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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Transfer of Bacillus alginolyticus, Bacillus chondroitinus, Bacillus curdlanolyticus, Bacillus glucanolyticus, Bacillus kobensis, and Bacillus thiaminolyticus to the genus Paenibacillus and emended description of the genus Paenibacillus.

We determined the taxonomic status of six Bacillus species (Bacillus alginolyticus, Bacillus chondroitinus, Bacillus curdlanolyticus, Bacillus glucanolyticus, Bacillus kobensis, and Bacillus thiaminolyticus) by using the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and cellular fatty acid composition analyses. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these species closely with the Paenibacillus species. Like the Paenibacillus species, the six Bacillus species contained anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid as a major cellular fatty acid. The use of a specific PCR primer designed for differentiating the genus Paenibacillus from other members of the Bacillaceae showed that the six Bacillus species had the same amplified 16S rRNA gene fragment as members of the genus Paenibacillus. Based on these observations and other taxonomic characteristics, the six Bacillus species were transferred to the genus Paenibacillus. In addition, we propose emendation of the genus Paenibacillus.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Taxonomic study of aerobic thermophilic bacilli: descriptions of Geobacillus subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Geobacillus uzenensis sp. nov. from petroleum reservoirs and transfer of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus thermocatenulatus, Bacillus thermoleovorans, Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermodenitrificans to Geobacillus as the new combinations G. stearothermophilus, G. th.

Five hydrocarbon-oxidizing strains were isolated from formation waters of oilfields in Russia, Kazakhstan and China. These strains were moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, motile, spore-forming rods, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. The G+C content of their DNA ranged from 49.7 to 52.3 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7; cellular fatty acid profiles consisted of significant amounts of iso-15:0, iso-16:0 and iso-17:0 fatty acids (61.7-86.8% of the total). Based on data from 16S rDNA analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization, the subsurface isolates could be divided into two groups, one of which consisted of strains UT and X and the other of which consisted of strains K, Sam and 34T. The new strains exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship to thermophilic bacilli of 'Group 5' of Ash et al. [Ash, C., Farrow, J. A. E., Wallbanks, S. & Collins, M. D. (1991). Lett Appl Microbiol 13, 202-206] and a set of corresponding signature positions of 16S rRNA. Comparative analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences and fatty acid compositions of the novel isolates and established species of thermophilic bacilli indicated that the subsurface strains represent two new species within a new genus, for which the names Geobacillus subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., and Geobacillus uzenensis sp. nov. are proposed. It is also proposed that Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus thermoleovorans, Bacillus thermocatenulatus, Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermoglucosidasius and Bacillus thermodenitrificans be transferred to this new genus, with Geobacillus stearothermophilus (formerly Bacillus stearothermophilus) as the type species.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of Bacillus brevis with descriptions of Bacillus migulanus sp. nov., Bacillus choshinensis sp. nov., Bacillus parabrevis sp. nov., and Bacillus galactophilus sp. nov.

Thirty-five Bacillus brevis strains obtained from culture collections, including protein-producing isolates, were taxonomically studied by using numerical analysis, DNA base composition, and DNA-DNA hybridization. Six DNA relatedness groups were represented, and these groups correlated well with clusters based on the numerical analysis. The B. brevis strains were separated into B. brevis sensu stricto, four new species, and an unidentified species of the genus Bacillus. Bacillus migulanus sp. nov., Bacillus choshinensis sp. nov., Bacillus parabrevis sp. nov., and Bacillus galactophilus sp. nov. are proposed.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1968

Fatty acids in the genus Bacillus. II. Similarity in the fatty acid compositions of Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus cereus.

The nature and relative abundance of fatty acids produced by two strains each of Bacillus thuringiensis and of B. anthracis were studied by gas-liquid chromatography on a 12,000 theoretical plate polyester column capable of partially resolving iso- and anteiso-fatty acids with the same number of carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids as the bromo derivatives were separated from the saturated acids and resolved in a short SE-30 column by use of programmed-temperature gas chromatography. All four strains produced 16 major fatty acids: 9 branched (i-C(12), i-C(13), i-C(14), i-C(15), i-C(16), i-C(17), a-C(13), a-C(15), and a-C(17)), 3 normal (n-C(14), n-C(15), and n-C(16)), and 4 monounsaturated (i-C(16) (1=), i-C(17) (1=), a-C(17) (1=), and n-C(16) (1=)), in addition to some minor fatty acids. In all cases, 12 branched acids, including saturated and monounsaturated, made up over 70% of the total fatty acids, and iso-C(15) acid was most abundant. These fatty acid distribution patterns were very similar to those of B. cereus and B. cereus var. mycoides. There were, however, minor but clear differences between the fatty acid distribution patterns of B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis. B. thuringiensis, like B. cereus, produced higher proportions of i-C(13), a-C(13), and i-C(14) fatty acids than did B. anthracis. This difference between these two species could be useful as a supplemental criterion in their differentiation. Indications are that the enzyme systems for monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis in B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis prefer normal fatty acids as substrates rather than branched-chain fatty acids.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1992

Comparative sequence analyses on the 16S rRNA (rDNA) of Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus and proposal for creation of a new genus, Alicyclobacillus gen. nov.

