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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of neuronal cell body size in motor cortex and hippocampus with body height, body weight, and axonal length.

This study examined the comparative effects of body height and body weight on the neuronal cell size in humans and investigated their possible mechanisms. A total of 21 cases between the ages of 20 and 40 years were studied. Data on body height, body weight, and neuropathology were obtained from autopsy records. Mean cross sectional areas of cell bodies for 30 normal neurons were determined for the motor cortex projecting to lumbar spinal cord segments (L) 1-4 (Betz cells) as well as various regions of the hippocampus. Approximate axonal length of the motor neuron studied was measured from motor cortex to L2. We found that only motor cortex neuronal cell body size was significantly proportional to body height and the respective axonal length (p < .05). The findings indicate that: 1) body height has a greater effect than body weight on the motor neuron cell size, probably because of its association with axonal length; 2) the effect is regional (motor cortex) rather than general.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Body height, body mass index, and fatal hip fractures: 16 years' follow-up of 674,000 Norwegian women and men.

We studied the relations between body height, body mass index (BMI), and fatal hip fractures prospectively in a large, representative population. During the years 1963-1975, a nationwide compulsory mass x-ray examination including standardized height and weight measurements took place in Norway covering all persons age 15 years and older. In the study presented here, we selected women (N = 357,807) and men (N = 316,041) age 50-89 years at screening. We matched the file to the national death register containing causes of death throughout 1991; we defined cases as persons with hip fracture mentioned on their death certificates. During an average follow-up of 16.4 years, we identified a total of 6,087 fatal hip fractures in the study population. There was a distinct inverse relation between BMI and fatal hip fracture, with an age-adjusted relative risk (RR) in the three highest vs the low quartile of 0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63-0.72] in women and 0.57 (95% CI = 0.52-0.62) in men. The risk of fatal hip fractures increased slightly with increasing body height [RR = 1.10 (95% CI = 1.04-1.16) in women and RR = 1.08 (95% CI = 1.01-1.16) in men per 10-cm increase in body height]. This study indicates that low BMI is an important risk factor for fatal hip fractures and that body height has a weak, positive association.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The Tromsø Study: body height, body mass index and fractures.

Tall persons suffer more hip fractures than shorter persons, and high body mass index is associated with fewer hip and forearm fractures. We have studied the association between body height, body mass index and all non-vertebral fractures in a large, prospective, population-based study. The middle-aged population of Tromsø, Norway, was invited to surveys in 1979/80, 1986/87 and 1994/95 (The Tromsø Study). Of 16,676 invited to the first two surveys, 12,270 attended both times (74%). Height and weight were measured without shoes at the surveys, and all non-vertebral fractures in the period 1988-1995 were registered (922 persons with fractures) and verified by radiography. The risk of a low-energy fracture was found to be positively associated with increasing body height and with decreasing body mass index. Furthermore, men who had gained weight had a lower risk of hip fractures, and women who had gained weight had a lower risk of fractures in the lower extremities. High body height is thus a risk factor for fractures, and 1 in 4 low-energy fractures among women today might be ascribed to the increase in average stature since the turn of the century. Low body mass index is associated with a higher risk of fractures, but the association is probably too weak to have any clinical relevance in this age category.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Body height, body weight and body mass index of German military recruits. Historical retrospect and current status].

Surveys of conscripts give a chance to pursue the somatic development and the nourishment situation of young men over long times. At the beginning a historical view is given of the organization and methodological basis of medical examinations of German recruits since the introduction of the general conscription at the beginning of the 19th century. Secular changes of the body height are sketched out for selected regions of Germany until the middle of the 20th century. Data of the body weight hardly exist for this time. Until now the greatest continuous documentation of data for body height and body weight is available for West Germany since 1957 and for East Germany between 1973 and the reunion in 1989. The body height of German conscripts has nearly permanently increased since 1957 and reached in 1994 a maximum with 180.0 cm. In general East German conscripts have body height data which are smaller on an average than those of West German conscripts. But in the last years a catch-up in body height could be seen. The body weight of German conscripts also shows an increase apart from some short-time exceptions. The data of West German conscripts are also higher than those of the East German conscripts. Until the reunion the West-East-differences could partly be due to the different mustering age. But the differences also continue in the nineties despite the now identical mustering age. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the German conscripts (calculated from the average values of body height and body weight) is characterized by increments in the last years. This indicates greater changes in body weight than in body height. The BMI also shows marked West-East-differences. There is no uniform tendency in differences between urban and country side regions for body height and body weight. On the other hand until now differences between selected professional groups are existing. Especially the over-proportional increase of the number of conscripts in the higher body-weight-classes requires a further continuous analysis of the available mustering data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Body height, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fluctuating asymmetry and second to fourth digit ratio in subjects with latent toxoplasmosis.

