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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a prevalent disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attentional dysfunction. It is familial and heritable. Its pathophysiology is thought to involve an abnormality of the brain's dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. Recent work has identified a distinct polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in normal people with a behavioral temperament profile characterized by features of "novelty seeking" which include impulsive and exploratory behaviors. These personality traits are also characteristic of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, especially the hyperactive-impulsive type. This study investigated the relationship between dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism, temperament categories, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 81 children with the disorder and 24 control subjects. There was no significant association between dopamine D4 receptor gene alleles, Novelty Seeking traits, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder--Hyperactive impulsive type or Inattentive type.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assessment and treatment of disturbed sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects 3-5% of children in the USA, and is commonly accompanied by disrupted sleep in the form of insomnia, restless sleep or excessive daytime tiredness. In addition, daytime inattention and hyperactivity which mimicks attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can result from intrinsic sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea or periodic limb movement disorder. In most cases, the correct clinical evaluation permits appropriate diagnosis and management. Current research investigating the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep, as well as general precepts of clinical assessment and treatment are reviewed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1994

An overview of adulthood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood has become an increasingly recognized and clinically significant psychiatric syndrome. This article reviews the criteria for diagnosing adulthood ADHD, secondary complications of the disorder, and pharmacological methods for treating this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed behavior disorder of childhood. In recent years, increasing number of preschoolers appear to be manifesting the core symptoms of ADHD. Diagnosis of ADHD in very young children is difficult as high activity level, impulsivity and short attention span are to some extent age appropriate characteristics of normal pre-school children. Concerns both about over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis have been expressed in the literature. Management emphasizing parental counseling, behavior management strategies, and appropriate pharmacotherapy is recommended.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Some reasons for concern about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a disease. The symptoms of its three dimensions (activity, attention and impulsivity) are normally distributed in the population, with an arbitrary level of symptoms being designated pathological. The presence of the ADHD cluster is never grounds for any positive diagnosis; it is an indication for further assessment. Positive response to stimulants is not specific to the ADHD population, and is no way diagnostic.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2001

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit gene polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable, common psychiatric disorder that presents in childhood and that probably involves several genes. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the nicotinic system may be functionally significant in ADHD: (a) nicotine promotes the release of dopamine and has been shown to improve attention in adults with ADHD, smokers and non-smokers; (b) ADHD is a significant risk factor for early initiation of cigarette smoking in children; (c) maternal cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for ADHD; (d) animal studies in rats and monkeys also suggest that nicotine may be involved in attentional systems and locomotor activity; and (e) a central nicotinic agonist, ABT-418, improves attention in both monkeys and ADHD adults. The current study examined the alpha 4 receptor, one of the sites of action of ABT-418. A known Cfol polymorphism within the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 4 receptor gene, CHRNA4, was studied in 70 ADHD parent-proband trios from an ongoing sample collection of children aged 6-12 with ADHD, according to DSM-IV criteria. Children with known major medical or psychiatric conditions or mental retardation (IQ < 70) were excluded from the study. The Transmission Disequilibrium Test demonstrated no evidence that variation at the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 4 receptor Cfol polymorphism influences susceptibility to ADHD (P > 0.35). The continuing sample collection will enable further study of other potential nicotinic system polymorphisms in ADHD in more powerful samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is found in a significant number of children. The symptoms of the disorder can cause problems in learning, socialization, and behavior for those individuals afflicted with it and put them at high risk for serious psychopathology in adulthood. This article describes the causes, neurobiology, symptoms, and treatment for ADHD and the pediatric nurse's role in identification, referral, and symptom management of this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic childhood disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, and restlessness. ADHD symptoms impair the child's ability to function at home, in school, and in the community. When ADHD is untreated, the child is at increased risk for school failure, substance abuse, and psychiatric disorders. New clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics specify diagnosis and treatment for childhood ADHD, including psychosocial interventions, psychopharmacology, educational modifications, skill training, and social support.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1997

[Use of drugs in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders].

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological disorder which is common in the childhood and can be caused by exogenous and endogenous factors, that are responsible for cerebral disorder. This disorder presents a functional alteration of the motor, perceptive, cognition systems and conduct disorders compromising the learning of children with an adequate intellectual potential. The authors study the action of stimulants and antidepressive drugs in the ADHD, using as measure of efficacy the motor persistence tests.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive predisposition to substance abuse in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with elevated levels of substance abuse (SA), but the cognitive linkages involved have been little explored. The present study used the Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scales, the Six-Way Paragraphs, and the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) to investigate these relationships. It was shown that the ability to sustain attention is necessary to formulate an understanding of the most important aspects of any given piece of information, and that the diminished ability to sustain attention associated with tendencies toward ADHD impairs this type of cognition. These cognitive tendencies in turn were associated with elevated levels of SA. The results show the importance of understanding the cognitive processes involved in SA and ADHD.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working with the family of a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral problem in children that the medical practitioner is frequently asked to diagnose and treat. Equally as important as accurate diagnosis and treatment, however, is the ability to provide family members with clear and concise information that leads to an understanding of the disorder. This article presents a framework for answering family members' specific questions about ADHD and recommendations for ways to effectively share information with families regarding ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1998

