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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

"Personality and social psychology": retrospections and aspirations.

Drawing on 6 decades of participant observation in personality and social psychology, this article provides comments on the qualities of the founding generation at mid-20th century (e.g., Allport, Lewin, Murphy, Murray, Newcomb, and Sherif). Their breadth, commitment to a humane science, and interest in its social applications have since been in short supply. The juncture of personality psychology and social psychology has become problematic. Reasons for this are explored. Holistic personology may presently find a more congenial setting in life span developmental psychology than in social psychology.

Aspirations, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Personality in the life course.

Using elements borrowed from psychology, sociology, and history, this article outlines a conceptual framework for the analysis of personality in the life course. It is proposed that the interactional framework toward which personality psychology aspires may be conceived of as a sequence of interactions of personality with age-graded roles and social transitions in historically changing environments. To the extent that one can (a) identify the age-graded role paths in the social structure, (b) select the age-relevant situations in which these roles are enacted, and (c) identify measures relevant to the culture pattern across these age-relevant situations, it should be possible to uncover the coherence of personality--ways of approaching and responding to the world--across time and in diverse situations. Each of these steps is delineated and then illustrated with a longitudinal study of explosive, undercontrolled children. This is not an effort to articulate a theory of personality development but to outline the parameters of social life--temporal and situational--to which personality research should attend.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

[The stability of long-term birth expectations, 1982-1985].

Changes in expected number of births in the Netherlands are examined using data from the 1982 Netherlands Fertility Survey and a follow-up survey conducted in 1985. "On the 'yes', 'no', 'don't know' level, the answers of four out of every five respondents were identical in 1982 and 1985. On the level of an exact number of additional children this was three out of five. The expectation not to have any (more) children turned out to be stable for 87% of the respondents; the expectation to have one or more (additional) children for 84%. On an aggregate level there were minimal changes in the average expected number of additional children." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Aspirations, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Living on the margin: a salutogenic model for socio-economic differentials in health.

Research into health inequalities shows that socio-economic position (SEP) is strongly associated with differentials in health. Yet at present there is no adequate model to explain the causal link between the social and the biological variables: in particular why the association between SEP and health is found in all societies; and why inequalities are not simply a reflection of poverty causing sickness, but are also seen among the wealthiest classes in the wealthiest societies. In this paper we propose a model which brings together many diverse strands of research, and helps to explain how stratification by socio-economic position may be seen in terms of differentials in the margin of resources. Resource differentials lead to stratified health outcomes owing to the differential capacity of individuals and groups to realise 'universal' psychological aspirations of a broadly 'health promoting' nature. The margin model builds upon a previously described salutogenic theory of health. On average, the relative size of the margin will predict differential health outcome. This prediction is empirically testable and opens up a new agenda for research on health differentials; it also provides a framework for understanding, planning and evaluating health promotion.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2006

Social achievement goals: the nature and consequences of different orientations toward social competence.

The proposition that achievement goals are applicable to the social domain was examined in four studies. Study 1 established that different orientations toward developing or demonstrating social competence can be seen in individuals' responses to open-ended questions about their social goals and social competence. Studies 2 through 4 evaluated a new survey measure of social achievement goals. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized model of social achievement goals. Convergent and discriminant validity for the new measure of social achievement goals was established. In line with hypotheses, a social development goal was associated with adjustment and a social demonstration-avoid goal was associated with maladjustment both concurrently and longitudinally. A social development goal also was positively related to instructor ratings of students' social adjustment in small classroom settings. A social demonstration-approach goal was most often unrelated to adjustment. The importance of social achievement goals for a comprehensive understanding of social motivation and adjustment is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Life goals: the concept and its relevance to rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: Life goals are desired states that people seek to obtain maintain or avoid. These goals may influence motivation to participate in the rehabilitation process. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on life goals and the influence of life goals on the rehabilitation process. METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psychlit and CINAHL databases were searched with the keywords goals, life goals, aim of life, meaning of life, motivation, assessment (identification) of life goals, goal planning, disability, coping and rehabilitation. RESULTS: The initial search produced 917 abstracts. After going through these abstracts, 39 articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Age, gender, personality, experiences and society and environment influence life goals. Pursuit and attainment of life goals affect sense of well-being. Life goals are accessible to conscious awareness and can be identified. Several questionnaires are available for assessment of life goals. Different questionnaires assess different aspects of life goals. All except one of these questionnaires need to be tested for validity and reliability in a rehabilitation setting. Disabilities interfere with goal striving and result in emotional distress. Motivation to participate in a rehabilitation programme depends on concurrence between a patient's life goals and treatment goals. Incorporation of a subject's life goals into a management programme resulted in better outcomes in various physical and psychiatric disorders. There are no data on the efficacy of life goal-orientated rehabilitation programmes. CONCLUSIONS: Life goals influence patients' motivation to participate in and compliance with treatment programmes. We still do not know whether rehabilitation programmes focusing on life goals make any difference in outcome. There is need for further studies in this area.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Child survivors of the Holocaust: symptoms and coping after fifty years.

