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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk.

1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically. 2. Mature milk contained, on average (microgram/ml): thiamin 0.18 riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70 vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065. 3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk. 4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake. 5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 microgram, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 microgram, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 microgram.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Metabolic pathways linked to sarcopenia in the Bushehr Elderly Health Program: kynurenine, nicotinamide, B-vitamins, and sulfur amino acids.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function, is a common condition in the elderly, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Metabolic pathways, including the kynurenine, nicotinamide, B-vitamins, and sulfur amino acid pathways, may play a significant role in the development and progression of sarcopenia. This study investigates the relationship between metabolic pathways and sarcopenia, aiming to identify potential therapeutic targets. METHOD: Four hundred participants over 60 years were randomly selected from the second stage of the Bushehr Elderly Health Program (BEH). Frozen plasma samples were used to measure metabolomics. We used factor analysis and logistic regression analysis to determine the kynurenine-tryptophan metabolites associated with sarcopenia and its components. RESULT: Study participants included 89 sarcopenic subjects aged 72.92 ± 7.32 years and 307 non-sarcopenic subjects aged 68.12 ± 5.56 years. In full model adjustment, factor 3, which included methionine, tryptophan, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, picolinic acid, and xanthurenic acid, was associated with 38.3% lower risk of sarcopenia (OR = 0.617 [95%CI = 0.436–0.875]); Factor 6, which included methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine, was associated with a 33.7% increased risk of sarcopenia (OR = 1.337 [95%CI = 1.031–1.735]); and factor 7, consisting of nicotinamide, were related to a 25.2% lower risk of developing sarcopenia (OR = 0.748 [95%CI = 0.571–0.979]). Additionally, factor 1, which included quinolinic acid, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, neopterin, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, cystathionine, and total cysteine, was linked to a 49.2% higher risk of low muscle strength, while factors 3 and 7 were associated with approximately a 24% decrease in risk of low muscle strength. Factors 5, consisting of serine and glycine, and factor 7 were related to 43% and 27.7% lower risk of low skeletal muscle index, respectively. While factor 6 was related to a 32.8% higher risk of low skeletal muscle index. Factor 1 was also related to a 32.9% higher risk of low walking speed, while factor 3 was related to a 28.5% lower risk of low walking speed. CONCLUSION: Specific metabolites from the kynurenine, nicotinamide, B-vitamin, and sulfur amino acid pathways are significantly associated with sarcopenia and its key parameters, such as muscle strength, skeletal muscle index, and walking speed. These findings suggest that metabolic profiling could offer valuable insights for early detection and targeted interventions for sarcopenia in elderly populations.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism. A model of intervitamin relationships.

1. The B-vitamin status of fifty-nine patients, mainly from the lower socio-economic classes in Bombay, with a history of chronic malnutrition, and of alcoholism of 1-5-20 years' duration, was studied before and during treatment, and in relation to their clinical, especially neurological, condition. These patients were divided into two neurological categories: (I) those with peripheral neuropathy (mainly sensory and distal) alone, (2) those with mental changes (mainly confusion and disorientation) also. Both categories frequently showed pellagrous pigmentation and mucocutaneous signs of B-vitamin deficiency. 2. Thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) activity, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, total and pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6, folate and total vitamin B12 were estimated in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these patients, and also in the blood of sixty-nine control subjects and in the CSF of some of them. The concentrations of all the vitamins, except vitamin B12, were highly significantly lower in the blood of patients of category I compared to the controls, and erythrocyte transketolase activity and pyridoxal concentration in patients of category 2 were significantly lower than those of category I patients. Blood pantothenic acid and folate concentrations were reduced less consistently. 3. Serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly increased (though within normal range) in the patients compared to the control group, probably because of the moderate hepatic insufficiency (as assessed by liver function tests) in the former. 4. The concentrations of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6 were also highly significantly lower in the CSF in patients of category I compared with controls. Furthermore, thiamin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6 concentrations were significantly lower in patients of category 2 than those of category I patients, indicating that CSF levels reflect better the neurological status of these patients. 5. There was a moderate increase in the blood concentration of all the vitamins tested, after a relatively poor hospital diet alone. There was a concurrent increase in the blood levels of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid after parenteral treatment with either thiamin or nicotinic acid. The administration of pyridoxine resulted in a significant increase in the blood levels of riboflavin and the pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Relationship between biochemical and clinical indices of B-vitamin deficiency. A study in rural school boys.