Comparative 16S rRNA (rDNA) sequence analyses performed on the thermophilic Bacillus species Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus revealed that these organisms are sufficiently different from the traditional Bacillus species to warrant reclassification in a new genus, Alicyclobacillus gen. nov. An analysis of 16S rRNA sequences established that these three thermoacidophiles cluster in a group that differs markedly from both the obligately thermophilic organisms Bacillus stearothermophilus and the facultatively thermophilic organism Bacillus coagulans, as well as many other common mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus species. The thermoacidophilic Bacillus species B. acidocaldarius, B. acidoterrestris, and B. cycloheptanicus also are unique in that they possess omega-alicylic fatty acid as the major natural membranous lipid component, which is a rare phenotype that has not been found in any other Bacillus species characterized to date. This phenotype, along with the 16S rRNA sequence data, suggests that these thermoacidophiles are biochemically and genetically unique and supports the proposal that they should be reclassified in the new genus Alicyclobacillus.

Bacillaceae↗
PubMed1997

beta-Amylase production by some Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus polymyxa [correction of polymaxa] strains.

The production of extracellular beta-amylase by some Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains was investigated, and the maximal yields of the enzyme were 3.6; 9.3 and 20.4 U/mL of the culture fluid, respectively (U, 1 mumol of maltose equivalent per min at 30 degrees C). Several cultivation media were used for beta-amylase production. Bacillus cereus and some strains of Bacillus megaterium gave good yields of beta-amylase only in medium with the addition of nutrient broth. However, beta-amylase produced during growth in protein rich medium (nutrient broth) was highly unstable, probably due to inactivation by proteolytic enzymes co-existing in the culture fluid. Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains can produce good yields of beta-amylase on a semi-synthetic medium consisting of inorganic salts, potato starch and inexpensive soybean extract instead of costly peptone and meat extract. The most potential beta-amylase producer was the strain Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] NCIB 8524. The tested Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains were apparently differentiated by temperature cultivation (30 and 37 degrees C) suitable for beta-amylase amylase yield.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2000

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis--one species on the basis of genetic evidence.

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are members of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. B. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. B. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes that B. anthracis should be considered a lineage of B. cereus. This determination is not only a formal matter of taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the B. cereus group.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2003

Genome differences that distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis.

The three species of the group 1 bacilli, Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. All inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is phylogenetically monomorphic, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis are genetically more diverse. An amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis described here demonstrates genetic diversity among a collection of non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species, some of which show significant similarity to B. anthracis. Suppression subtractive hybridization was then used to characterize the genomic differences that distinguish three of the non-anthrax-causing bacilli from B. anthracis Ames. Ninety-three DNA sequences that were present in B. anthracis but absent from the non-anthrax-causing Bacillus genomes were isolated. Furthermore, 28 of these sequences were not found in a collection of 10 non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species but were present in all members of a representative collection of B. anthracis strains. These sequences map to distinct loci on the B. anthracis genome and can be assayed simultaneously in multiplex PCR assays for rapid and highly specific DNA-based detection of B. anthracis.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of th.

A light-orange-coloured, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium (strain SW28T), which was isolated from seawater in Korea, was taxonomically studied by a polyphasic approach. This organism formed round terminal endospores in swollen sporangia. The peptidoglycan type is A4alpha, based on L-Lys-L-Ala-D-Asp. The predominant menaquinone is MK-7 and the major fatty acid is ante-C15:0. The G+C content of the DNA is 40 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain SW28T falls within the radiation of a cluster comprising the rRNA group 2 bacilli and non-Bacillus-type organisms. Strain SW28T showed the highest degree of relatedness to the type strain of Sporosarcina ureae, sharing 96.8% 16S rDNA similarity. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SW28T and S. ureae DSM 2281T and the type strains of some Bacillus species forming a coherent phylogenetic cluster are less than 12.5%. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness data, it is proposed that strain SW28T should be placed in the genus Sporosarcina as a new species, Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov. The type strain is SW28T (= KCCM 41039T = JCM 10887T). From the results of the taxonomic re-evaluation, it is also proposed that Bacillus globisporus, Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus pasteurii be transferred to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora, Sporosarcina psychrophila and Sporosarcina pasteurii, respectively.

Bacillaceae↗
PubMed1983

Fatty acid composition and primer specificity of de novo fatty acid synthetase in Bacillus globispores, Bacillus insolitus, and Bacillus psychrophilus.

The fatty acid compositions of three psychrophilic species of Bacillus were determined by gas--liquid chromatography. The proportions of straight-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids were found to be 13.3, 86.7, and 26.1% of the total cellular fatty acids for Bacillus globispores, 36.6, 63.4, and 25.1% for Bacillus insolitus, and 6.9, 93.1, and 18.4% for Bacillus psychrophilus, respectively. In all three organisms the de novo fatty acid synthetase specificity towards acyl-CoA primers was butyryl-CoA greater than propionyl-CoA much greater than acetyl-CoA. This shows that B. insolitus, which has an unusually large proportion of straight-chain fatty acids for Bacillus, does not possess a different de novo fatty acid synthetase than the other two organisms. Therefore, the greater proportion of straight-chain fatty acids in B. insolitus may be explained by a large supply of straight-chain primer.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed2003

Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensisdelta-endotoxin cry1Ab gene in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis strains that naturally colonize the phylloplane of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mills).

