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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Behavior therapy and the experimental analysis of behavior: contributions of the science of human behavior and radical behavioral philosophy.

It has been argued that clinical psychologists, including clinical behavior therapists, are not aware of or knowledgeable about advances being made in basic behavioral research (Marks, Behavioral Psychotherapy, 9, 137-154, 1981). The present paper addresses the arguments advanced by clinical and experimental psychologists that behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy are moving away from their respective ties to the experimental operant laboratory. It is argued that there are many areas of mutual interest between basic behavioral and clinical research and application. Several major research programs of operant psychology are analyzed in order to demonstrate conclusively that advances in basic behavioral studies have relevance for application by clinical psychologists. Progress in the experimental fields of the quantitative law of effect (the matching law), operant/classical interactions, including behavioral momentum, modeling and verbal and rule-governed behavior are analyzed. Applications of these basic behavioral principles to clinical settings are also illustrated. It is concluded that the experimental analysis of behavior can add much to the continuing development of a scientifically-based clinical psychology, and that mutual interest research in both sub-disciplines of psychology will lead to a greater understanding of the causes and conditions of human behavior, as well as direct the ability of clinical psychologists to effect meaningful behavioral change.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

From behavior theory to behavior therapy: the contributions of behavioral theories and research to the advancement of behavior therapy.

As we approach the latter years of the twentieth century, a century that witnessed the birth of the behavior therapy movement, it becomes increasingly important to understand the forces that shaped the development, advancement, and success of behavior therapy. This paper is an introduction to a series of articles analyzing how major behavioral theories and research have contributed to the advancement of behavior therapy. In view of the fact that many behavior therapists have lost touch with the relation between behavior theory and behavior therapy and the challenges of the "cognitive revolution", we argue that the field would benefit conceptually and practically from integrating and utilizing the resources provided by recent advances in basic behavioral theory and research. The articles in this symposium attempt to build conceptual, methodological, and practical bridges to help behavior therapists recognize and utilize basic behavioral research and concepts.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: a parent rating scale of Oppositional Defiant Behavior Toward Adults, Inattentive Behavior, and Conduct Problem Behavior.

Used the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) to measure disruptive behavior problems in children and adolescents. A controversy exists, however, on the dimensional structure of the ECBI. To evaluate this issue, an exploratory factor analysis was first performed on a sample of 1,263 children and adolescents. This analysis identified 3 meaningful factors (i.e., Oppositional Defiant Behavior Toward Adults, Inattentive Behavior and Conduct Problem Behavior) and a fourth, poorly defined factor. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the fit of the 3 meaningful factors in a second sample of 1,264 children and adolescents. The 3-factor model with 2 correlated errors provided a excellent fit. This 3-factor model also provided a significantly better fit than 2- and 1-factor models. Multiple group CFA indicated that the factor pattern, item-factor loadings, factor correlations, and correlated errors were equivalent across the samples. The CFA on sex yielded similar results. Initial normative information is presented for boys (n = 1,322) and girls (n = 1,205) within 4 age ranges (i.e., 2-5, 6-9, 10-13, 14-17) for the 3 factors. The use of these 3 factors, especially Oppositional Defiant Behavior and Conduct Problem Behavior, should make the ECBI more useful as a screening and outcome measure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Marital behavior, parenting behavior, and multiple reports of preschoolers' behavior problems: mediation or moderation?

Associations among positive and conflictual marital behavior and multiple reports of child behavior problems were examined in a community sample of 78 families with 3-year-old children. Maternal and paternal parenting behaviors were tested as potential mediators and moderators. Parents reported on child behavior problems and were observed during parent-child interaction and couple discussion in the presence of the child. Observers and preschool teachers also reported on child behavior problems. Less positive marital engagement and greater conflict were associated with observers' reports, but not with parents' or teachers' reports, of more behavior problems. Associations between marital behavior and child behavior problems were not explained by maternal or paternal behavior; stronger support was found for moderating effects of parenting. Also, positive marital engagement was a slightly better predictor of child behavior problems than was marital conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The pattern of influence of perceived behavioral control upon exercising behavior: an application of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior.