1. A study amongst schoolboys in villages around Hyderabad, India, showed that almost all the boys had riboflavin deficiency, 61% had pyridoxine deficiency, and 9.4% had thiamin deficiency as judged by enzymic tests. 2. The prevalence of angular stomatitis was 41.3% and that of glossitis was 18.2%. Biochemical deficiency of riboflavin and pyridoxine was marginally higher in children with angular stomatitis with or without associated glossitis, than in children without oral lesions. 3. Treatment with B-complex vitamins (containing 4 mg riboflavin and 10 mg pyridoxine) daily for 1 month produced significant reduction in the prevalence of glossitis but had no effect on angular stomatitis. The latter responded to topical application of gentian violet. 4. Small but significant changes in erythrocyte enzymes occurred over the period of 1 month even without vitamin supplements. 5. Results suggest that while glossitis is a relatively early manifestation of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency or both, angular stomatitis has a more complex aetiology perphaps associated with infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Influence of norethindrone on drug-metabolizing enzymes of female rat liver in various B-vitamin deficiency states.

Ingestion of high levels of thiamin significantly decreased the activity of cytochrome P-450, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and the metabolism of aniline and ethylmorphine. Apparent VmaxS for ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were decreased by high levels of riboflavin even though NADPH cytochrome c reductase was elevated. High levels of dietary pyridoxine significantly decreased only the Vmax for aniline hydroxylase. Generally, norethindrone produces either no change or slight depression of cytochrome P-450 regardless or diet, whereas the administration of norethindrone produced no change or an increase in activity of c reductase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. Norethindrone induces aniline hydroxylase in animals fed all diets except those deficient in thiamin and riboflavin. The activities of the four parameters of the drug metabolizing system measured in these studies as well as the effects of norethindrone are clearly affected by the dietary status of the animal.

Aniline Hydroxylase↗
PubMed1976

B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yogurt.

Studies were to determine the effect of various factors upon B-vitamin content of cultured yogurt and to compare the B-vitamin contents of cultured and direct acidified yogurt. Incubation of yogurt culture at 42 C for 3 h yielded maximum vitamin synthesis concurrent with optimal flavor and texture qualities. A method was standardized for the manufacture of direct acidified yogurt involving the use of Stabilac acidulant and nonfat dry milk, Carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, and Starite. Acidified yogurt showed a slightly higher content of certain B-vitamins than the cultured yogurt due to the contribution made by various food additives. Both cultured and acidified yogurt showed good keeping quality and freedom from microbial contaminants during storage at 5 C for 16 days. However, folic acid and vitamin B12 contents decreased 29 and 60% in cultured yogurt and 48 and 54% in acidified yogurt.

Dairy Products↗
PubMed1979

The effects of dietary niacin and riboflavin on voluntary intake and metabolism of ethanol in rats.

The effects of dietary deficiency and excess of niacin and riboflavin on voluntary drinking of 10% (v/v) ethanol were studied in male rats. The effectiveness of dietary deficiency and excess of both niacin and riboflavin on tissue levels of these vitamins was demonstrated by measurements of urinary N1-methylnicotinamide and blood glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity. A high-niacin diet containing 75 mg niacin/kg food decreased ethanol intake by about 36% compared to the control diet containing 15 mgniacin/kg. Niacin or riboflavin deficiency and a high-riboflavin diet containing 40 mg rtary levels of niacin or riboflavin did not influence on ethanol elimination rate or levels of blood acetaldehyde during ethanol oxidation. Therefore, blood acetaldehyde was not responsible for the decreased ethanol intake of rats fed with a high-niacin diet. It was concluded that the increased ethanol intake caused by dietary deprivation of B-vitamin complex found in earlier studies is not a result of deficiency of niacin or riboflavin but niacin may be involved in the decrease in ethanol drinking, which follows dietary B-vitamin complex supplementation.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1977

The cell content and secretion of water-soluble vitamins by several freshwater algae.

Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algae examined contained folates, beta-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed2026

Neuroimaging in cerebral folate deficiencies.