Holocaust survivors who were children during WW II have now reached the age of 52 to 67. Until about 10 years ago their voices were barely heard in society. Their successful adaptation to life may have contributed to this invisibility. However, reaching this stage of life, which is associated with the need to review life and with the crises of retirement and renewed losses, has activated the survivors to deal with their childhood. The impossibility of avoiding traumatic memories and an urge to deal with them have also contributed to the societal process of the survivors organizing and speaking out. Very little is known about this group with regard to their mental health status and the way they cope with their childhood memories. The present controlled double-blind study uses a randomized nonclinical sample and focuses on the level of psychosocial and post-traumatic symptoms, on achievement motivation, and on the way child survivors perceive the surrounding world. The results indicate a slightly higher level of psychosocial symptoms in the child survivors group (CS) than in the control group, a high level of post-traumatic symptomatology, and achievement motivation based mainly on the fear of failure. Surprisingly, the child survivors group shows a pattern of more positive views of the world than does the control group. This can be understood as a greater need to compensate for the lack of security suffered in childhood by creating a meaningful world in a chaotic reality.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: love is not blind, but prescient.

It is proposed that satisfying, stable relationships reflect intimates' ability to see imperfect partners in idealized ways. In this study of the long-term benefits (or possible costs) of positive illusions, both members of dating couples completed measures of idealization and well-being 3 times in a year. Path analyses revealed that idealization had a variety of self-fulfilling effects. Relationships were most likely to persist-even in the face of conflicts and doubts-when intimates idealized one another the most. Intimates who idealized one another more initially also reported relatively greater increases in satisfaction and decreases in conflicts and doubts over the year. Finally, individuals even came to share their partners' idealized images of them. In summary, intimates who idealized one another appeared more prescient than blind, actually creating the relationships they wished for as romances progressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Daily goals, life goals, and worst fears: means, ends, and subjective well-being.

This study addressed the relations among personal strivings (daily goals) and future life goals and worst fears. Eighty undergraduate participants (62 women, 18 men) listed their daily goals, their ultimate life goals, and their worst fears, and completed questionnaire measures of subjective well-being. Daily goals were content-analyzed for relevance to attaining life goals or avoiding worst fears. Daily goals that were instrumental to life goals or that avoided worst fears were rated as more important but also more difficult by participants. Working on daily goals avoiding one's worst fears was negatively related to measures of subjective well-being, controlling for daily goal progress, difficulty, ambivalence, and importance. Working on daily goals that were instrumental to one's life goals only weakly predicted well-being. The avoidance of worst fears interacted with daily goal appraisals such that individuals who experienced little progress at daily goals that served to avoid their "worst case scenario" experienced the lowest levels of subjective well-being. In addition, progress at daily goals that were relevant to accomplishing one's life goals was significantly more strongly related to subjective well-being than progress at daily goals that were unrelated to one's life goals. Results indicate that daily goals are used to enact life goals and avoid worst fears and that these means--end relations have implications for well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are effective teachers like good parents? Teaching styles and student adjustment in early adolescence.

This study examined the utility of parent socialization models for understanding teachers' influence on student adjustment in middle school. Teachers were assessed with respect to their modeling of motivation and to Baumrind's parenting dimensions of control, maturity demands, democratic communication, and nurturance. Student adjustment was defined in terms of their social and academic goals and interest in class, classroom behavior, and academic performance. Based on information from 452 sixth graders from two suburban middle schools, results of multiple regressions indicated that the five teaching dimensions explained significant amounts of variance in student motivation, social behavior, and achievement. High expectations (maturity demands) was a consistent positive predictor of students' goals and interests, and negative feedback (lack of nurturance) was the most consistent negative predictor of academic performance and social behavior. The role of motivation in mediating relations between teaching dimensions and social behavior and academic achievement also was examined; evidence for mediation was not found. Relations of teaching dimensions to student outcomes were the same for African American and European American students, and for boys and girls. The implications of parent socialization models for understanding effective teaching are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Social networks, support, and coping: an exploratory study.

