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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

IRF-1 deficiency skews the differentiation of dendritic cells toward plasmacytoid and tolerogenic features.

Members of the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) family are transcriptional regulators that play essential roles in the homeostasis and function of the immune system. Recent studies indicate a direct involvement of some members of the family in the development of different subsets of dendritic cells (DC). Here, we report that IRF-1 is a potent modulator of the development and functional maturation of DC. IRF-1-deficient mice (IRF-1(-/-)) exhibited a predominance of plasmacytoid DC and a selective reduction of conventional DC, especially the CD8alpha(+) subset. IRF-1(-/-) splenic DC were markedly impaired in their ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12. By contrast, they expressed high levels of IL-10, TGF-beta, and the tolerogenic enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. As a consequence, IRF-1(-/-) DC were unable to undergo full maturation and retained plasmacytoid and tolerogenic characteristics following virus infection ex vivo and in vivo. Accordingly, DC from IRF-1(-/-) mice were less efficient in stimulating the proliferation of allogeneic T cells and instead, induced an IL-10-mediated, suppressive activity in allogeneic CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Together, these results indicate that IRF-1 is a key regulator of DC differentiation and maturation, exerting a variety of effects on the functional activation and tolerogenic potential of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Serological survey of racing pigeons for selected pathogens in Taiwan.

To investigate the pathogens that racing pigeons in Taiwan are exposed to, a total of 3764 pigeons from 90 lofts were analysed by collection of blood samples in the period between October 2000 and September 2001. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed to detect antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), type 2 avian paramyxovirus (APMV-2), and egg drop syndrome '76 virus (EDS-76V). The agar-gel precipitin (AGP) test was used to detect antibodies against fowl adenovirus (FAV), goose parvovirus (GPV), and avian reovirus (REO). The virus neutralisation (VN) test was applied to detect antibodies against the serotypes FAV-1 and FAV-8. A rapid serum agglutination test was applied for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma spp. Antibodies to several infectious agents were found, including NDV (43.3%), EDS-76V (19.2%), FAV (0.8%), REO (0.5%), APMV-2 (0.2%), Mycoplasma columbinum (10.3%), M. columborale (7.1%), M. synoviae (1.8%) and M. gallisepticum (1.3%). Antibodies against GPV, FAV-1, and FAV-8 were not detected in any serum sample. NDV seroprevalence was significantly higher in pigeons of more than one year of age than in pigeons younger than one year. ND or EDS-76 seroprevalence of pigeons vaccinated with ND vaccine or EDS-76 vaccine was significantly higher than that of pigeons that did not receive any vaccination.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2006

ISG15 enhances the innate antiviral response by inhibition of IRF-3 degradation.

The transcription factor, interferon regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3) plays a critical role in the activation of an antiviral innate immune response. However the transcriptional activity of IRF-3 is tightly regulated by a proteosome mediated degradation. We describe here a novel mechanism by which the activity of IRF-3 is stabilized in infected cells. We have shown that both interferon treatment and NDV infection profoundly increase conjugation of interferon induced ubiquitin- like protein ISG15 to cellular proteins. ISGylated IRF-3 could be detected both in interferon treated and virus-infected cells. ISG15, subverts the ubiquitin mediated degradation of IRF-3 in NDV infected 2fTGH cells and enhances the NDV mediated transactivation of interferonbeta promoter and the translocation of activated IRF-3 to the nucleus. The relative levels of IRF-3 were significantly lower in NDV infected ISG15 null MEF, than in wt MEF. While ISG15 null MEF were more permissive to VSV replication their sensitivity to the antiviral effect of interferon was not modulated. These results reveal that virus mediated subversion of the antiviral response by proteolysis of IRF-3 is counteracted by induction of ISG15 expression and that ISGylation provides a feedback mechanism, which enhances the host innate antiviral response via IRF-3 stabilization.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2005

Avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in wintering and resident ducks in Texas.

Cloacal swabs were collected from teal (Anas crecca, Anas cyanoptera, Anas discors), mottled duck (Anas fulvigula) and northern pintail (Anas acuta) in Brazoria County, Texas, USA, during February 2001, mottled ducks during August 2001, and blue-winged teal (A. discors) during February 2002. Prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections during each sampling period were 11, 0, and 15%, respectively. The hemagglutinin (H) subtypes H2 and H7 were detected in both years, while the H8 subtype was detected in 2001 and the H1 subtype was detected in 2002. Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was isolated from 13% of mottled ducks sampled in August 2001 and 30.7% of teal in February 2002. The season of isolation of both viruses and the majority of the AIV subtypes detected in this study are not typical based on previous reports of these viruses from North American ducks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in Victoria.

