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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Health effects of exposure to automobile exhaust--V. exposure of toll booth operators to automobile exhaust.

The exposures of automobile toll booth collectors in the Boston area to selected air contaminants were monitored during the four seasons from 1972 to 1974. The highest carbon monoxide concentrations were found at the in-city toll booths and the highest lead levels at the surburban booths. Biological monitoring for carbon monoxide and lead exposure were closely related to airborne contaminant levels. The study supports the need for environmental control for toll booths located at busy highway and tunnels.

Air↗
PubMed1978

Carbon monoxide automobile emissions measured from the interior of a traveling automobile.

During a procedure to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations inside a traveling car, it was discovered that CO emissions from individual passing vehicles produced accurately measurable increases in the CO concentration. The CO produced by individual vehicles varied by three orders of magnitude; this finding demonstrates that a relatively small number of cars can be responsible for a high percentage of total vehicle CO Emissions.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1975

Visual inhibitions of automobile driving.

Three patients in psychotherapy who were symptomatically unable to drive automobiles also gave histories of having been afflicted with oculomotor disorders in childhood. This calls attention to the previously undiscussed visual dimension of automobile driving, which is considered in general terms. The specific question of an inhibition of visual function resulting in avoidance of automobile driving is then raised, and a case illustration given in which the attachment of sexual and aggressive meanings to the act of looking was important in the formation of an automobile driving symptom. The particular impact of ocular deviation on early psychosexual development is explored, using the clinical material as a point of departure.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

Children's behavior during automobile rides: do car seats make a difference?

The behavior of children riding in automobiles with their mothers was assessed by having an observer accompany them on repeated 15-minute automobile rides. Children riding in car seats exhibited very high levels of appropiate or safe behavior, whereas children not riding in car seats exhibited very low levels of appropriate behavior. When car seats were introduced to those children who previously had not used them, the level of appropriate behavior improved dramatically. These results were maintained at three-month follow-up observations. Prevention or reduction of disruptive child behavior on car rides is an obviously important, but previously unreported, benefit of the use of child restraint seats. This fact might very well be used by the pediatrician to further encourage or persuade parents to purchase and use child restraint seats. The use of a child restraint seat to reduce disruptive behavior during automobile rides is an advantage, beyond the safety aspects, of introducing car seats to young children.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1977

Traumatic spinal cord injuries due to automobile accidents.

Of the 1,164 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research from February 1959 through December 1975, 389 were injured in automobile accidents. The patients with spinal cord injury were predominantly male, and the average age was in the late 20s. Two thirds of the accidents involved a single automobile and occurred less than 50 miles from the residence. The driver's seat was the most common seating position. Seat belts were not worn in over 90% of the cases; many of the other victims wore their seat belts improperly. Some of the patients were probably injured because of structural defects of the automobile.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

The automobile and heat stress.

This study suggests that the thermal burden of poorly ventilated parked automobiles can be considerable, particularly when the automobiles are exposed to direct sunlight. Leaving the windows open two inches does not appear to be protective. The pratice of exposing infants and toddlers to such thermal risk appears to be common and the need for adequate ventilation unrecognized. Education measures stressing the use of carseats and other safety devices should include the potential hazards of high temperature in parked automobiles.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1975

Rat and rabbit response (in relation to age) to inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes.

