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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India.

Linguistic evidence suggests that West Asia and Central Asia have been the two major geographical sources of genes in the contemporary Indian gene pool. To test the nature and extent of similarities in the gene pools of these regions we have collected DNA samples from four ethnic populations of northern India, and have screened these samples for a set of 18 Y-chromosome polymorphic markers (12 unique event polymorphisms and six short tandem repeats). These data from Indian populations have been analysed in conjunction with published data from several West Asian and Central Asian populations. Our analyses have revealed traces of population movement from Central Asia and West Asia into India. Two haplogrops, HG-3 and HG-9, which are known to have arisen in the Central Asian region, are found in reasonably high frequencies (41.7% and 14.3% respectively) in the study populations. The ages estimated for these two haplogroups are less in the Indian populations than those estimated from data on Middle Eastern populations. A neighbour-joining tree based on Y-haplogroup frequencies shows that the North Indians are genetically placed between the West Asian and Central Asian populations. This is consistent with gene flow from West Asia and Central Asia into India.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Distribution and ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis in Central Asia.

Much of Central Asia is characterized by an arid landscape. Foci of Echinococcus multilocularis have a very patchy distribution. This is due to a significant deficiency of moisture in the superficial layers of the ground and is related to the types of animal colonies. In the plain, the abundance of endemic foci increases in a direction from the sandy deserts to steppe. In mountains the highest levels of infection of animals are observed in the eastern part of region. In arid regions, E. multilocularis is typically located in humid mesophilous biotopes. Here there is sufficient moisture in the spring to promote survival of eggs and there is a close interrelation between the definitive and intermediate hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anthropoecological investigations in Central Asia.

The results of anthropoecological investigations in Central Asia are described. From 1976 to 1991 about 6,000 individuals of both sexes were examined. 2,500 of them were children from 7 to 17 years. The program included the study of body build, metabolic rates, genetic markers and demographic structures. Different groups of Tuvins, Khakass, Mountain and Abakan Shortsys, Altai-kijis, Telengits, Teleuts, Kazakhs, and several groups of Mongols and Khotons were studied. It was shown that some patterns of body build and physiological traits of native populations of Central Asia partly reflect the influence of the geographical environment. The differences observed between various populations of the region may be explained by ecological reasons and not only by ethnic differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

From social to genetic structures in central Asia.

Pastoral and farmer populations, who have coexisted in Central Asia since the fourth millennium B.C., present not only different lifestyles and means of subsistence but also various types of social organization. Pastoral populations are organized into so-called descent groups (tribes, clans, and lineages) and practice exogamous marriages (a man chooses a bride in a different lineage or clan). In Central Asia, these descent groups are patrilineal: The children are systematically affiliated with the descent groups of the father. By contrast, farmer populations are organized into families (extended or nuclear) and often establish endogamous marriages with cousins. This study aims at better understanding the impact of these differences in lifestyle and social organization on the shaping of genetic diversity. We show that pastoral populations exhibit a substantial loss of Y chromosome diversity in comparison to farmers but that no such a difference is observed at the mitochondrial-DNA level. Our analyses indicate that the dynamics of patrilineal descent groups, which implies different male and female sociodemographic histories, is responsible for these sexually-asymmetric genetic patterns. This molecular signature of the pastoral social organization disappears over a few centuries only after conversion to an agricultural way of life.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health sector reform in the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia.

Health services in the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia face many challenges, not least a rising burden of disease and severe economic constraints. Each government has developed proposals for reform. This paper describes the key elements of the proposals developed in each country. They have many features in common, such as financing based on social insurance, although they also have many differences, reflecting national political, economic and historical circumstances. While most attention so far has concentrated on the design of the proposed systems, it is argued here that there has been inadequate attention to the obstacles to implementation. These stem from the many adverse factors in the context within which reforms are taking place, weaknesses in the process of reform, and failure to involve the groups whose actions will be necessary for success. It is argued that governments and those advising them must place greater emphasis on the challenges of implementation, including the development of a much better understanding of the context within which change must take place.

Asia, Central↗
PubMed2004

Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages of 232 individuals from 12 Central Asian populations were sequenced for both control region hypervariable segments, and additional informative sites in the coding region were also determined. Most of the mtDNA lineages belong to branches of the haplogroups with an eastern Eurasian (A, B, C, D, F, G, Y, and M haplogroups) or a western Eurasian (HV, JT, UK, I, W, and N haplogroups) origin, with a small fraction of Indian M lineages. This suggests that the extant genetic variation found in Central Asia is the result of admixture of already differentiated populations from eastern and western Eurasia. Nonetheless, two groups of lineages, D4c and G2a, seem to have expanded from Central Asia and might have their Y-chromosome counterpart in lineages belonging to haplotype P(xR1a). The present results suggest that the mtDNA found out of Africa might be the result of a maturation phase, presumably in the Middle East or eastern Africa, that led to haplogroups M and N, and subsequently expanded into Eurasia, yielding a geographically structured group of external branches of these two haplogroups in western and eastern Eurasia, Central Asia being a contact zone between two differentiated groups of peoples.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia.