The aim of the present studies was to verify the basic assumptions underlying the theory of planned behavior for the prediction of exercising intentions and behavior among adults of the general population (study 1) and a group of pregnant women (study 2). In both studies, baseline data were collected at home with trained interviewers and with the use of paper-and-pencil questionnaires. The self-report on behavior was obtained 6 months (study 1) and between 8 and 9 months (study 2) after baseline data collection. In study 1, perceived behavioral control influenced behavior only through intention. In study 2, none of the Ajzen model variables was associated to exercising behavior. Nonetheless, intention was influenced by attitude, habit, and perceived behavioral control. The results of the present studies suggest that perceived behavioral control contributes to the understanding of intentions to exercise but not to the prediction of exercising behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The empirical evaluation of the effects of different group treatment strategies against a controlled treatment strategy on behavior exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of the therapist, and two self-rating scales that measure antisocial behavior.

Evaluated two group treatment strategies against a control treatment strategy on the behaviors exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of their therapists, and two self-rating scales. The first year 139 antisocial children were stratified according to age and then randomly placed into 14 groups. For the second year, 100 children were placed into 11 groups composed of antisocial children. Behavioral measurements of the children's and therapists' behaviors were secured at each weekly 2-hour meeting. Children were pre- and posttested on the various inventories postulated to measure antisocial behavior. In addition, significant adults, such as group therapists, filled out pre- and posttest inventories to measure antisocial behavior. For both years very few significant differences occurred between the treatment groups and the control groups on the dependent variables studies. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for behavior therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effects of cognitive behavioral intervention on the attitude and behavior of stockpersons and the behavior and productivity of commercial dairy cows.

Two experiments, one involving 29 commercial farms and the other involving 94 commercial farms, were conducted to examine the effects of a training program targeting a number of attitudinal and behavioral variables in stockpeople. These stockperson variables had been previously shown to be related to fear of humans and productivity of commercial cows. In both experiments, two treatments were imposed: an Intervention treatment, consisting of a cognitive-behavioral intervention procedure designed to improve the attitude and behavior of stockpeople toward cows, and a Control treatment, in which no intervention was attempted. In Exp. 1, an analysis of covariance, using previous lactation variables as the covariate, revealed effects of the Intervention treatment on the attitude and behavior of the stockpeople and the behavior of cows. Stockpeople at Intervention farms showed more (P < 0.01) positive beliefs about handling cows and used a lower (P < 0.05) number and percentage of negative tactile interactions in handling cows than stockpeople at the Control farms. Cows at the Intervention farms showed a shorter (P < 0.05) flight distance to humans, indicating a lower level of fear of humans by these cows. However, 36% of the Intervention farms failed to show a reduction in average flight distance over the two lactations. Although there was no significant treatment effect on milk yield, the Intervention farms in which fear levels declined following the intervention had a higher (P < 0.05) milk yield than the other farms. In Exp. 2, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was found in the milk yield of cows following the Intervention treatment. Similar treatment effects were observed on both milk protein and milk fat. These results indicate that cognitive-behavioral interventions that successfully target the key attitudes and behavior of stockpeople that regulate the cow's fear of humans offer the industry good opportunities to improve the productivity of cows.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Inhibiting progesterone metabolism in the hippocampus of rats in behavioral estrus decreases anxiolytic behaviors and enhances exploratory and antinociceptive behaviors.

Blocking progesterone's metabolism to 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (3 alpha,5 alpha-THP) with finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, and effects on anxiolytic, exploratory, and antinociceptive behaviors of rats in behavioral estrus were examined. Rats in behavioral estrus received finasteride systemically (SC), to the hippocampus, or to control implant sites, the nucleus accumbens (NA) or ventral tegmental area (VTA), and were tested in horizontal crossing, open-field, elevated plus-maze, emergence, holeboard, social interaction, tailflick, pawlick, and defensive freezing tasks. Finasteride, SC or intrahippocampally, reduced 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP in the hippocampus relative to vehicle implants or finasteride to the NA or VTA. Systemic or intrahippocampal finasteride decreased central entries in the open field and open-arm time on the elevated plus-maze and increased freezing in response to shock relative to vehicle. Finasteride to the hippocampus decreased emergence latencies and increased social interaction, pawlick, and tailflick latencies relative to all other groups. Finasteride to the hippocampus of rats in behavioral estrous decreased anxiolysis and enhanced exploration and analgesia. In summary, these data demonstrate that decreases in anxiolytic behavior of behavioral estrous rats can be produced by reductions in 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP in the hippocampus, which suggest that elevations in 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP in the hippocampus may give rise to anxiolysis seen during behavioral estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The behavioral neurobiology of self-injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys. Current concepts and relations to impulsive behavior in humans.

