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Results for “Axillary bud development”

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12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Genome-wide characterization of MADS-box genes and their roles in axillary bud development in tobacco.

A total of 118 NtMADS-box genes were identified in tobacco, revealing their potential roles in axillary bud development. Preliminary overexpression analysis indicated that NtMADS91 promotes axillary bud development. MADS-box transcription factors are core regulators of plant development, but their functions in axillary bud development in Nicotiana tabacum L. have not been systematically elucidated. In this study, 118 NtMADS-box genes were identified from the tobacco genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into type I (comprising the Mα and Mγ subfamilies) and type II (comprising the MIKC* and MIKCC clades). Promoter analysis revealed that cis-acting elements were predominantly associated with light and hormone responses. RNA-seq analysis of axillary buds after topping identified 60 differentially expressed NtMADS-box genes, from which 12 candidate genes with significant expression changes were selected. Tissue-specific qRT-PCR revealed that seven of these genes were preferentially expressed in axillary buds, with members of the SOC1 and SVP subfamilies accounting for the majority. Exogenous application of abscisic acid and the strigolactone analog GR24 significantly suppressed the expression of most candidate genes, including NtMADS91. The preliminary overexpression analysis suggested that NtMADS91 may promote axillary bud growth, increasing both the number and length of axillary buds. This study lays a foundation for future dissection of the regulatory mechanisms of the NtMADS-box gene family in axillary bud development and provides promising candidate genes for research related to tobacco axillary bud development.

Nicotiana↗
PubMed1991

Patatin and four serine proteinase inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during potato tuber development.

A highly efficient and synchronous in vitro tuberization system is described. One-node stem pieces from potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje) plants grown under short day-light conditions containing an axillary bud were cultured in the dark on a tuber-inducing medium. After 5 or 6 days all axillary buds started to develop tubers. To study gene expression during tuber development, RNA isolated from tuberizing axillary buds was used for both in vitro translation and northern blot hybridizations. The genes encoding the proteinase inhibitors I and II (PI-I and PI-II), a Kunitz- and a Bowman-Birk-type proteinase inhibitor were already expressed in uninduced axillary buds. The length of the day-light conditions differently influenced the expression level of the individual genes. In addition, the expression of each of these genes changed specifically during the development of the axillary bud to tuber. In contrast to the expression of these proteinase inhibitor genes, patatin gene expression was only detectable from the day tuberization was manifested as a radial expansion of the axillary bud. These results are discussed with respect to the regulation of the expression of the genes studied in relation to the regulation of tuber development.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed1985

Tissue culture experiments on the vegetative micropropagation of oak.

Excised parts of juvenile green stem, seedlings growing out from unripe acorns and epicotyl segments of seedlings proved to be the best inocula for vegetative micropropagation under the given conditions. By means of interactions between mineral nutrients and supplementary regulators, callus, shoots (shoot sprouting) and regeneration of plantlets were induced from such explants. In the morphology of regeneration, the type of oak inocula rather than the basal medium played a primary role in the experiments described, the latter being just an influencing factor. No regeneration could be induced from resting buds of shoot, meristem tips of axillary buds, anthers or pollen, under the experimental conditions applied. Results obtained, in a further developed form, seem to be suitable for vegetative micropropagation of oaks.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2025

NAM and CUC3 boundary genes maintain shoot apical meristem viability and suppress the development of axillary shoot in rice seedlings.

Cell division and differentiation within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are essential for the morphogenesis of aboveground plant organs. This study reveals that the boundary genes OsNAM and OsCUC3 collaboratively maintain SAM activity. Loss of function in both OsNAM and OsCUC3 during the fourth leaf stage reduced SAM size, with the osnam oscuc3 mutant exhibiting abnormal leaf number and morphology. Furthermore, OsNAM and OsCUC3 inhibited the growth of axillary shoots. In the osnam oscuc3 mutant, the number of new leaves decreased, while buds in the coleoptile and the axil of the first leaf developed into tillers. Since OsNAM and OsCUC3 are involved in regulating both SAM activity and the growth of lateral shoots, we examined their expression patterns at the base of the main shoot. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter activity and GFP reporter lines demonstrated that OsNAM and OsCUC3 have distinct expression patterns. Specifically, OsNAM was expressed throughout the SAM, whereas OsCUC3 was expressed only at the base of the SAM, with its expression gradually decreasing as seedlings develop. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the expression of genes related to leaf epidermal cell development, cell wall components, and hormonal signal transduction was altered in response to the loss of function of OsNAM and OsCUC3. Therefore, the boundary genes OsNAM and OsCUC3 not only inhibit the growth of axillary shoots but also regulate the development of aboveground organs, including leaf morphology and number, by maintaining the SAM activity in the main shoot.

