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Results for “Arthropod Vectors”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Transmission of arboviruses without involvement of arthropod vectors.

Transmission of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses belonging to various virus families) without involvement of arthropod vectors has been documented for years, but the reports have not been reviewed systematically. The recent report of West Nile (WN) virus isolation from a hawk in mid-winter in New York (Garmendia et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3110-3111, 2000) generated a considerable interest in this mode of arbovirus transmission. In this article, the data available worldwide are analyzed according to the factors involved in such a transmission under natural conditions, mode of infection, virus entry mechanism, administration and efficacy evaluation of vaccines, and significance in agricultural trade and public health. Analysis of numerous reports compiled for this review revealed that peroral and intranasal/aerosol transmissions are very common among arboviruses. The mechanism of virus infections in animals was most extensively studied for intranasal/aerosol infection, confirming two routes of virus spread to central nervous system (CNS), olfactory and hematogenous. To rule out the possibility of asymptomatic, cryptic infection the efficacy evaluation of candidates for vaccines against neurotropic arboviruses should include virus isolation from tissues of not only symptomatic but also of asymptomatic animals that survive intranasal virus challenge. Human activities, such as feeding livestock animals with food containing virus-contaminated meat and assembling a large number of livestock from many geographically-separated locations, have been identified as a cause of spread of some arboviral diseases. Despite numerous laboratory reports, the significance of this mode of transmission of arboviruses under natural conditions was rarely investigated, except for a few viruses important for veterinary medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Laboratory containment practices for arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens.

Arthropod-borne pathogens have an impact on the health and well-being of humans and animals throughout the world. Research involving arthropod vectors of disease is often dependent on the ability to maintain the specific arthropod species in laboratory colonies. The author reviews current arthropod containment practices and discusses their importance from public health and ecological perspectives.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Wolbachia-induced mortality as a mechanism to modulate pathogen transmission by vector arthropods.

Insecticide resistance and absence of clinical cures or vaccines for many vector-borne diseases has stimulated interest in using genetically modified arthropod vectors for disease control. Current transgenic strategies focus on vector susceptibility to pathogen infection, which is an inefficient target for pathogen transmission interference. Manipulation of vector survival is theoretically more effective, resulting in larger reductions in the expected number of human infections. A hypothetical method to manipulate vector survival is to drive mortality-inducing Wolbachia into populations. For varying patterns and degrees of induced mortality, we outline the conditions under which virulent Wolbachia introductions into vector populations are expected to succeed and quantify the resultant reduction in pathogen transmission. The most critical component to the success of this strategy is the pattern of induced mortality. For operationally feasible introductions, induced mortality must be delayed until after vector reproduction begins. If this condition is not met, introduction thresholds become exceedingly high, ranging from approximately 40% to 90% of the total adult population. Delayed induced mortality patterns can reduce introduction thresholds to approximately 15-45% of the total adult population. Reduction in cytoplasmic incompatibility with male age has negligible effects on introduction success regardless of the induced mortality pattern. Under proper circumstances, symbiont-induced manipulation of vector survival can theoretically result in up to 100% reduction in pathogen transmission, depending on Wolbachia parameters, magnitude and pattern of induced mortality, and duration of pathogen incubation in the vector. Our results indicate that a broadening of the current paradigm for genetic manipulation of vectors to parameters other than arthropod vector competence is justified and will reveal new research possibilities for vector-borne disease control.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors.

Rickettsial diseases, important causes of illness and death worldwide, exist primarily in endemic and enzootic foci that occasionally give rise to sporadic or seasonal outbreaks. Rickettsial pathogens are highly specialized for obligate intracellular survival in both the vertebrate host and the invertebrate vector. While studies often focus primarily on the vertebrate host, the arthropod vector is often more important in the natural maintenance of the pathogen. Consequently, coevolution of rickettsiae with arthropods is responsible for many features of the host-pathogen relationship that are unique among arthropod-borne diseases, including efficient pathogen replication, long-term maintenance of infection, and transstadial and transovarial transmission. This article examines the common features of the host-pathogen relationship and of the arthropod vectors of the typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Generic approaches to obtaining efficacious antigens from vector arthropods.

