal abscesses, periprostatic phlegmon, ureteritis, periureteritis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, renal abscess, scrotal gangrene, metastatic renal infection pyonephrosis, perinephric abscess, retroperitoneal abscess and other infections. The anaerobes recovered in these studies were Gram-negative bacilli (including Bacteroides fragilis and pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas sp.), Clostridium sp., anaerobic Gram-positive cocci and Actinomyces sp. In many cases, they were recovered mixed with coliforms or streptococci. The recovery of anaerobes requires the administration of antimicrobial therapy that is effective against these organisms. These antimicrobials include metronidazole, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, a carbapenem, cefoxitin and the combination of a penicillin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Percutaneous drainage, open surgical drainage or nephectomy might be indicated for abscesses.

Abscess↗
PubMed2000

The consequences of suppression of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus species, and Fusobacterium species, when accompanied by aerobic bacteria or in the presence of dead tissue, can cause severe infections. This article discusses the most common type of anaerobic infection, i.e., infection after colonic contamination of the abdominal cavity and soft tissues. Colonic anaerobes rarely cause infections as solitary pathogens. Mixed infections of aerobes and anaerobes are treated by source control, surgical drainage and debridement, and combination antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial treatment should cover both anaerobes and aerobes; treatment of mixed infections with anti-anaerobic agents alone is likely to result in abscess formation. Recent trends toward cost cutting and the advent of antibiotics with good coverage of both aerobes and relevant pathogenic anaerobes have led to increased single-agent therapy with cefoxitin, cefotetan, ampicillin/sulbactam, imipenem/cilastatin, ticarcillin/clavulanate, trovafloxacin/alatrofloxacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. In the past 15 years, research has begun to focus on the gut barrier, particularly on the beneficial effects of anaerobic microflora. Directing antibiotic therapy against the anaerobe when it is involved in clinical infection is important; however, the negative consequences of anti-anaerobic antibiotic therapy on the beneficial effects of normal distal gut colonization must also be considered.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibody response to anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobes, especially the gram-negative non-spore-forming bacilli of the indigenous biota, are recognized as important agents of clinical infection; however, information regarding human antibodies to anaerobes is limited. Sporadic work, employing agglutination, gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence, demonstrated antibody response to various Bacteroidaceae in patients with infections caused by Bacteroides or Fusobacterium. Because of the need for using homologous (autologous) isolates and the apparent antigenic heterogeneity of strains, there has been no general clinical application of these findings. Increased concentrations of antibodies to anaerobic intestinal organisms in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases have been found; however, it is unclear whether these are the effect or cause of these conditions. Natural antibodies to Bacteroidaceae, primarily of the IgM class, are widely distributed in normal humans; thus for serologic diagnosis IgG antibodies should be sought. Radioimmunoassays and various immunoelectorphoretic methods for detection of both antibody and antigen are presently being evaluated for diagnostic use in infections due to anaerobic bacteria.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2006

[Topics on anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic infection].

Considerable information has been accumulated in the field of anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic infections in the last ten years. Here we tried to briefly introduce several selected topics of clinical importance in this field: Proposal of the term "Nanaerobe", Changes of classification and nomenclature of anaerobes, Anaerobic bacteremia, Lemierre's syndrome as a revival anaerobic infection, Atopobium vaginae as Bacterial Vaginosis-associated bacteria, and new actions of the Clostridium perfringens toxins.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1978

Prostatic abscesses involving anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria have seldom been reported in prostatic abscesses. The present study concerns four cases in which the exudate was cultured with optimal microbiological techniques. Our results showed a complex aerobic-anaerobic flora in each instance, with a total of 21 isolates, including seven aerobes and 14 anaerobes. This experience has important implications concerning culture practices and empiric antimicrobial treatment for patients with prostatic abscess.

Abscess↗
PubMed1976

Isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria make up a predominant part of the normal human flora. Adequate specimen collection must avoid contamination with this flora. Suitable methods include thoracentesis, transtracheal aspiration, needle and syringe aspiration of closed abscesses, and endocervical aspiration of intrauterine pus. Swabs are generally unsuitable. Sputum, voided urine, vaginal secretions, and specimens contaminated with feces are not cultured anaerobically. Specimens should be transported in an oxygen-free container. There are several efficient methods for culturing anaerobes, including the simple and inexpensive GasPak jar. The average clinical laboratory may not be able to afford the time, personnel, and equipment necessary for complete identification of all anaerobes isolated. However, the identification of certain ones, including Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens, is relatively simple. Primary emphasis should be placed on the rapid recognition of the presence of obligate anaerobes in a culture and the immediate reporting of all available information to the clinician. Subsequent reports can provide as complete an identification as is possible for each laboratory.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1996