Cerebral folate deficiency refers to neurological disorders associated with a reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), arising from primary defects in folate transport or metabolism, or secondarily from acquired or other inherited conditions. Clinical presentation ranges from infancy to adulthood, with manifestations including developmental delay, seizures, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Folate plays a central role in one-carbon metabolism, requiring interaction with other B-vitamins, most notably vitamin B12, to support nucleotide synthesis, methylation reactions, and myelin production. Disruption of folate-dependent pathways contributes to the imaging findings of cerebral folate deficiencies, which include abnormal white matter, calcifications, cerebral or cerebellar atrophy, and in some cases, stroke, or stroke-like lesions. This review outlines folate biochemistry, transport mechanisms into the central nervous system, and associated genetic defects, followed by a discussion of imaging features in primary and secondary cerebral folate deficiencies. Relevant differential diagnoses, particularly cobalamin-related disorders, are also examined. Importantly, many cerebral folate deficiencies are potentially reversible with timely recognition and therapy, underscoring the important role of neuroimaging in diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Trace nutrients. 3 Magnesium, copper, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in the British household food supply.

1. Intakes of magnesium, copper, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Britain were calculated by applying the values selected for the 4th edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods (Paul & Southgate, 1978) to the amounts of food recorded in the National Food Survey made during 1976 (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1977). 2. National average intakes were (/person per d): Mg 249 mg, Cu 1.51 mg, Zn 9.1 mg, vitamin B6 1.36 mg, vitamin B12 6.6 micrograms free folic acid 105 microgram and total folic acid 190 micrograms. Corresponding intakes (/person) in families with four or more children were 10-20% lower. 3. A comparison of intakes with those recommended in Canada (Department of National Health and Welfare, 1976) and the USA (National Research Council, 1974) or by WHO (1973) indicated that for folic acid average values were particularly low, and only for vitamin B12 were the recommendations significantly exceeded. 4. Contributions from alcoholic drinks and confectionery were also calculated and found, on average, to be significant for cu, vitamin B12 and folic acid. 5. The losses of B-vitamins which might occur on cooking are discussed.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Corynebacterium vaginale.

Corynebacterium vaginale is a sexually transmitted organism which was first recognized in 1953. It appears to utilize glycogen stored in vaginal epithelial cells, causing a malodorous vaginal discharge characterized by an abnormally high pH (5.0 to 5.5) and composed mainly of epithelial cells and hordes of bacilli. Infected men are asymptomatic, carry the organism for an unknown period of time, and transmit it through intercourse. The organism requires five B-vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and a fermentable carbohydrate; neither factors X nor V are required. It is not a member of genus Haemophilus and is not likely to be a Corynebacterium. Appearing mainly Gram-negative, it has many characteristics of Gram-positive organisms including its pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics and the possession of certain enzyme systems. As the cause of bacterial vaginitis, C. vaginale may be the most prevalent sexually-transmitted organism.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed2026

Genome-resolved analysis reveals disruption of gut microbial vitamin B and K2 biosynthesis during Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.

UNLABELLED: Toxoplasma gondii infection remodels the gut microbiome, yet its impact on microbial vitamin biosynthetic potential and host redox metabolism remains unclear. Here, we integrated mouse gut metagenomes with publicly available metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to construct a genome-resolved atlas of B-vitamin and vitamin K2 biosynthesis. From 45,697 MAGs, we curated 4,771 representative genomes, of which 2,682 met high-quality criteria (completeness &#x2265;90%, contamination <5%). Functional annotation identified 229,717 vitamin-related genes corresponding to 177 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs across de novo pathways for eight B vitamins, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenate (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), cobalamin (B12), and vitamin K2. Among the high-quality genomes, 1,665 encoded complete de novo pathways for at least one vitamin, highlighting functional specialization and community-level complementarity. Transcripts per million-normalized metagenomic read counts revealed significant differences in KEGG ortholog abundances across six of the nine vitamin pathways. Reanalysis of metagenomic data from infected mice (acute, chronic, and control; n = 10 per group) revealed a stage-dependent reduction in &#x3b1;-diversity of vitamin biosynthesis pathways during acute infection, and a clear &#x3b2;-diversity separation from chronic and control groups. Core niacin biosynthesis genes (nadB, nadA, nadC) displayed phylum-specific redistribution, indicating selective remodeling of microbial NAD+ precursor production under infection-induced metabolic stress. These results suggest that T. gondii infection disrupts cooperative vitamin biosynthetic networks while specifically modulating niacin pathways linked to host NAD+ metabolism. IMPORTANCE: Gut microbes can synthesize essential vitamins, but how infection alters this function is poorly understood. By integrating mouse gut metagenomes with genome-resolved microbial data, we show that Toxoplasma gondii infection reshapes the vitamin biosynthetic potential of the gut microbiome in a stage-dependent manner. Acute infection reduces the diversity of vitamin biosynthesis pathways and shifts the taxonomic distribution of key niacin biosynthesis genes involved in microbial NAD+ precursor production. These findings identify vitamin metabolism, especially niacin-related pathways, as a sensitive functional axis of microbiome remodeling during infection. Our work links microbial taxonomic changes to functional metabolic consequences and suggests that microbiome-mediated regulation of NAD+-related metabolism may contribute to host redox adaptation during T. gondii infection.