In order to understand the dynamics of the India Asia collision zone, it is important to know the strain distribution in Central Asia, whose determination relies on the slip rates for active faults. Many previous slip-rate estimates of faults in Central Asia were based on the assumption that offset landforms are younger than the Last Glacial Maximum (approximately 20 kyr ago). In contrast, here we present surface exposure ages of 40 to 170 kyr, obtained using cosmogenic nuclide dating, for a series of terraces near a thrust at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Combined with the tectonic offset, the ages imply a long-term slip rate of only about 0.35 mm x yr(-1) for the active thrust, an order of magnitude lower than rates obtained from the assumption that the terraces formed after the Last Glacial Maximum. Our data demonstrate that the preservation potential of geomorphic features in Central Asia is higher than commonly assumed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

[The epidemiology of cancer in Central Asia].

The author reports the data characterizing the incidence of cancer, as a whole, and its main localizations in the Republics of Central Asia. According to these findings the cancer incidence indices the Central Asia are more low, as compared with the All-Union data and the data from other Socialist Republics. The main localizations of cancer, except esophageal cancer, are recorded more seldom than in other Republics. Especially low indices of the morbidity were noted in relation to cancer of the skin, lower lip, mammary gland, uterine cervix. In some Republics of Central Asia (Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR) the incidence of esophageal cancer was found to be high, exceeding several times the corresponding indices in the USSR and other Socialist Republics.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Osteoarchaeological evidence for leprosy from western Central Asia.

Published reports of palaeopathological analyses of skeletal collections from Central Asia are, to date, scarce. During the macroscopic examination of skeletal remains dating to the early first millennium AD from the Ustyurt Plateau, Uzbekistan, diagnostic features suggestive of leprosy were found on one individual from Devkesken 6. This adult female exhibited rhinomaxillary changes indicative of leprosy: resorption of the anterior nasal spine, rounding and widening of the nasal aperture, erosion of the alveolar margin, loss of a maxillary incisor, and inflammatory changes in the hard palate. While it is unclear whether the bones of the hands and the feet from this individual were absent as a result of collection strategy or poor preservation, lesions affecting the tibia and fibula were recorded, and the ways in which they may be related to a diagnosis of leprosy are discussed. This is the first skeletal evidence of leprosy from Central Asia and raises questions not only about the spread of the disease in the past, but also about the living conditions of what traditionally were thought of as nomadic peoples.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis of species of the genus Dermacentor Koch from Central Asia by the nymphal phase (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)].

A key to nymphs to five species of Dermacentor from central Asia is given. To recognize differential characters laboratory nymph from the parents identified previously by the authors were reared. D. montanus and D. pavlovskyi are studied from one, D. reticulatus and D. niveus from two and D. marginatus from four geographical areas. The shape of scutal scapulae, structure of the anal valve, proportion and topography of peritremes, shape, size and number of scutal setae, shape of alloscutal and pleiral setae, proportions of auricles, hypostome, cheliceral bases and different parameters of palpal joints, structure and size of coxae I-IV and tarsi I, sizes of scutum and different parameters of gnathosoma are taken for specific diagnostic characters. The differential characters were checked on laboratory nymphs of D. reticulatus, D. niveus and D. marginatus and on those collected beyond the territory of Central Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The gender gap in primary health care resource utilization in Central Asia.

There is a large gender gap in life expectancy in some countries of the former Soviet Union. Life expectancy of males is as much as 13 years less than that of females, and a significant portion of the excess male mortality is caused by cardiovascular disease. Although effective primary health care is necessary to manage cardiovascular disease and reduce acute episodes and mortality, the primary health care system is under-utilized by adult males in the region. This study combines disaggregated utilization data with cost data to analyze patterns of per capita primary care resource consumption in urban and rural regions of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The results show that both in absolute and per capita terms, the principal users of primary health are women of reproductive age and children under five. Based on a combination of utilization and cost of services, women of reproductive age consume approximately 1.5 times the average per capita primary health care resources, while men in the same age group consume approximately one-half of the average. Children under five consume about three to five times the average per capita primary care resources. Based on the results of the study, regional government health purchasers worked together with providers to develop a new per capita payment system with age/sex adjustments and incentives for outreach to bring adult men into the primary care system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Recent declines in reported syphilis rates in eastern Europe and central Asia: are the epidemics over?

BACKGROUND: Since the early 1990s, major syphilis epidemics have occurred in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union. The new and rapidly changing societal and economic conditions in these countries challenge their traditional approaches to the control of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Nevertheless, following a steady increase until 1997, reported syphilis incidence has declined during the past 3 years in most parts of the region. We examine these trends against a background of ongoing changes in service delivery, care seeking behaviour, and case finding practices. METHODS: National syphilis surveillance data reported to the WHO Regional Office for Europe were compiled and analysed, and supplemented with information presented at recent expert meetings and with results from ongoing research. RESULTS: Since 1997, reported syphilis incidence either stabilised or declined in many locations in the NIS, but further increased in others, especially in rural areas. Congenital syphilis continued to increase in all countries, except Latvia. The proportion of self presenting cases versus cases detected through screening declined, and so did notifications of early compared with late forms of syphilis. Patients increasingly seek care in the private formal and informal healthcare sectors which hardly participate in case reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Recent declines in syphilis notifications in the NIS are at least partially a reflection of a reduced intensity of active case finding and of changes in reporting completeness because of a shift in service utilisation from the public to the private/informal sectors. Syphilis rates are still high, indicating that both public and private sectors have to respond more efficiently to the needs of many people at risk of STI. The collection of serial STI prevalence data is recommended to be able to validate trends in notifications.

Adolescent↗