The baby boom, the baby bust, and the housing market.
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Age Factors↗
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Childlessness and social mobility during the baby boom.
America's post-war baby boom was an era of high fertility and widespread pronatalism. Supposedly, few couples during this time were childless by choice. However, by using a special census sample, this study shows that voluntary childlessness was relatively common in certain upwardly mobile segments of the population during the baby boom. In particular, the results support the classic Dumont-Banks model of status enhancement and fertility, which states that couples with the greatest disadvantages must make the greatest sacrifices of child-centered behavior. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research proposed.
Americas↗
The retirement prospects of the baby boom generation.
In this article, the financial prospects of baby boomers in their elderly years are examined. The article primarily attempts to draw together and summarize results found by other researchers, but a few new estimates are presented. The consensus of the research appears to be the following. Up to this point, the baby boom generation as a whole has a higher economic status than did their parents' generation at the same ages, but this does not hold for some subgroups. When it becomes elderly, the baby boom generation as a whole probably will have a higher economic status than their parents' generation has and will have at those ages, but, again, this may not hold for some subgroups. It is uncertain whether the baby boom generation as a whole will have enough resources in retirement to maintain their preretirement standard of living without increasing their saving or retiring later, but some subgroups will be able to maintain their living standard without changing their behavior.
Adult↗
Substance abuse treatment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort.
BACKGROUND: There is concern that as the baby boom population ages in the US, there will be a substantial increase in the number of older adults needing treatment for substance abuse problems. To address this concern, projections of future treatment need for older adults (defined as age 50 and older) were made. METHODS: Using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, regression models including predictors of treatment need in 2000 and 2001 were developed. Treatment need was defined as having a DSM-IV alcohol or illicit drug use disorder in the past year. Regression parameters from these models were applied to the projected 2020 population to obtain estimates of the number of older adults needing treatment in 2020. RESULTS: The number of older adults in need of substance abuse treatment is estimated to increase from 1.7 million in 2000 and 2001 to 4.4 million in 2020. This is due to a 50 percent increase in the number of older adults and a 70 percent increase in the rate of treatment need among older adults. CONCLUSIONS: The aging baby boom cohort will place increasing demands on the substance abuse treatment system in the next two decades, requiring a shift in focus to address the special needs of an older population of substance abusers. There is also a need to develop improved tools for measuring substance use and abuse among older adults.
Aged↗
Maternity care during the post-World War II Baby Boom: the experience of general duty nurses.
The purpose of this study is to describe maternity nursing during the post-World War II Baby Boom from the perspective of general duty nurses. During the Baby Boom, maternity care changed with medical advances and the highest birth rate ever in the United States. This study provides insight into the impact of context on nurses' work experiences. Seven general duty postpartum or nursery nurses were interviewed about their nursing experiences during the Baby Boom. Constant comparative analysis was used to synthesize the transcripts of the interviews into in-depth descriptions of participants' work experiences. The large numbers of mothers and babies in their care, the prevailing concerns for infections, and paternalism influenced these nurses' work. Expectations about and by the nurses as well as work relationships contributed to the nurses' acceptance and rejection of changes in care of mothers and babies.
Aged↗
Case management for the baby boom generation: a strengths perspective.
To understand the challenges and opportunities for case management as the turn of the century approaches, we must consider the 76 million individuals born between 1946 and 1964, commonly referred to as the baby boom generation. This article examines the baby boom generation in the context of planning effective case management services. The generation's strengths are highlighted to suggest how case management systems can meet the anticipated service needs of baby boomers as they age.
Aged↗
The macroeconomic impact of the baby boom generation.
"This paper analyzes the impact of the Baby Boom generation on macroeconomic relationships in the United States. Using quarterly postwar data, it finds that measures of population age composition influenced real interest rates, income, inflation, and unemployment. The demographic variables complement or dominate other economic variables in reduced-form macroeconomic specifications. The paper also projects how the aging of the generation may influence future macroeconomic activity."