Meristem↗
PubMed1985

Abscissic acid localization by light microscopic immunohistochemistry in Chenopodium polyspermum L. Effect of water stress.

An indirect immunohistochemical technique was developed using a rabbit anti-abscissic acid (ABA) serum and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex for the localization of endogenous ABA in the aerial parts of Chenopodium. Terminal bud, axillary bud bearing nodes, and adult leaves were prefixed by a soluble carbodiimide to obtain the coupling of ABA on cellular proteins and postfixed by a conventional mixture of aldehydes. They were then embedded in paraffin or in plastic. Numerous controls were carried out on sections and on a model system to test the validity of the technique. Based on the staining patterns observed along the plant, an apico-basal gradient of ABA was revealed. In the older buds, ABA was mainly concentrated in the quiescent meristematic cells of the apex. Phloem cells of the main axis and chloroplasts of the leaves were specifically labeled. No reaction product was visualized in the parenchyma cells or in the cambial zone. Water stress, which is known to increase ABA content, induced an increase of immunoreactivity within the same compartments. This physiological test validates the stain.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Spatiotemporal patterns of expression of NGF and the low-affinity NGF receptor in rat embryos suggest functional roles in tissue morphogenesis and myogenesis.

We show here that NGF and its low-affinity receptor (p75NGFR) are expressed during rat embryogenesis at sites that are known to have important roles in tissue morphogenesis and myogenesis. The developing skin of the maxilla, the mandible, and the limb showed very similar patterns of NGF and p75NGFR expression. However, NGF and p75NGFR expression in the developing limb initiated at the limb bud stage and was concentrated at proximal and distal developmental sites that have been reported to be involved in limb morphogenesis. Expression at the proximal/distal ends of the limb persisted throughout limb development, with some of the highest levels of expression occurring at the limb axillary sites, which were not highly innervated. We have also found p75NGFR expression at sites of mesenchymal/epithelial interactions in several developing organs that do not appear to have an adjacent source of NGF and may therefore be sites that bind and respond to the other members of the NGF family (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3). These organs include the lung, testes, and kidney, where expression of p75NGFR occurred during the morphogenesis of specific epithelial structures and was coexpressed with the cell adhesion molecule NCAM. In addition, we found that NGF and p75NGFR were expressed during myogenesis. p75NGFR was observed in myoblast cells expressing MyoD1, a myoblast differentiation marker, and NGF transcripts in cells just adjacent to the developing myoblasts. When the myoblasts differentiate into myotubes, p75NGFR and MyoD1 cease to be expressed and the adjacent cells concomitantly cease to be make NGF. However, NGF and p75NGFR were not present in the early muscle precursor cells of the myotome of the somites but were observed in the dermatome and sclerotome, respectively. These results suggest that NGF and p75NGFR have functional roles in developmental processes that affect morphogenesis and cell differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Floral determination in the terminal bud of the short-day plant Pharbitis nil.

Temporal and spatial aspects of floral determination in seedling terminal buds of the qualitative short-day plant Pharbitis nil were examined using a grafting assay. Floral determination in the terminal buds of 6-day-old P. nil seedlings is rapid; by 9 hr after the end of a 14-hr inductive dark period more than 50% of the induced terminal buds grafted onto uninduced stock plants produced a full complement of flower buds. When grafted at early times after the end of the dark period the terminal buds of induced plants produced three discrete populations of plants: plants with no flowers, plants with two axillary flowers at nodes 3 and 4 and a vegetative terminal shoot apex, and plants with five to seven flowers including a terminal flower. The temporal relationship among these populations of plants produced by apices grafted at different times indicates that under our conditions, the region of the terminal bud that will form the axillary buds at nodes 3 and 4 becomes florally determined prior to floral determination of the region of the terminal bud giving rise to the nodes above node 4.