This paper reports a study that investigated the areas of stress, support, and coping, using the structural model of the social network. The social network model is borrowed from sociology and anthropology and is used to describe and quantify not only an individual's immediate family but also all of those with whom the individual has regular contact. By comparing the networks of a sample of "normal" and schizophrenic males, it was possible to identify differences in their relationships to their social networks, in the make-up of the networks themselves, and in the coping styles and recent histories of the subjects. The results suggest, first, that the network model can be used to investigate the larger social system with which individuals interact and, second, that it may be a valuable approach to the expansion of family research.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

[Resource support as the basis of projects for the prevention of violence and addiction].

Lastingly effective projects for the prevention of violence and addiction must ask which resources adolescents require for coping with their lives. A central criteria for a successful life is the creation of coherence in one's inner life and thus the basis for becoming capable of functioning in society. In earlier social eras, the readiness to take on ready-made identity packages was the central criteria for coping with life. Today, this depends on individual adaptation and identity work, and thus the capability for self-organisation, for "intentionality" or "embedding". Children and young people need "free spaces" in their worlds, in order to be able to outline themselves and to act formatively upon their everyday environment. The future prospects of adolescents depend upon their options for learning the "craft of freedom". Sustainable key qualifications for coping with life in globalised, digital capitalism must grasp education as a hard-headed process in which the subject's capacity for self-organisation is to be given optimal encouragement, so that the patchwork of their own identity can succeed as a self-determined creative project.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Framing the construct of life satisfaction in terms of older adults' personal goals.

Older adults' life satisfaction can be better understood in light of their personal goals. This study of 179 elders examined (a) how goals correlate with satisfaction, (b) whether elders maintain satisfaction by accommodating goals to past losses, and (c) how correlations between satisfaction and key predictors differ among groups with different goals. Satisfaction was related positively to social maintenance and energetic life-style goals and negatively to concerns for improvement, disengagement, stability, and reduced activity. Past losses were correlated with current goals but not with satisfaction, consistent with the notion of accommodation. A cluster analysis identified 5 patterns of goals: high demand, age prescribed, self-focused, socially engaged, and low demand. Correlations between satisfaction and other predictors differed by cluster, suggesting that the determinants of elders' satisfaction depend on personal goals.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Optimism, promotion pride, and prevention pride as predictors of quality of life.

The relationship between optimism and two potential sources of optimistic beliefs--promotion pride (based on a history of success in promotion regulation) and prevention pride (based on a history of success in prevention regulation)--was explored. Optimism was more strongly related to promotion pride than prevention pride (controlling for neuroticism), consistent with past work showing that anticipating success increases eagerness motivation but decreases vigilance motivation. This suggests that the psychology of prevention regulators is not captured well by the existing literature on optimism. Although prevention pride does not predict self-reports of well-being, it does predict adaptive functioning independent of optimism, neuroticism, and promotion pride. Promotion pride uniquely predicted a sense of purpose in life or goal directedness. Both promotion and prevention pride predicted active coping. It is argued that promotion and prevention pride tell us something unique and important about the role of successful self-regulation in determining quality of life.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

The value of health in the opinion of patients after myocardial infarction.

Health as the counter-value of disease is a vital value. The disease as a stressful situation affects the existing attitudes of man and his relations with the environment. This is as opportunity for changing the hierarchy of values and mobilising own creative potential. The study aimed at determining the attitudes of people after myocardial infarctions towards the value of health. Investigations were performed in 1999 in a group of 250 persons, who had had heart attack in the previous 4 years' period. Study results indicate that health is declared as the value "most important of all most important ones" and the most desirable in the category of "life goals endeavours". A stronger than earlier tendency is also observed in the situation of chronic disease for undertaking wholesome efforts. Generally, however, there is still found too small dedication to create a healthy lifestyle, both on the level of knowledge and skills and motivation necessary for carrying it out.

Adaptation, Psychological↗