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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

A method of diagnosing intramammary infection in dairy cows for large experiments.

Diagnosis of microbial infections in the udders of cows in commercial dairy farms for large experiments cannot be without error. Limitations of sampling method and routine prevent collection of the necessary information for sure diagnosis. However, with an organized method of repeated bacteriological examinations using consistent and proven methods of aseptic sampling the errors were shown to be very low. A method based on bacteriological tests on aseptic milk samples was used in 32 herds (approximately 2000 cows) for a 3-year period. This is described and examined in terms of other criteria to validate its use in experimental work. With this method it was not difficult to differentiate between those quarters which regularly shed pathogens and those which did not. Other evidence indicated that it was reasonable to assume that this classification accurately distinguished between infected and uninfected quarters. The errors using this method were quite small: when measuring the state of infection of all quarters in the herds the errors did not exceed 1%. Some small modifications to the method described are suggested to improve further its diagnostic accuracy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A point-addressable transfer system for automated sampling, feeding, and expansion of hybridoma cultures.

A Dynatech Autoprep liquid sampling system has been modified to perform fully automated aseptic sampling, feeding, and expansion of hybridoma cultures in standard 96- and 24-well culture plates. The system is controlled by an Apple IIe computer, and uses a single teflon probe to transfer culture medium from randomly located wells to EIA plates and deliver fresh medium to the sampled wells. An 'expansion mode' allows suspension of cells for transfer to another plate. The sampling probe may be washed with sterile medium, buffer, or water between each transfer. Any combination of up to 6 assay plates, sterile growth plates, and expansion plates may be operated on at one time, and each transaction is recorded on a floppy disk file. Experiments with various hybridoma cultures indicated that transfers were reproducible, sterility was maintained, and the washing procedure reduced cross-contamination of cultures with other cells or antibodies to negligible levels. The APPLE BASIC computer programs which perform the functions and record the transactions are described in the paper and the Appendix, and are available upon request.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Bacteria and helminth isolates from bile and faeces of zebu cattle slaughtered for human consumption in the Niger Delta areas of Nigeria.

Random bacteriological examination of 300 bile samples aseptically drawn from the gallbladders of adult cattle at slaughter revealed the presence of Escherichia coli in 30%, Enterobacter aerogenes in 14% and Klebsiella aerogenes in 56%. Bacteriological examination of another 116 faecal samples revealed Esch. coli in 60% and Ent. aerogenes in 40%, while parasitological examination revealed 50-100 strongyle ova per gram from pre-rain samples of faeces, 100-850 strongyle eggs per gram for faeces collected during the rains, and less than 50 strongyle eggs per gram for dry season faeces. No salmonellae were recovered from either the faeces or bile, and no Clostridium or any helminth of significant public health interest were recovered from faeces but it is still suggested that indirect consumption of bile and faeces from these animals may constitute a public health hazard.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Vascular-access-port implantation for serial blood sampling in conscious swine.

A method to simplify serial venous blood sampling in miniature pigs was developed. Jugular vein Vascular-Access-Ports (VAP) were implanted in four animals. The mean functional lifetime of these ports was 37.7 +/- 23.0 (S.D.) days with a range of 17 to 77 days. The VAP allowed easy serial blood sampling and intravenous drug administration. Use of these ports in animals restrained in a sling was simple and effective and caused no undue stress to the animal over a 6 to 8 hour experiment. The VAPs were implanted easily and required minimal maintenance. Subcutaneous location of the entire apparatus allowed for group housing of the pigs and decreased the susceptibility of postoperative infection and/or damage. Provided that proper maintenance and careful aseptic sampling techniques are used, the VAP is a relatively easy, safe and reliable alternative to conventional methods of serial blood sampling in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Microbial ecology of the terrestrial subsurface.

We have presented a current view of the microbial ecology of the terrestrial subsurface by considering primarily the ecology of shallow aquifer sediments. The properties of the aquifer sediments and groundwater determine their ability to support microbial life and control the abundance and activities of microorganisms. Pore size, nutrient limitations, availability of electron acceptors, and large surface area for attachment all may have major effects on microbial abundance and activities in aquifer material. Microorganisms are the predominant forms of life in the subsurface. They will be found wherever enough space, nutrients, and water are available for them to live. Environmental factors such as pH, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and dissolved salts also may influence subsurface microbial populations, but these factors do not exhibit great extremes in shallow water table aquifers, and thus only in very deep formations might they limit diversity or preclude the existence of microorganisms. Although the presence and activity of microorganisms in most subsurface environments are predictable, only recently have subsurface microbial populations in shallow subsurface zones been characterized. Aseptic sampling methods have been employed and microbiological and biochemical methods have been adapted to determine the types, abundance, and metabolic activities of microorganisms in subsurface material. Bacteria dominate, but eukaryotic microorganisms also are present. Vertical profile studies of a shallow aquifer in Oklahoma showed that active microbial biomass declined with depth to the unsaturated zone, but was variable in saturated sediments. Such a distribution of active biomass may be common in shallow aquifers. Studies on the lateral distribution of microorganisms in shallow and deep aquifers suggest that microorganisms are transported or migrate over fairly long distances in aquifer sediments. Surficial aquifers may be colonized by vertical or lateral transport and migration of surface microorganisms from recharge areas, but microorganisms could also have colonized when sediments were originally deposited. The biological and physical mechanisms controlling the migration of microorganisms in aquifers are not well understood. The function of shallow aquifers was considered with regard to nutritional ecology. Most pristine aquifers are oligotrophic. Heterotrophic life in these unique ecosystems is supported by secondary organic compounds that filter down from the soil above. The quantity and quality of organic nutrients depend on the age of water and rate of recharge of the aquifer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1985