Rats of two age groups, of 119 and 163 g mean body weight, were exposed for three and thirty days, respectively, to automobile gases diluted with air. In addition, rabbits, of 1.88 kg mean body weight, were exposed for twenty-four days. The conditions of exposure were kept nearly constant as related to the concentration of CO in the chamber. The following determinations were performed: (1) Body weight measurements as evidence of growth of the animals; (2) The number of alveolar macrophages (AM) in the lung washings; (3) Damage to the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane of AM; (4) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G6PD) in AM; (5) The acid-base balance in the capillary blood of the rabbits. The results of the 30-day exposure show that automobile exhaust gases significantly inhibit the growth of both age groups; with significant body weight losses in the older animals from the 16th day of exposure. The number of AM was elevated in both groups. The activity of G6PD increased in the AM of the younger animals and decreased in the AM of the older as compared with the controls. The number of dead AM was higher in the older than in the younger rats. After the three-day exposure, no significant difference was found in the number of AM washed from the lungs of both exposed groups, compared with the controls. However, G6PD activity and the number of viable AM in the older animals were decreased and the percent of dead phagocytes was significant. The opposite effect was seen in the younger group. Alterations of lung tissue structure in the exposed animals were apparent to the naked eye. Acid-base response showed metabolic and respiratory disturbances as evidenced by the decrease in carbon dioxide tension (PCo2), the rise of hemoglobin by the reduction of pH level and by the base excess (BE). The inhibition of the growth of the rabbits was noted. The intra- and extrapulmonary effect of automobile exhaust gases after inhalation was observed as a complex of disturbances of the fundamental metabolic processes in the organism. The gases affected the cells of lung defence-alveolar macrophages and their biosynthetic activity.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part III: mathematical-statistical evaluation of the test results.

This paper deals with the mathematical-statistical evaluation of experiments devoted to the following problems: 1. To what extent is the carcinogenic potency of automobile exhaust gas condensate dependent on the dose? 2. What fractions (groups of substances) of the automobile exhaust gas condensate are mainly responsible for the carcinogenic potency? 3. To what extent can the potency be explained by fractions (or single substances)? In order to answer the above questions, the working group planned animal experiments (cf. Misfeld and Timm, 1973) and obtained, prepared, and fractionalized automobile exhaust gas condensate (Grimmer, 1978). The exhaust gas condensate and its fractions were dropped onto the skin of female CFLP mice (Brune et al., 1978). In view of the problems posed above, the aim of the mathematical-statistical evaluation was to establish the dose-response relations, to assess the combined effect, and to estimate the relative potency and the assumed potency. In particular, the hypothesis (basis for the separation process) that the potency of the entire exhaust gas condensate is mainly attributable to the fraction which contains the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitromethane phase) was examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Experimental automobile-pedestrian injuries.

Fifteen fresh cadaver impacts were conducted in simulation of pedestrian-automobile accidents. The test sled configuration simulated an automobile bumper and hood in "standard" and "nosedive" situations as well as "hard" and "soft" impact surfaces. Instrumentation and film demonstrated large axial compression forces in the struck leg and considerable angular velocity of the torso in all modes. Dissection revealed primary injury at the impact site at low velocities with added remote injury at high velocities. Fracture of the lateral tibial plateau was most common. Lowering the bumper height offered the greatest protection against injury at moderate impact velocities.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

Restraint systems for the prevention of injury to children in automobile accidents.

Highway accidents are the leading cause of child deaths in the United States from the ages of 1-14 years-6,122 such deaths occurred in 1973. In most instances deaths and permanent injuries occurred with the child as a passenger in an automobile. One approach toward alleviating this problem is the restraint of children in automobiles to reduce the likelihood of injury in a crash.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1978

Direct-acting mutagens in automobile exhaust.

Particulate matter in city air contains chemicals which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. In residential urban areas, the principal mutagens in air do not require liver enzymes to be activated. The source of these liver independent (direct-acting) mutagens may be automobile exhaust because (1) the mutagenic activities were correlated to the lead content or air, (2) the mutagens were found exhaust samples from automobiles and from an experimental CFR single-cylinder gasoline engine, and (3) these mutagens were not found in fuel or unused motor oil, but were found in used motor oil. The strain specificity and the fact that liver enzymes were not required for activation indicated that the exhaust and airborne mutagens were not unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aromatic amines, alkylnitrosamines or aliphatic epoxides, peroxides and hydroepoxides. A number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames test, and it is possible that nitration of PAH in exhaust may form the compounds observed here. We synthesized 6-nitrobenzo [a] pyrene and found it to be a potent, direct-acting mutagen with activity comparable to that of benzo-[a] pyrene.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A case of automobile trauma during pregnancy.