Age Distribution↗
Midlife Baby Boom women compared with their older counterparts in midlife.
A stratified random sample of midlife Baby Boom women, ages 35-42, was compared with a group of older midlife women, ages 43-55. The sample consisted of 992 women who had graduated between the years of 1955 and 1975 from a large university in southern California. Measures of anxiety and life satisfaction were administered to each year group. This served to control for the effect of age and was helpful in explaining whether the differences between the groups were age related or the result of socialization. The Baby Boom cohort of women, born after January 1, 1946, have only recently entered the ranks of midlife. They have been recognized as unique and less traditional than their older counterparts with regard to sexual freedom, career choices, and educational opportunities. Similarities and differences were found between the two groups of women. However, the results clearly revealed that the effects of socialization, rather than age, yielded the major significant variables influencing a feeling of well-being in both cohorts of midlife women.
Adult↗
Ways of thinking about the long-term care of the baby-boom cohorts.
In examining various ways of thinking about the development of long-term care policy for the baby-boom cohorts, this article discusses the importance of basing long-term care policy discussions on a recognition of social and economic trends, as well as on the informal exchanges of care that occur over life and the diversity within the baby-boom cohorts. The implications of two ways of thinking about challenges posed by the aging of baby boomers--the generational equity/crisis perspective and the generational investment/gradual adjustment perspective are also discussed. It is suggested that the generational equity perspective is consonant with proposals to expand private savings for long-term care contingencies and private long-term insurance and, secondarily, with proposals to expand means-testing for benefits. The second perspective is more consistent with proposals to create new universal services through a traditional social insurance approach, or through a block grant such as the one discussed in the context of the Clinton health care reform plan.
Aged↗
The baby boom of the late 1980s: life course of a post-World War II cohort.
"This study examines the 1980 surge in birthrates in the context of the life course of women of the post-World War II baby boom. It attempts to describe in more exact detail the role of these women in the 1980 baby boom. Additionally, the study contends that historical time, social time, and life time all have influence on the timing of their reproductive decisions. The data are compiled from reports issued by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Population Reference Bureau. Some attitudinal data are obtained from the 1988 General Social Survey."
Americas↗
The greying of the baby boom in the United States: framing the policy debate.
"Issues surrounding the retirement of the large post-World War II 'baby boom' generation in the United States are often framed either in terms of impending intergenerational crisis or as an event to which the United States can gradually adjust. This paper examines these two perspectives as they compete to define U.S. social security policy. It suggests that the intergenerational crisis perspective functions primarily as an ideological argument and strategy for de-structuring social welfare policy. In contrast, the gradual adjustment perspective provides a stronger basis for planning social security and other policy responses to the ageing of the baby boom. However, it is not informed by a clear social vision and has not, as yet, responded sufficiently to the potential divisiveness which may accompany changing demography. Also, to date, relatively little attention has been paid to the diverse social and economic circumstances of baby boomers and the implications of this diversity for retirement planning."
Americas↗
Retirement prospects of the baby boom generation: a different perspective.
We examine the average economic status of baby boom cohorts as they approach retirement chiefly using data on their life cycle income experience to date. Contrary to popular impression, baby boomers are likely to enter old age in an even better economic position than pre-boom cohorts. Economic and demographic adjustments that they made, such as deferred marriages, reduced childbearing, and increased labor force participation of wives, have compensated for their relatively low wage rates. Potential downside effects of reduced childbearing regarding Social Security and health care prospects are discussed.
Adolescent↗
The combination of morphogenic regulators BABY BOOM and GRF-GIF improves maize transformation efficiency and promotes leaf regeneration.