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and characterise avian paramyxoviruses and other haemagglutinating viruses amongst Victorian wild bird populations. PROCEDURE: Tracheal and cloacal material was collected from wild duck, pigeon, quail and other wild birds throughout Victoria. Samples were processed and cultured in embryonating eggs. Viral isolates were characterised based on their haemagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition activity using a panel of specific antisera. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates. RESULTS: Twenty-five nonpathogenic haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 605 wild bird samples. The majority were characterised as APMV-6 or influenza A virus, H3N2. Two isolates were identified and characterised as APMV-1 (avirulent NDV) based on nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis at the F0 cleavage site. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-five viruses were isolated, none of which resembled progenitor or virulent genotypes. This study provides valuable epidemiological information against which to compare future isolates from outbreaks of disease to determine their origin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A goose-sourced paramyxovirus isolated from southern China.

We report the isolation and characterization of a paramyxovirus from geese in South China during 1997. The isolate, designated as goose paramyxovirus/QingYuan 1997-1 (GPMV/QY97-1), showed pathogenicity to geese and could agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. Its hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by antiavian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) serum. The F gene of isolate was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis proved that its sequence conformed to that reported in the literature, encoding an F0 protein of 553 amino acids with 13 cysteine residues and 6 potential glycosylation sites. It also contained multiple basic amino acids at the deduced cleavage site of the fusion protein, which is a typical feature of highly virulent APMV-1 strains. Sequences analysis of the F gene of GPMV/QY97-1 revealed a homology with other APMV-1 isolates, with its identity ranging from 84.1% to 99.9% on a nudeotide basis and from 88.8% to 99.6% on an amino acid basis. Phylogenetic analysis of the APMV-1 isolates showed that this isolate most closely resembled the reference APMV-1 strain GD/1/98/Go, which was originally isolated from geese in 1998.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Isolation, identification, and comparison of four isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 in China.

Four Yucaipa-like viruses of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (APMV-2) were isolated in China from the imported Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae) and broilers in 1998-2002, and were named F4, F6, F8, and NK, respectively. Examined under electron microscope, the isolates were found to be round in shape and varying in size. The results of the hemagglutination inhibition test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (using monoclonal antibodies) showed some differences between the isolates and the reference strain Yucaipa. The isolates derived from chickens had a closer relationship to Yucaipa virus than did those of finches. Sequence comparison of the fusion gene and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene showed similar results, although the variations were lesser among APMV-2 viruses in nucleotide and amino acid sequence. By sequence comparison, it was also revealed that at the molecular level the four virus strains belong to APMV-2, and that two of the strains were isolated from the same group of imported Gouldian Finches.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses.

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) viruses, is included in List A of the Office International des Epizooties. Historically, ND has been a devastating disease of poultry, and in many countries the disease remains one of the major problems affecting existing or developing poultry industries. Even in countries where ND may be considered to be controlled, an economic burden is still associated with vaccination and/or maintaining strict biosecurity measures. The variable nature of Newcastle disease virus strains in terms of virulence for poultry and the different susceptibilities of the different species of birds mean that for control and trade purposes, ND requires careful definition. Confirmatory diagnosis of ND requires the isolation and characterisation of the virus involved. Assessments of virulence conventionally require in vivo testing. However, in vitro genetic characterisation of viruses is being used increasingly now that the molecular basis of pathogenicity is more fully understood. Control of ND is by prevention of introduction and spread, good biosecurity practices and/or vaccination. Newcastle disease viruses may infect humans, usually causing transient conjunctivitis, but human-to-human spread has never been reported. Eight other serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses are recognised, namely: APMV-2 to APMV-9. Most of these serotypes appear to be present in natural reservoirs of specific feral avian species, although other host species are usually susceptible. Only APMV-2 and APMV-3 viruses have made a significant disease and economic impact on poultry production. Both types of viruses cause respiratory disease and egg production losses which may be severe when exacerbated by other infections or environmental stresses. No reports exist of natural infections of chickens with APMV-3 viruses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of paramyxovirus serotype 7 from ostriches (Struthio camelus).