Effects of sorbic acid feed fungistat on the intestinal microflora of floor-reared broiler chickens.

The intestinal microflora of a group of broilers fed a diet containing .04% sorbic acid from Days 1 through 49 of their lives was compared with broilers given a diet without the fungistat. Four broilers from each group were killed at 7, 21, 35, and 49 days, and intestinal sections of the duodenum, the lower small intestine, and both ceca were removed aseptically. Samples of the contents of the intestinal sections were analyzed microbiologically. Groups of microorganisms analyzed included total aerobes, total anaerobes, coliforms, streptococci, lactobacilli, clostridia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, yeasts, and molds. Generally, there was a large variation in viable counts of microorganisms for birds of the same treatment. Of the nine groups of microorganisms analyzed the highest counts obtained (greater than 10(6)/g) were for total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, and Bifidobacterium. Coliforms, streptococci, and clostridia showed intermediate counts (greater than 10(3)/g), while yeasts and molds and Bacteroides showed the lowest counts (greater than 10(2)/g). Total microbial numbers, in most cases and irrespective of sorbic acid treatment, were highest in the ceca, lower in the small intestine, and still lower in the duodenum. There were no major trends of microbial population changes observed in a given treatment, intestinal location, or group of organisms with age and time on feed. Inclusion of sorbic acid in the feed did not influence total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, streptococci, Bifidobacterium, and clostridia. However, broilers on sorbic acid-containing feed had, at 49 days of age, lower coliform counts in the duodenum, lower yeast and mold counts in the ceca, and higher Bacteroides counts in the ceca.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Bacterial patterns found in surgery patients with chronic sinusitis.

Aseptic samples of sinus mucosa or aspirates from maxillary sinuses were taken from 197 patients who underwent sinus surgery and were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Anaerobic cultures were also obtained from 143 of these patients. A total of 236 bacterial isolates from 174 patients were analyzed. No anaerobic organisms were isolated. The most commonly isolated organisms were Staphylococcus species (coagulase-negative), Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacilli, and Streptococcus species. Penicillin G, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride and, to a lesser degree, first-generation cephalosporins were found to be inferior to ciprofloxin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and cefuroxime axetil when the susceptibilities of all the bacterial isolates to oral antibiotics used commonly in the empiric therapy of chronic sinusitis were compared.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1977

[Comparative studies of methods for the bacteriological diagnosis of mastitis in cows].

Comparative studies were carried out on some methods and nutrient media used for the isolation and identification of mastitis causative agents. Milk from normal andmastitis-affected udder quarters was aseptically sampled and treated under various conditions. Individual samples were simultaneously seeded in different media. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Milk samples for the diagnosis of mastitis of a subclinical character can be taken at the beginning and at the end of milking. 2. Direct seedings of milk have equal diagnostic value as those of the sediment. With the former the process of bacteriologic treatment of the samples is shortened in time, and the isolation and differentiation of the mastitis agents is rendered feasible. 3. At the present etiologic structure of the subclinical types of mastitis in this country most suitable has proved the blood agar medium in which almost all mastitis causative agents can be demonstrated. 4. Kartashova's medium and the TKT-medium possess a pronounced selectivity with special reference to streptococci and have higher diagnostic value for farms where streptococcus mastitis is prevailing.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detection of enteroviral RNA by polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from patients with aseptic meningitis.

An assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples was carried out using specimens from 74 patients with aseptic meningitis. The primer pair and probe were derived from the highly conserved 5' non-coding enterovirus genomic region. Enteroviral RNA was detected in faeces of all 36 patients in whom an enterovirus was isolated from stool. The PCR assay yielded positive results in additionally 3/6 cases where enterovirus diagnoses were obtained by virus isolation from cerebrospinal fluid and/or serological tests. Thus, the positive outcome of the PCR assay was 39 (93%) among the 42 patients with enterovirus diagnoses. Furthermore, 7/19 (37%) cases with an etiology that was not established by other means were positive in the test indicating that the PCR assay may give considerable additional etiological information in patients with aseptic meningitis. The limit of RNA detectability in the PCR assay was about 100 TCID50 when highly cytopathogenic enterovirus types (coxsackievirus type B5 and echovirus type 11) were tested. The PCR was negative in all 13 patients with non-enterovirus diagnoses except in one case with a herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Since enterovirus-specific IgM antibodies could be detected in this case a dual infection seemed probable. All the negative controls, included in the study, were PCR-negative and no contamination was encountered. This study proves the usefulness of the PCR assay for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples and suggests that the test may be an alternative to virus isolation for rapid enterovirus diagnosis in patients with aseptic meningitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Stability and compatibility of ganciclovir sodium in 5% dextrose injection over 35 days.

The stability and compatibility of ganciclovir sodium in 5% dextrose injection over 35 days were assessed. Nine admixtures of ganciclovir sodium 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection were aseptically prepared. Immediately thereafter, six samples were aseptically withdrawn from each admixture into sterile collection tubes. Three of the samples were frozen for stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay at a later date, and the other three were immediately assessed for pH. Each admixture was also assessed visually for color change, turbidity, gas evolution, and precipitation. The admixtures were stored in the dark at 4-8 degrees C and sampled at 10 and 35 days. There was no significant loss of ganciclovir over the 35-day study period. No admixture at any time contained less than 93.4% or more than 103.7% of its initial ganciclovir concentration. There were no appreciable pH changes, and there was no evidence of visual incompatibility. Ganciclovir sodium 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection was stable for at least 35 days when stored in the dark at 4-8 degrees C.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1988

The effect of decreased portal blood flow on the biliary system.

A disturbance in the regional portal blood flow adjacent to the dilated bile duct in the liver is often observed in patients with hepatolithiasis. The effects of this disturbed portal blood flow on the biliary system, with or without cholangitis, were therefore investigated. Young rabbits were divided into the following four groups; (1) controls that had a laparotomy only (n = 3), (2) those that had a ligation of the portal branch of the right posterior lobe (RP lobe) (PL) (n = 10), (3) those that had tubing inserted into the bile duct through the duodenal papilla (BS) (n = 10), and (4) PL + BS (n = 10). Despite marked atrophy of the RP lobe, no distinct changes were seen in the biliary systems of groups 1 or 2. In groups 3 and 4, however, infiltration of inflammatory cells and glandular proliferation in the wall of the markedly dilated extrahepatic bile duct (proliferative cholangitis (PC), characteristic to hepatolithiasis) were seen. Findings of PC were also noted in the intrahepatic bile duct of the atrophied RP lobes of these 2 groups. The incidence of PC was 20 per cent in group 3 and 60 per cent in group 4, respectively, but the PC of the intrahepatic bile ducts in group 3 was more localized than in group 4. Goblet cell metaplasia was seen in the epithelial cells of PC. Bacteriologically, bile samples were aseptic in groups 1 and 2, however, samples of bile from groups 3 and 4 were all contaminated with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus Faecalis. The biliary contents of phospholipids, total cholesterol and total bile acid were significantly decreased in groups 3 and 4, when compared with groups 1 and 2. In conclusion, a disturbance in portal blood flow, accompanied by cholangitis and segmental liver atrophy, may play an important role in the clinical course of hepatolithiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Chemical and visual stability of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose injection stored at 4 degrees C for 35 days.

The chemical and visual stability of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose injection under refrigeration was assessed. Three admixtures of amphotericin B 0.1 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection and three admixtures of amphotericin B 0.25 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection were aseptically prepared in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags. Immediately after preparation (at time zero), six 5-mL samples were aseptically transferred from each admixture to sterile collection tubes. Three of the samples from each admixture were quick-frozen for later assay by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the other three were immediately assessed for pH. Each of the six admixtures was also assessed visually under fluorescent light and 2x magnification for color change, turbidity, gas evolution, and precipitation. The admixtures were stored in PVC bags at 4 degrees C and protected from light. Six 5-mL samples were withdrawn from each admixture at 10, 21, and 35 days. Three of the samples from each admixture were assessed for pH, and three were quick-frozen for subsequent HPLC assay. There was no substantial loss or deterioration of amphotericin B during the 35-day study. At no time was the mean concentration of amphotericin B in the samples less than 96.4% of the concentrations at time zero for the 0.1-mg/mL samples or less than 96.6% of the time zero concentrations for the 0.25-mg/mL samples. There were no appreciable changes in pH, and there was no visual evidence of instability in any of the samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amphotericin B↗