The objective of this report is to critically review past reports and present new data on the psychobiology of self-injurious behavior (SIB) and/or "risky" or "impulsive" behavior in primates (human and nonhuman). One aim was to reexamine how early social deprivation and neurobiological changes caused by deprivation might contribute to SIB in monkeys, and how the causes of SIB in monkeys might inform us about the psychobiology of suicide in humans. A second aim was to examine the evidence that social deprivation in monkeys produces reductions in brain 5-HT system function that are causal or coincident factors associated with self-injurious or impulsive behavior. Prior studies and new data indicate that the environmental causes of SIB and unusual aggression in rhesus monkeys do not produce reductions in brain 5-HT system activity and that experimental production of low levels of brain 5-HT system activity does not reliably promote either SIB or unusual other-directed aggression in monkeys. A third and final aim was to suggest that in severe cases of environmentally induced SIB and/or aggression in monkeys, having relatively high or low levels of 5-HT system activity may not be related to ongoing behavior because the 5-HT system may not interact with other neurotransmitter systems in the usual way. Overall, the contention is that primates exhibiting SIB and unusual aggression may have altered 5-HT system function, but this may be but one aspect of a more profound disorganization of brain function involving many neurohormonal and transmitter systems. Contemporary theorizing and experimentation tends to be restricted to the idea that altered function in one key system might be the cause of a specific form of psychopathology. In the future, research examining the probable change interactions of neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems as underlying causes of behavioral disorders should have a high priority.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The treatment of severe self-injurious behavior by the systematic fading of restraints: effects on self-injury, self-restraint, adaptive behavior, and behavioral correlates of affect.

Severe self-injurious behavior (SIB) in people with mental retardation is difficult to treat when dangerously frequent or intense responding rules out functional analysis and interventions that permit free responding. This situation is common when restrictive devices, such as straight arm splints, are used. In this study, the effects of introducing flexion into a straight-arm splint, on SIB, self-restraint, adaptive behavior, and behavioral correlates of affect were examined for three individuals with severe mental retardation. Using single-case design methodology, for two individuals self-injury was reduced to zero, while the overall level of restriction was also significantly reduced. From the observed behavioral correlates of affect, there was no evidence of an increase in negative affect with the introduction of the new splint and the fading procedure, but there was evidence of an increase in positive vocalizations. Engagement in activities and social contact were not affected by the introduction of the new splint. The reasons for a decrease in SIB with a corresponding decrease in restriction in the absence of any manipulation of contingencies for SIB are discussed, with particular reference to stimulus control.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

[Behavior change from defection to cooperation in a social dilemma: a field study of attitude-behavior consistency in campus parking behavior by motorcyclists].

Behavior change by persuasive communications in a social dilemma, in which a university tried to persuade students to park their motorcycles in a designated lot in order to resolve noise problems, was studied by a questionnaire. Hayashi's quantification theory III was applied to variables such as subjective norms, beliefs in the effectiveness of one's cooperation, the perception of campus traffic conditions and attitudes toward one's parking behavior. Factor scores obtained were subjected to a cluster analysis, which, within 105 defectors, yielded three subgroups. Contrary to prediction, subgroups were not different in their cooperation ratio examined 10 months later, but tended to be different in their readiness for acceptance of persuasion and in their intention to cooperate in a social dilemma other than parking. Two mechanisms underlying cooperation were revealed: internalization of prosocial norm, and compliance in which cooperation was unaccompanied by correspondent changes in normative beliefs. The Fishbein model was applicable only to change through internalization. A linear assumption in the Fishbein model between evaluative attitude and behavior should be reexamined in its application to a social dilemma.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The local organization of behavior: dissociations between a pigeon's behavior and self-reports of that behavior.

The purpose of the experiment was to study the relation between what an organism does in a setting that demands temporal patterning of behavior and what it reports it has done. More specifically, a pigeon produced two classes, shorter and longer, of temporal patterns of key pecks (interresponse times) on a center key. Occasionally, a symbolic matching-to-sample probe arranged on side keys asked the pigeon whether its most recent pattern was a shorter or longer one. The longer reinforced pattern was always three times as long as the shorter one and the two patterns were reinforced equally often. Absolute duration of reinforced patterns was varied. In some conditions, interresponse-time distributions on the center key were bimodal, indicating a clear behavioral adaptation to the contingency, yet a bird did not report very well by appropriate side-key responding what its most recent interresponse time had been. In other conditions, the interresponse-time distributions were less clearly bimodal, yet a bird reported more accurately its previous interresponse time as shorter or longer. Thus, there was a dissociation between how well behavior on the center key conformed to the schedule requirement and how well a bird reported what it was doing on the center key. In addition, as absolute duration of the reinforced patterns was increased, a bird categorized its most recent pattern less well even as its preference for the shorter pattern increased dramatically. These results were interpreted as an example of the phenomenon of dissociation between tacit knowledge and knowledge.