Between 20% and 60% of the population of most countries are infected with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Subjects with clinically asymptomatic life-long latent toxoplasmosis differ from those who are Toxoplasma free in several behavioural parameters. Case-control studies cannot decide whether these differences already existed before infection or whether they were induced by the presence of Toxoplasma in the brain of infected hosts. Here we searched for such morphological differences between Toxoplasma-infected and Toxoplasma-free subjects that could be induced by the parasite (body weight, body height, body mass index, waist-hip ratio), or could rather correlate with their natural resistance to parasitic infection (fluctuating asymmetry, 2D : 4D ratio). We found Toxoplasma-infected men to be taller and Toxoplasma-infected men and women to have lower 2D : 4D ratios previously reported to be associated with higher pre-natal testosterone levels. The 2D : 4D ratio negatively correlated with the level of specific anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in Toxoplasma-free subjects. These results suggest that some of the observed differences between infected and non-infected subjects may have existed before infection and could be caused by the lower natural resistance to Toxoplasma infection in subjects with higher pre-natal testosterone levels.

Body Height↗
PubMed1996

[Body height, body mass and head circumference in children from birth to 3 years of age].

Starting with a number of 3301 newborns body height, body mass and head circumference amongst other values were measured in a prospective anthropometric study. After 3 years 339 children could be measured again. Average values for the above measures were taken at birth and after 3, 12, 24 and 36 months. In addition to it the respective average speeds of growth were determined. During the first trimenon the children are growing very intensively. Concerning the absolute measures boys are mostly taller than girls. These differences decrease at the end of the third year of life. Girls have a larger speed of growth since the second year of life.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1991

[Jena longitudinal study of the growth of 0-3 year old children. 2: Percentile curves for body height, body weight, height related weight and growth rate].

Charts for body length and height, body weight, and height- and weight velocity basing on a longitudinal study with 306 children from the newborn age to 3 years of age, are presented. Length and weight velocity are strongest in the time between the 4th and 8th week of life. From the first to the fourth trimester velocities decrease continuously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Associations between body height, body composition and cholesterol levels in middle-aged men. the coronary risk factor study in southern Sweden (CRISS).

BACKGROUND: Short body height is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease; however, mechanisms are not fully explained. In this study, associations between body height and serum cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol) were investigated. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of middle-aged men from Helsingborg, Sweden starting 1990. Two birth-year cohorts were invited at 37, 40 and 43 years of age; participation at baseline was 991 (68%). Serum and HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Non-HDL cholesterol, body mass index (BMI) and waist/ hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. The participants completed a questionnaire covering lifestyle variables. RESULTS: There were statistically significant inverse correlations between body height and serum cholesterol (-0.11) and non-HDL cholesterol (-0.12). One standard deviation, 6.7 cm, taller body height was associated with a lower serum cholesterol (-0.12 mmol/l) and a lower non-HDL cholesterol (-0.13 m mol/l; p < 0.001). These associations remained when adjusted for BMI and WHR. Men with serum cholesterol equal to or above 6.5 mmol/l were significantly shorter (mean 178.71 cm) than men with serum cholesterol below 6.5 mmol/l (mean 179.71 cm). In addition, BMI and WHR were positively associated with serum and non-HDL cholesterol and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol. The change in cholesterol levels over the six-year follow-up was significantly associated to the change in BMI and WHR. CONCLUSIONS: Body height had an independent and inverse relation to serum cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in middle-aged men, and the lipid pattern suggests that the underlying mechanism might be different from the traditional association between lipids and the metabolic syndrome. Although the direct clinical implication is limited, our results may help to explain the association between short height and risk of myocardial infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Body composition. Prediction of normal body potassium, body water and body fat in adults on the basis of body height, body weight and age.