Diversity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating disorder which affects children and adults in this country and around the world. Diversity variables such as ethnicity, age, gender, and socioeconomic status have been relatively neglected in ADHD research. Additionally, these variables have not traditionally been incorporated into clinical assessment, diagnosis, or intervention strategies. A review of the existing literature regarding diversity issues and ADHD was conducted, including a review of international findings. Implications for clinicians and researchers are incorporated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Megadose intranasal methylphenidate (ritalin) abuse in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly co-occurring with other psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders. Stimulants have proven to be the pharmacological treatment of choice of ADHD along the life span. Contrary to media hype which compared the addictive potential of methylphenidate (MPD) to cocaine, only a handful of case studies on the abuse of prescription MPD by ADHD patients have been published. This case study centers on the treatment management and aftercare implications of an adult ADHD patient who abused 700 mg of prescribed MPD intranasally during a 3-day binge.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosis and management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder which is characterized by three core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of school aged children suffer from this disorder. This disorder is more common in boys than girls. Comorbidity is a major problem and is present in as many as two thirds of children with ADHD. A multiple modality approach to treatment which combines pharmacotherapy, psycho education, behaviour therapy, environmental changes and social skills training is recommended. The outcome of ADHD is variable and unless properly treated in early years may predispose the child to serious psychopathology in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Psychological and academic functioning in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been increasingly recognized as a valid adult diagnosis. Yet the impairments related to ADHD in college students have received little scholarly attention. Psychological and academic impairments in college students not previously diagnosed with ADHD were assessed in a retrospective chart review, using specifically defined diagnostic criteria, and compared with a control group. Students with ADHD had a significantly lower mean grade point average, were more likely to be on academic probation, and reported significantly more academic problems. Measures of psychological impairment in the ADHD group were not significantly different from those in the control group. College students diagnosed with ADHD had a specific pattern of academic impairment. The problems of these students, compared with other groups of children and adults with ADHD, appeared to be more related to a type of learning disorder than to the conceptualization of ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

[Hereditary factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by concentration problems, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Disturbances in dopamine and/or noradrenalin neurotransmission are probably the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of ADHD. Around 80% of variants of the phenotype can be ascribed to hereditary factors. There are various chromosomal loci containing ADHD genes. They partially overlap the loci found in linkage studies on dyslexia and autism. It seems likely that a number of genetic variants, each with a small effect size, in combination with gene-environment interactions predispose to ADHD. There is a high degree of phenotypical heterogeneity among people with ADHD. Finding endophenotypes may improve the power of genetic studies. Endophenotypes are specific expressions of the underlying pathophysiology, intermediate between gene and phenotype. Neuro-imaging studies in children with ADHD have indicated abnormalities in frontostriatal, temporal and cerebellar volume. Unaffected brothers and sisters show the same cerebral abnormalities, but not the cerebellar abnormalities. These brain abnormalities together with specific neuropsychological features could be ADHD endophenotypes.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2000

A family-based and case-control association study of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable psychiatric condition of early childhood onset characterised by marked inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Molecular genetic investigations of ADHD have found positive associations with the 480-bp allele of a VNTR situated in the 3' untranslated region of DAT1 and allele 7 of a VNTR in exon 3 of DRD4. A number of independent studies have attempted to replicate these findings but the results have been inconsistent. We used both family-based and case control approaches to examine these polymorphisms in a sample of 137 children diagnosed with ICD-10, DSM-IV or DSM-III-R ADHD. We found no evidence of association with the DAT1 polymorphism, despite a sample size that has up to 80% power to detect a previously reported effect size. We observed a significant increase in the DRD4 7 repeat allele amongst ADHD probands (21.7%) and their parents (18.9% in mothers, 22.3% in fathers), compared to ethnically matched controls (12.8%). However TDT analysis showed no preferential transmission of allele 7 to ADHD probands.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Stimulants: use and abuse in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent childhood developmental disorder and is also of unclear neurobiological aetiology. However, recent advances in molecular genetics and brain imaging implicate dopaminergic hypofunction in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia in ADHD. Psychostimulants (e.g. methylphenidate and amphetamine, which are potent inhibitors of the dopamine transporter) are the first choice medication for ADHD and have a good acute efficacy and safety profile when used for this disorder. Whether long-term psychostimulant administration to adolescents alters neural development and behaviour or increases the risk of substance abuse is less certain. The precise molecular mechanism of action of psychostimulants is beginning to be established. Furthermore, preclinical studies have begun to use lower clinically relevant doses and oral administration of psychostimulants to determine their long-term effect on development, behaviour and neurochemistry, which is an important public health issue associated with chronic medication of adolescents with ADHD.

Adolescent↗