B vitamins↗
PubMed1978

Vitamins and sport.

In a double blind test on 40 men and women high performance fencers the influence of a multivitamin-electrolyte-preparation on reaction time, hit-frequency and neuromuscular irritability was determined. Evidence of B1, B2 and B6-deficiencies up to 70% were found. After application of the preparation an increase of performance of 3% could be observed. The tests were carried out by means of coenzymatic activation of the respective vitamins in the haemolysate of erythrocytes. The results are explained by the role of the vitamins in the human organism and by the special conditions under which endurance athletes have to perform: high turn-over rate of the energy metabolism, an increase of the body core temperature and thus increased sweat loss, factors leading to deficiencies of the water soluble B-vitamins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Personalised Nutraceutical Treatment Guided by MTHFR Genotype in Mental Health: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: One-carbon metabolism plays a central role in neurotransmitter synthesis, methylation capacity, and neurobiological resilience. Variants in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene can reduce enzymatic activity, affecting folate- and methionine-cycle functions and potentially influencing biological pathways relevant to mood and anxiety disorders. Personalised nutraceutical treatment strategies, particularly those addressing methylation capacity through targeted B-vitamin, folate, and adjunctive metabolic interventions are increasingly implemented in integrative clinical practice, yet evidence regarding their clinical outcomes remains limited. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 50 adults attending an integrative general practice clinic for anxiety and/or depression. All received personalised nutraceutical treatment informed by clinical assessment, laboratory testing and, for 37/50 patients, MTHFR genotyping. Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler-10 (K10) scale at baseline and approximately three months later. Secondary analyses evaluated whether outcomes differed by MTHFR genotype, whether specific supplements (e.g., L-methylfolate and SAMe) were associated with greater improvement, whether biomarker changes correlated with symptom change, and the safety/tolerability profile. RESULTS: Across the full cohort, mean K10 scores significantly decreased by four points over the treatment period, with 72% of patients showing clinical improvement. Reductions in psychological distress were seen across all MTHFR genotypes, including individuals with homozygous variant genotypes. Supplement-specific analyses showed improvement among those receiving methylfolate or SAMe, although the differences were not statistically significant. Following nutraceutical treatment, biomarker analyses demonstrated significant increases in serum vitamin B12 and modest reductions in homocysteine, but biomarker shifts did not correlate strongly with K10 change. No serious adverse events or clinically significant abnormalities in liver or renal function were identified. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world primary care cohort, personalised nutraceutical treatment, grounded in one-carbon metabolism support and applied alongside usual care, was associated with clinically meaningful reductions in psychological distress. Outcomes were comparable across MTHFR genotypes when treatments were appropriately tailored, suggesting that genotype and biomarker-informed nutraceutical strategies may mitigate potential metabolic disadvantages. These findings support further controlled research into precision nutraceutical psychiatry for anxiety and depression. Secondary analyses of genotype subgroup, specific supplements, and biomarker-outcome associations are reported alongside Benjamini-Hochberg FDR-adjusted p-values and should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Some consequences of the new UK 'recommended daily amounts of food energy and nutrients' for evaluating food consumption surveys.

The amounts of energy and nutrients which have been recommended by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1969 and 1979 are compared. For the nation as a whole, the recommendations for energy and protein have decreased by 6 per cent; thus, the adequacy of an otherwise unchanged diet will appear 6 per cent higher than before. The changes for iron, calcium and the three main B-vitamins are smaller, while vitamin C and vitamin A are virtually unaffected. Nevertheless, as the method of calculating retinol equivalents in the diet should now conform to worldwide practice, the amount of vitamin A in the average diet will appear to be about 6 per cent less than before. It will be no longer practical to evaluate dietary intakes of vitamin D, but there are now official recommendations for folic acid.

Ascorbic Acid↗