In 134 males and 242 females, aged 20-70 years, most of them randomly selected from population studies, the body composition was estimated from the measurements of body height (BH), body weight (BW), total body potassium (TBK) and total body water (TBW). TBK was measured with isotope dilution technique using 42K or determined as 40K in a whole body counter. TBW was determined with an isotope dilution technique using tritiated water, assayed in urine or plasma. From these data, body cell mass (BCM), intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW, resp.) and body fat (BF) were calculated for each individual. Significant correlations were found between age versus TBK, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; between BW versus TBK, TBW, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; (females only) and between BH versus TBK, TBW, ECW (females only) and ECW/ICW. For the prediction of TBK, TBW and BF, multiple regression equations based on BW, BH and age are given. These equations are also presented diagrammatically. The problems with the methods used are considered as well as the applicability of the formulas for the calculation of BCM etc. The predictive value of the results when both TBW and TBK are used for the calculation of body composition data is discussed and compared with similar results, based on TBW or TBK only. It is concluded, that the most reliable method for calculation of BF is to estimate both TBW and TBK.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Body height, body weight and the Quetelet-Kaup Index in students 13 to 16 years of age in a rural district].

The influence of excessive body weight on cardiovascular disorders and mortality has been demonstrated for adults. The prognosis for extreme obesity is also unfavourable for young people. However, there is still a considerable lack of clarity about the predictions to be based on slight or moderate obesity in childhood and adolescence. The results of the measurement of the height and body weight of 1,252 pupils of between 13 and 16 years in an rural district, together with the calculations of the Quetelet Kaup index, are set out here. Over this age rang the Quetelet Kaup index increased from 18.8 kg/m2 to 20.6 kg/m2 for the boys and from 19.5 kg/m2 to 21.3 kg/m2 for the girls. There is a discussion of the connections between relative body weight and sexual maturity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Tracking of body height, body weight, body mass index, blood lipids and glucose in upper strata girls in Caracas, Venezuela].

In the Caracas Longitudinal Study, the canalization of 24 girls that started follow-up at age 4, 43 at age 8, and 32 at age 12 in: height (H), weight (W), Body Mass Index (BMI), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (GL), was studied using Schneiderman n Tracking Index (TI) and age to age correlations. TI presented a gradient H > W > BMI > CHOL and lower in TG and GL. TI of all variables diminished increased with age and in BMI and CHOL. Age to age correlations were significant at all ages in H, W. and BMI and higher in CHOL (p < 0.01) compared to TG and GL. The significant tracking of H, W, BMI and lipids, specially CHOL, is relevant in prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Centile charts of body height, body weight and skinfold thickness of Warsaw's children and adolescents from birth to 18 years of age].

The tables and centile charts of height, weight and thickness of 3 skinfolds of Warsaw children from birth up to the age of 18 are presented. The data was collected in the years 1976-80. The results were compared with the data of the 60s for Warsaw children and with present figures for urban children from other towns of Poland. The acceleration of growth of Warsaw children has been established and it was stated that they were the tallest of all Polish children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18. Correlation of blood pressure values with age, sex, body height, body weight and skinfold thickness (Essen Blood Pressure Study)].

1,165 randomly selected school children/adolescents and 306 preschool children living in Essen, West Germany, were examined for their systolic and diastolic (phase IV and V) blood pressure (BP), height, weight, and skinfold thickness. These are 97% of the original random sample school children/adolescents and 70.7% of the preschool children (under seven years old). Ages ranged from 4 to 18 years with 51% male and 49% female. Examination of the school children was performed in 20 different schools representative for the various types of school found in this city. BP was found to increase with age. In boys, the increase was significantly steeper during adolescence than in the preadolescence period (p less than 0.001). Adolescent boys had higher BP values than adolescent girls. In children younger than 10 years BP was similar to that reported in the Bogalusa study. The evaluation of partial correlation coefficients (rpart) identified body weight as the most important determinant of systolic BP (rpart = 0.25) and diastolic BP (rpart = 0.17) (p less than 0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neanderthals.

Body size, expressed as height or stature, is an important determinant of many other biological variables. Thus, it is surprising that many textbooks portray a wrong picture of Neanderthal height as being "very short" or "just over 5 feet". Based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, Neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). This height is indeed 12-14 cm lower than the height of post-WWII Europeans, but compared to Europeans some 20,000 or 100 years ago, it is practically identical or even slightly higher. Considering the body build of Neanderthals, new body weight estimates show that they are only slightly above the cm/weight or the Body Mass Index of modern Americans or Canadians. The calculation of the relative surface area (approximately 240-244 cm2/kg) is very low and supports earlier findings of a morphological and anatomical thermoregulatory adaptation to a cold climate in the Neanderthals.

Animals↗