Continuous monitoring of oxygen concentrations in several systems for cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic chambers and jars are the two conventional methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories to produce an anaerobic atmosphere. The evacuation-replacement method, the Oxoid AnaeroGen, the Merck Anaerocult A, the BBL GasPak, the BBL GasPakPlus, the Adams Scientific GasGendicator, the Difco Anaerobic, and the bioMérieux Generbox anaer systems were compared for the timed decrease in the oxygen concentration in an anaerobic jar. The experiment was repeated 10 times for each system. The oxygen concentration was measured with an oxygen analyzer series 3600 instrument (Orbisphere Laboratories, Neuchâtel-Geneva Switzerland). The BBL GasPak, the BBL GasPakPlus, the bioMérieux Generbox, the Adams Scientific GasGendicator, and the Difco Anaerobic systems contain sodium borohydride, which liberates hydrogen. The Anaerocult A system contains iron powder which binds the oxygen. The active ingredient of the AnaeroGen system is ascorbic acid. The times to reach an O2 concentration of 0.5% were 8 to 15 min for the evacuation-replacement method, 26 to 41 min for the AnaeroGen system, 60 to 93 min for the Anaerocult A system, and 22 to 419 min for the sodium borohydride systems. The AnaeroGen system, the Anaerocult A system, and the evacuation-replacement method never failed to produce an anaerobic atmosphere. The sodium borohydride systems failed in 10 of 70 runs. These results suggest that the evacuation-replacement method or the Oxoid AnaeroGen system should be used to produce an anaerobic atmosphere. The Anaerocult A system showed a good reproducibility, but the length of time required to reach an appropriately low level of oxygen was too long. Because of the high failure rate, the borohydride systems cannot be recommended.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1984

[Mediastinitis caused by odontogenic anaerobic bacteria].

Anaerobic odontogenic mediastinitis appeared to be on the increase. The case described had a favourable outcome. The aetiology and pathology of this disease, the dreadful prognosis of which was a mortality rate of 50%, were discussed. The aggravating factors appeared to be general, these patients presenting a particular predisposition, due to steroids and malnutrition, and anatomical, as the cellulitis spread along cervical fascial planes. The treatment always required was mediastinal surgical drainage by a transcervical approach or by thoracotomy, the association of three antibiotics (a penicillin with an imidazole, an aminoglycoside or a macrolide) and a high energy and nitrogen intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Prompt and reliable culture of exacting anaerobic bacteria in anaerobic jars.

The presently recognized anaerobic bacteria of clinical interest, with the possible exception of some spirochaetes, can be cultured by conventional procedures with an anaerobic jar. Care and attention to detail in the design and operation of an anaerobic jar are essential. Anaerobic cabinets and oxygen-free gassing systems may contribute to further research and development, but the potential usefulness of a good anaerobic jar in clinical bacteriology should not be under-rated.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

Bacterial interference by oropharynegeal and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic isolates were tested for bacterial inhibitory activity. Of 144 isolates, 102 were from oropharynegeal washings, and 42 were from clinical specimens. Thirteen facultative bacterial species (seven members of the Enterobacteriaceae and six species of gram-positive cocci) were used as indicators of inhibition. Eleven anaerobic species were isolated from oral secretions. All isolates of Bacteroides melaninogenicus, the most commonly recovered species, consistently inhibited several species of indicator bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides oralis, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius had unprecictable inhibitory activity, whereas most of the other oral anaerobes were noninhibitory. The 42 clinical species were generally noninhibitory.

Adult↗
PubMed1969

Oxygen sensitivity of various anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobes differ in their sensitivity to oxygen, as two patterns were recognizable in the organisms included in this study. Strict anaerobes were species incapable of agar surface growth at pO(2) levels greater than 0.5%. Species that were found to be strict anaerobes were Treponema macrodentium, Treponema denticola, Treponema oralis n. sp., Clostridium haemolyticum, Selenomonas ruminatium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Lachnospira multiparus. Moderate anaerobes would include those species capable of growth in the presence of oxygen levels as high as 2 to 8%. The moderate anaerobes could be exposed to room atmosphere for 60 to 90 min without appreciable loss of viability. Species considered as moderate anaerobes were Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninogenicus, B. oralis, Fusobacteria nucleatum, Clostridium novyi type A, and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. The recognition of at least two general types of anaerobes would seem to have practical import in regard to the primary isolation of anaerobes from source material.

Agar↗
PubMed1978

[Preventive drug therapy against anaerobic bacteria].

Anaerobic organisms can found normally in be normally major i.e. the upper airways, the gastrointestinal tract (beyond the caecum) and the female genital tract. Whereas the first group of microorganisms is usually sensitive to penicillin, the others are sensitive to clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. An appropriate prophylactic regimen will have to comply with these microbiological data. Prophylactic antibiotics should be started during operation and should be given for a short period of time; their efficacy has been proved and confirmed, particularly in bowel surgery. Nevertheless, side-effects should be carefully watched for.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