Color Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Questions about behavioral function (QABF): a behavioral checklist for functional assessment of aberrant behavior.

Functional assessment is a method to identify the relationships between a behavior of interest and an individual's environment. Traditional methods for functional assessment have relied on experimental techniques in which analog sessions are designed to replicate conditions in the individual's environment. However, these techniques can be time-consuming, require advanced training, and rely on the availability of extensive resources in the individual's setting. Development of a brief functional assessment checklist would circumvent these difficulties and meet clinical needs for efficient assessment methods. The current study provides psychometric data for the Questions About Behavioral Function. These data include test-retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

MPOA cytotoxic lesions and maternal behavior in the rat: effects of midpubertal lesions on maternal behavior and the role of ovarian hormones in maturation of MPOA control of maternal behavior.

Small neurotoxin lesions in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) block maternal behavior (MB) in adults but large lesions are required to produce the same effect in juvenile rats (23-27 days of age). To study the maturation of MPOA control of MB, in Experiment I, we compared the effects of small versus large neurotoxin MPOA lesions at midpuberty (38 days of age) on MB. Midpubertal females with large MPOA lesions showed severe impairment in MB affecting retrieving, crouching, and nest building, but 85% of females with small MPOA lesions exhibited all components of MB and performed like control females without MPOA lesions. To study the role of ovarian hormones during puberty on the maturation of MPOA mediation of MB (Experiment IIA), females were ovariectomized either before or after puberty and small MPOA cytotoxic lesions were made at 53 days of age. At 60 days of age both groups showed similar deficits in MB which indicated that the maturation of the MPOA mediation of MB is not dependent on pubertal ovarian hormones. In Experiment IIB, we administered estradiol benzoate (sc) and this overcame the deficit in MB after small MPOA lesions in females that had been deprived of estrogen for shorter periods (30 days) but had not been deprived for longer periods (60 days). In addition, ovary-intact females with circulating estrogen and small lesions in the MPOA at 53 days of age did not show deficits in MB.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Preschoolers' understanding of characteristics of their friends' behavior: prediction of friends' behavior and behavioral intention toward friends].

These studies examined preschoolers' understanding of characteristics of friends. "Friends" were defined as children of the same sex who chose each other as good friends, and "acquaintances" were those who knew each other but did not mutually chosen. In Study 1, 30 five- to six-year-old children were asked how they expected their friends and acquaintances to behave toward them in various situations, such as play, help, and trust situations. It was found that they tended to expect their friends in play and trust situations to behave more kindly than their acquaintances. In Study 2, they were asked how they themselves would behave toward their friends and acquaintances in the same situations. They replied that they would behave more kindly toward their friends than toward their acquaintances in all the situations. These results were interpreted as preschoolers showing a consistent understanding of their friends' behavior, as well as a clear comprehension of reciprocity in their relationship with their friends.

Child↗
PubMed1976

[Variability and inheritance of behavior in fine-wool sheep. II. Character of inheritance of domesticated behavior and correlation of behavior with productivity traits in fine-wool sheep].

The results of an experimental study of the inheritance of individual behaviour in various types of crosses are presented; the phenotypic and genetic correlations between the behavior and producutivity characters in sheep and the possibility of applying behaviour characteristics to the selection process of fine-wool sheep are analysed. It is shown that the progeny from crosses between parents with the same type of behaviour inherits mainly the type of behaviour of their parents and that, in general, the inheritance has a polygenic character. A genetic relation between the type of domestic behaviour and the productive characters of fine-wool sheep is established. The genetic correlation coefficient between the behaviour and the wool productivity is 0,57, and that between the behaviour and the live weight is 0,53. It is concluded that the inheritance component contributes to the formation of the type of domestic behaviour of fine-wool sheep. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the type of behaviour and the main productivity characters are discussed. The posibility of using behaviour characteristics as a character under selection is considered.

Animals↗