Transformation is an indispensable tool for plant genetics and functional genomics. Although stable transformation in maize is no longer a major obstacle, there remains a need for accessible and efficient methods for academic laboratories. Here, we present the GGB system, a rapid and efficient approach optimized for immature embryo transformation in B104 and other maize lines. This system combines two distinct morphogenetic regulators, the wheat GRF4-GIF1 chimera and the maize BABY BOOM (BBM) transcription factor (hence the name "GGB") with a modified QuickCorn protocol, enabling regeneration of transformed maize plantlets in c. 2 months with an efficiency 7-fold higher than when compared to either morphogenic factor used in isolation. Expression of both regulators did not significantly affect development, eliminating the need to excise them after regeneration. However, transmission of the transgenic GGB construct through pollen was significantly reduced, potentially aiding transgenic line containment. We show that the GGB system is adaptable for CRISPR-Cas9 editing and reporter line generation. Furthermore, stable GGB transformants exhibited high leaf regeneration capacity via somatic embryogenesis. RNA-seq time-course profiling of GGB leaf cultures identified additional factors that could promote regeneration and led to the discovery of asparagine and trehalose as additional media components that significantly enhanced leaf regeneration.
Zea mays↗
The impact of minority group status on the projected retirement income of divorced women in the baby boom cohort.
Using projections from the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT1), we examine the characteristics and retirement income of white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic divorced women in the baby boom cohort. Although we find significant differences in retirement income for divorced women of different racial and ethnic groups, the characteristics associated with higher or lower retirement income are very similar. That is, being college educated, owning a home, and having pension and asset income, for example, correspond to increased retirement income for all racial and ethnic groups. However, because black and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be college educated, to own their home, and to have pension and asset income, their retirement income tends to be lower than that of white women. We conclude the paper by briefly discussing policy options to address the retirement needs of divorced women.
Black People↗
Echoes of the baby boom and bust: recent and prospective changes in living alone among elderly widows in the United States.
Today the great majority of noninstitutionalized elderly widows live alone, a striking increase from a quarter-century ago. A noticeable difference has occurred, however, in trends by age; the proportion of the young-old widows living alone is starting to decline, while that of the old-old continues to increase. We use a model suggested by earlier studies to explain the emergence of this difference, and assess the prospects of its continuing over the next three decades. We find that the recent differential change in the proportions of younger and older widows living alone is due primarily to a differential change in kin availability that has emerged as the baby boomers' parents have begun to reach retirement age. Over the next decade, the same type of differential change by age in kin availability will continue; living alone is likely to become less common among young-old than among old-old widows, in a reversal of the pattern of the last quarter-century. In the first two decades of the next century, as the baby boom affects kin availability among the old-old, and as the subsequent baby bust affects that among the young-old, the age pattern of living arrangements among elderly widows will reverse once again.
Activities of Daily Living↗
A link between the epidemic of ectopic pregnancy and the "baby-boom" cohort.
In order to demonstrate the detailed profile of the recent epidemic of ectopic pregnancy and the subsequent decrease of the disease, the authors analyzed the changes in 5-year age groups and by 5-year age cohorts in Finland. The results describe a link between the epidemic of ectopic pregnancy and the so-called "baby boom" cohort (from 1945 to 1954) in the 1970s and 1980s, when these large age groups were in their most fertile period. The authors conclude, through its risk factors, that ectopic pregnancy is strongly correlated with age and that it exemplifies how the changes caused by large age groups play a role in the rise and fall in occurrence of certain diseases.
Adolescent↗
Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth.
The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of the embryonic pathway in plants are largely unknown. To obtain more insight into these processes, we used subtractive hybridization to identify genes that are upregulated during the in vitro induction of embryo development from immature pollen grains of Brassica napus (microspore embryogenesis). One of the genes identified, BABY BOOM (BBM), shows similarity to the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors and is expressed preferentially in developing embryos and seeds. Ectopic expression of BBM in Arabidopsis and Brassica led to the spontaneous formation of somatic embryos and cotyledon-like structures on seedlings. Ectopic BBM expression induced additional pleiotropic phenotypes, including neoplastic growth, hormone-free regeneration of explants, and alterations in leaf and flower morphology. The expression pattern of BBM in developing seeds combined with the BBM overexpression phenotype suggests a role for this gene in promoting cell proliferation and morphogenesis during embryogenesis.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A guide to the baby boom.
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Age Distribution↗