AIMS: To introduce a cry gene into microorganisms that naturally colonize the phylloplane of tomato plants to improve the persistence of the Cry proteins for controlling a South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta, Meyrick, 1917). METHODS AND RESULTS: A cry1Ab gene isolated from a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain (LM-466), showing a relevant activity against T. absoluta larvae, was cloned into the shuttle vector pHT315 (Arantes and Lereclus 1991). The construct was introduced by electroporation into native Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis strains, both natural inhabitants of the tomato phylloplane. Western analysis and toxicity assays against the target larvae proved that the successful expression of the gene was accomplished in host bacteria. Recombinant toxin displayed a similar LC50 value in comparison to native donor strain LM-466. Both transformed Bacillus survived for at least 45 days on the tomato leaf surface. CONCLUSIONS: Plant-associated microorganisms that naturally colonize the phylloplane could be useful as recombinant microbial delivery systems of toxin genes of B. thuringiensis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Modified microorganisms capable of surviving on leaf surfaces for several weeks with insecticidal activity should allow for a reduction in pesticide application.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Fatty acids in Bacillus larvae, Bacillus lentimorbus, and Bacillus popilliae.

The types of fatty acids produced by two strains each of Bacillus larvae, B. lentimorbus, and B. popilliae, and their distribution patterns, were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. All six organisms produced eight major fatty acids: six branched (iso-C(14), -C(15), -C(16), and -C(17), and anteiso-C(15) and -C(17)), two normal (n-C(14) and -C(16)), and two minor (n-C(15) and monounsaturated n-C(16)). In addition, some other trace acids were produced. Branched-chain fatty acids accounted for 54 to 85% of the total fatty acids. These compositions are similar to those previously found with 26 strains of 12 species of the genus Bacillus. Thus, an abundance of branched-chain fatty acids seems to be a characteristic of the biochemical nature of the genus Bacillus. It is noteworthy that marked differences between the nutritional requirements of the three insect pathogens used in the present study and those of the other 12 species of the genus Bacillus studied previously are not significantly reflected in their fatty acid composition.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cloning of the maltose phosphorylase gene from Bacillus sp. strain RK-1 and efficient production of the cloned gene and the trehalose phosphorylase gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus SK-1 in Bacillus subtilis.

The maltose phosphorylase (MPase) gene of Bacillus sp. strain RK-1 was cloned by PCR with oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of a partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The MPase gene consisted of 2,655 bp encoding a theoretical protein with a Mr of 88,460, and had no secretion signal sequence, although most of the MPase activity was detected in the culture supernatant of RK-1. This cloned MPase gene and the trehalose phosphorylase (TPase) gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus SK-1 were efficiently expressed intracellularly under the control of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase promoter in Bacillus subtilis. The production yields were estimated to be more than 2 g of enzyme per liter of medium, about 250 times the production of the original strains, in a simple shake flask. About 60% of maltose was converted into trehalose by the simultaneous action of both enzymes produced in B. subtilis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides differentiation using a PCR-RE technique.

A method was developed to differentiate between Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis using the polymerase chain reaction combined with a restriction endonuclease (PCR-RE) technique. This fast and simple protocol, applied to pure culture strains, was developed using the gyrB DNA sequence, as previously proposed by other authors. Strains from international collections were used to optimize the method which was then applied to the identification of strains isolated from food samples. Amplifications were specific for the B. cereus group. Only Staphylococcus aureus gave the same size PCR product, but it was easily differentiated from strains in the B. cereus group by using restriction analysis, based on digestion with the RsaI, Sau3AI and EcoRI endonucleases. Specific amplifications and good differentiations were obtained using pure strains, suggesting the possibility of using the method described to identify the B. cereus group directly in food samples.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1997

Diversity and differential distribution of IS231, IS232 and IS240 among Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides.

Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides are very closely related bacteria, generally considered as subspecies of B. cereus sensu lato. Different transposable elements have been isolated from B. thuringiensis, including IS231, IS232 and IS240 and their variants. The distribution of these three insertion sequences (IS) within the B. cereus group has been investigated in 90 strains of B. thuringiensis (representing 61 serovars), in 30 reference strains of B. cereus and in 33 strains of B. mycoides. Since these IS elements are delimited by well-conserved and specific inverted repeats, the use of primers corresponding to these ends allowed their amplification by PCR. The results showed that IS231 is the most abundant element in the three taxa, whereas IS232 is apparently exclusively associated with B. thuringiensis. Hybridization and Dral RFLP analysis of the PCR products confirmed and extended knowledge of the heterogeneity previously observed among iso-IS231 elements. Moreover, a similar diversity was observed among iso-IS240 elements. This contrasted with the relative homogeneity displayed by iso-IS232 elements. No specific association appeared to exist between any particular iso-element and a specific strain or serotype.

Bacillus↗