Paramyxovirus serotype 7 (PMV-7) was isolated from pooled intestinal contents of two 5-month-old ostriches (Struthio camelus). The pathogenicity of the virus was comparable with lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (PMV-1) in chicken and chicken embryo pathogenicity tests. The relationship of the virus to the observed pathology of proliferative nonsuppurative enteritis is unknown; the Campylobacter jejuni isolated was presumably the primary pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolation of PMV-7 from ostriches.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Isolation and characterization of paramyxoviruses from snakes and their relationship to avian paramyxoviruses.

Several viruses were isolated from snakes which died during an outbreak of disease in a zoo. The viruses could be cultivated at 28 degrees C on a snake cell line (VH2, ATCC CCL 140). In cell culture they formed syncytia, leading to destruction of the monolayer. The isolates were sensitive to treatment with chloroform but not to growth in the presence of IUDR and revealed haemagglutinating activity with chicken erythrocytes. These results, combined with electron microscopic examination of the infectious supernatant, confirmed the diagnosis of paramyxoviruses (PMV). Haemagglutination inhibition tests with antisera against avian PMV revealed a serological relationship between the snake viruses and the avian PMV serotypes 1 and 7. Tests for thermostability at 56 degrees C showed a marked decrease of the haemagglutination and infectivity titres in contrast to the avian PMV serotype 7. The multiplication of the snake viruses seemed to be restricted to incubation temperatures below 37 degrees C. At 28 degrees C the snake viruses could be cultivated in several cell cultures. Separation of virus proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed differences between the snake isolates and avian PMVs of serotypes 1 and 7.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Failure to induce formation of proteinase K resistant fibrils in pigeons through experimental infection with paramyxovirus type 1.

Ten racing pigeons were infected experimentally with the paramyxovirus (PMV) type 1 of the pigeon. Within twelve weeks of observation, they were euthanized at different times. Their brains were examined for proteinase K resistant fibrils and histopathologically for spongiform lesions. No proteinase K resistant fibrils and no spongiform lesions could be detected in any case. Therefore, it is estimated that PMV type 1 of the pigeon is not likely to induce pathogenic mechanisms assumed for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of Bangor virus proteins by using monoclonal antibodies.

A new virus was isolated from a finch in quarantine in Northern Ireland in 1973. The virus had the morphological characteristics of a paramyxovirus, and was named Bangor virus (BaV). In order to identify the structural proteins of BaV and to investigate the biological characterization of the virus, 28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against BaV were prepared. Eight of these mAbs reacted with the nucleocapsid protein (NP), 10 with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, and 10 with fusion (F) protein. With the aid of these mAbs, the structural proteins of BaV were determined, namely, p52, gp74, gp63, and gp51 were identified as the NP, HN, F0, and F1 proteins, respectively. The biological activities of the mAbs directed against the envelope glycoproteins of BaV were examined. Intriguingly, it was found in the neutralization assay that four mAbs directed against the HN protein of BaV can enhance the fusion of HeLa cells infected with BaV, showing the presence of a potential third function of the HN protein that affects the fusion activity of the F protein. Furthermore, all of the anti-F protein mAbs showed neutralizing activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Investigation of several selected adjuvants regarding their efficacy and side effects for the production of a vaccine for parakeets to prevent a disease caused by a paramyxovirus type 3.

The infection with paramyxovirus type 3 (PMV-3) of parakeets can lead to severe illness in small psittacines (Neophema spp. and other parakeets) as well as in passerines (finches). The disease is characterized by acute or chronical pancreatitis and central nervous symptoms, such as torticollis as well as walking in circles and by high mortality rates in the affected flocks. As there is no licensed vaccine for psittacines available to prevent this disease. The aim of the following study was to find a suitable vaccine formulation for parakeets with inactivated PMV-3 and a well-tolerated and effective adjuvant. Seven adjuvants have been examined in ovo and in vivo regarding their efficacy and side effects. In these investigations, the classical Freund's complete Adjuvant (FCA) and Freund's incomplete Adjuvant (FICA) and Alhydrogel, but also the more recent developments TiterMax Gold, Specol, Gerbu Adjuvant 100, and Diluvac Forte have been used. Regarding its efficacy and side effects, the vaccine formulation "PMV-3/Specol" has been evaluated positively and can be recommended for the production of a PMV-3 vaccine for parakeets.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