Accidental injury is an important complication of pregnancy. In North Carolina the rate of maternal deaths secondary to accidents has remained constant since 1966; however, because of a reduction in other causes, the percentage of maternal deaths due to accidents has doubled (11.4%). As a result, it is appropriate to reassess the evaluation of injuries sustained in automobile accidents. A case of automobile trauma to a pregnant woman at term is presented, and a plan of management involving fetal monitoring is recommended.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XIV. Effects of automobile exhaust condensate on the Syrian golden hamster lung.

Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally instilled with 5 or 2.5 mg/animal of automobile exhaust condensate at two weekly intervals. Moribund animals were fixed by intravascular perfusion. Samples of lobar and segmental bronchi, as well as of peripheral lung tissue, were taken for electron microscopical examination. In addition, all organs were examined histologically. After a survival time of 30 to 60 weeks all animals developed multiple pulmonary adenomas, thus indicating a marked carcinogenic effect of automobile exhaust condensate.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part II: animal studies.

The induction of squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in a total of 1,950 mice in a lifelong skin-dropping experiment with different doses of automobile exhaust condensate and its fractions is described. Results of the dose-response studies reported indicate that local oncogenic activity of automobile condensate is contained primarily in its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-fractions. In addition, findings in lung tumor incidences are given. Results of the sebaceous gland suppression screening test were found to be comparable to findings of the skin-dropping experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Abdominal injuries in automobile accidents: review of care of fatally injured patients.

Hypovolemia continues to be an important cause of death in patients who die as a result of vehicular trauma. Diagnosis and treatment of a series of 127 patients who died with blunt abdominal trauma from automobile accidents during 1969-1974 in Vermont are reported. The most frequent errors in the cases reviewed were failure to recognize and adequately treat hypovolemia, and to appreciate the urgent need for surgery. Death on the X-ray table while allowing persistence of hypovolemia was the common denominator in four of the five victims who died of ruptured spleens in the emergency departments, after having arrived alive following vehicular trauma. Forty-seven per cent of all reported deaths in automobile accidents had blunt abdominal trauma. Of those with blunt abdominal trauma who arrived alive, 26% might have survived with appropriate treatment which should have been available.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1977

Carpal tunnel syndrome or trigger finger associated with neck injury in automobile accidents.

Among 450 patients examined for neck pain following automobile accidents, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was diagnosed in four and trigger finger (TF) in three. All seven patients sustained cervical sprains and were drivers or passengers in automobiles which received impacts from the rear. All seven patients reported the onset of hand symptoms during or shortly after the accident. This unusual occurrence, not previously reported, appears to be related to the events which occurred at the time of the accident. The mechanism of injury for CTS is hypothesized to be median nerve compression by momentary acute hyperflexion or hyperextension of the wrist(s), while tightly grasping the steering wheel or bracing for impact. The cause of TF is suspected to be direct trauma to the flexor tendon and sheath by compression against bony prominences when the finger is hyperflexed or hyperextended. This can occur during the accident while forcefully grasping the steering wheel with acutely hyperflexed fingers.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

Observed child restraint use in automobiles.

Visual observations were made on restraint use in occupants of 5,050 automobiles containing at least one passenger less than 10 years of age, and short interviews were conducted with the drivers. Ninety-three percent of passengers less than 10 years old were not restained. Eighty-nine percent of passengers 10 or older and 78% of the drivers were not restained. Sixteen percent of child motor vehicle restraint devices observed were not used, and 73% of those in use were not used correctly. Use of such devices declined sharply after age 1. Although child passengers were more likely to be restained if the driver was restrained, more than 75% of the children were not restrained when the driver was, even if the driver was the child's parent.

Accidents, Traffic↗