Darkness↗
PubMed2026

Pleiotropic mutation in a tendril TCP gene underlies the yield-enhancing multiple-flowering trait in summer squash (Cucurbita pepo).

Crop yield is a focal point in plant breeding. Regulation of lateral budding through apical dominance was a central target of crop domestication, directly affecting crop production. The young fruits of Cucurbita pepo, summer squash, are produced on plants characterized by apical dominance and differentiation of a single flower bud per leaf axil. A single recessive mutation, mf, results in differentiation of more than one flower per leaf axil, thereby directly increasing production because of the continual day-to-day harvest of the summer squash crop. Positional cloning of the Cucurbita pepo mf (Cpmf) gene denoted a frameshift mutation in a TCP transcription factor, Cp4.1LG13g07780, as causative for the increase in axillary flowering. Cpmf is an ortholog of a tendril-development TCP gene in other cucurbits, and likewise, the recessive allele of Cpmf is associated with distorted tendril development. Gene function is context dependent, and we propose that multiple flowering is a unique pleiotropic attribute of mutation in a tendril-development gene of C. pepo. Characterization of a C. pepo collection confirmed a significant association of the Cpmf mutation with multiple flowering and showed that the mutant allele is absent in ancestral C. pepo and one of its two cultivated subspecies. The beneficial mutation occurred and was selected after the domestication of the other subspecies, during its cultivation for young fruit production. We demonstrate the discovery of a causative yield-increasing sequence variant and its practical utilization in breeding. Our findings provide a molecular target for creation of high-yielding, multiple-flowering summer squash cultivars through marker-assisted breeding or precise genome editing.

Cucurbita↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age and anthropometric status of Nigerian girls at puberty: implication for the introduction of sex education into secondary schools.

Age, height and weight at various stages of pubertal development were assessed in a cross-sectional survey of 1054 schoolgirls living in Ilorin, Nigeria. The first sign of puberty; breast bud and pubic hair development appeared at mean age (year) 12.7 +/- 1.0 and 12.8 +/- 0.9 respectively, and reached full maturational stage at mean age (year) 14.7 +/- 1.3 and 14.4 +/- 1.4 respectively. The mean age, height and weight at which the intermediate stages are reached were given. Cumulative proportion of girls that have attained menarche at each pubertal stage were derived. Median age of menarche calculated by status quo method was 13.6 years. In general, about 50% of girls in each stage of pubic hair development were at corresponding stage of breast development. Only about 75% of girls have full axillary hair growth at Tanner stage--5 of breast and pubic hair development, Longitudinal data to assess growth spurt and peak height velocity are suggested. Introduction of sex education into secondary school classes represented by the pubertal age group is advocated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cytokinin content and tissue distribution in plants transformed by a reconstructed isopentenyl transferase gene.

The cytokinin gene, isopentenyl transferase (ipt), was placed under the control of a heat-inducible promoter from the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 gene and introduced into Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants were analyzed for organ-specific expression, cytokinin levels and effects on plant development before and after the heat induction. The ipt gene transcripts were detected in leaves and stems but not roots of transgenic plants following a 2 hour, 45 degrees C treatment. Maximum mRNA levels observed occurred 2 hours after heat treatment and 46 hours later were detected only in leaves. Zeatin and zeatinriboside concentrations 2 hours after heat shock ranged from over 900 to 2000 pmol/g, representing a greater than 140- to 200-fold increase over uninduced levels. After 46 hours, approximately 50% of the cytokinins are still present in the leaves as opposed to much reduced levels in the stems. Transgenic plants were greener, shorter, had an underdeveloped root system, reduced leaf width, and increased growth of axillary buds. After a single heat treatment, plants exhibited a darker green pigment and continued growth of lateral buds. Transient accumulations of endogenous cytokinins following thermal induction did not appear to alter the plant's preprogrammed pattern of differentiation.

Adenosine↗