The development of vaccines to control ectoparasites is dependent upon the identification of key parasite antigens. While a rational, pragmatic approach to antigen identification has yielded a successful vaccine candidate from ticks, there may be problems with such an approach when dealing with other ectoparasites. As an alternative approach, the search for vaccine candidates may be facilitated by cloning and expressing parasite genes encoding proteins involved in key physiological roles. A number of criteria may be applied to short-list candidate vaccines, these being; (a) host antibodies should be able to gain access to the parasite antigen; (b) sufficient antibody must gain access to the antigen target; (c) the formation of antibody-antigen complex should disrupt the normal function of the parasite antigen (d) the antigen should share conserved structural/sequence motifs with related, characterised, proteins, thus allowing the use of recombinant DNA methods to clone and express the candidate antigen. We propose three major groups of parasite antigens which may fulfill these criteria; serine proteases, chemoreceptors/ion channels and neuropeptides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: II--Present means (author's transl)].

A review of the present means of control of arthropod vectors in which the authors consider:--individual means aimed at the prevention of bites by utilizing clothes, repellents, mosquito nets and insecticide sprays,--collective means which are either physical, biological or chemical. Physical means are specially used for water control either in "peridomestic actions" or in large scale campaign's related to rural or industrial development scheme. Actually biological means are represented only by larvivorous fishes. The chemical control is the most important, its various requisites, and techniques are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Modification of arthropod vector competence via symbiotic bacteria.

Some of the world's most devastating diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Attempts to control these arthropods are currently being challenged by the widespread appearance of insecticide resistance. It is therefore desirable to develop alternative strategies to complement existing methods of vector control. In this review, Charles Beard, Scott O'Neill, Robert Tesh, Frank Richards and Serap Aksoy present an approach for introducing foreign genes into insects in order to confer refractoriness to vector populations, ie. the inability to transmit disease-causing agents. This approach aims to express foreign anti-parasitic or anti-viral gene products in symbiotic bacteria harbored by insects. The potential use of naturally occurring symbiont-based mechanisms in the spread of such refractory phenotypes is also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: III--Insecticides and questions they raise (author's transl)].

Insecticides are still nowadays our main way of control of arthropod vectors. Their use raises many important question, resistance of the vectors, toxicity, risks of pollution and costs of spraying campaigns. These various drawbacks are considered with special regard to the problem of resistance its world wide spreading, its mechanisms, its meaning. The various types of toxicity are also detailed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease.

This paper gives an overview of how certain meteorological data used in studies of the population dynamics of arthropod vectors of disease may be predicted using remotely sensed, satellite data. Details are given of the stages of processing necessary to convert digital data arising from satellite sensors into ecologically meaningful information. Potential sources of error in these processing steps are also highlighted. Relationships between ground-measured meteorological variables (saturation deficit, ground temperature and rainfall) and data from both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's, polar-orbiting, meteorological satellites and the geostationary, Meteosat satellite are defined and examples detailed for Africa. Finally, the current status of existing satellite platforms and future satellite missions are reviewed and potential data availability discussed. How such satellite-based predictions have proved valuable in understanding the distribution of tsetse fly species in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso will be the subject of a future review.

Africa↗
PubMed1994

Application of remote sensing to arthropod vector surveillance and control.

A need exists to further develop new technologies, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems analysis, for estimating arthropod vector abundance in aquatic habitats and predicting adult vector population outbreaks. A brief overview of remote sensing technology in vector surveillance and control is presented, and suggestions are made on future research opportunities in light of current and proposed remote sensing systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Control of arthropod vectors of human diseases in intertropical Africa: its importance (author's transl)].

Intertropical Africa is the first area in the world for the frequency of arthropod born human diseases, such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, viral infections (f.i.yellow fever), various filariasis and chiefly onchocerciasis. Control of arthropod vectors is very important indeed in this area. It requires a closed collaboration between entomologists, biologists, hygienists and tropical physicians. Chemical control is still preponderant but it must be associated, as often as possible, with physical, biological and genetic means of control.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Avermectins in arthropod vector management - prospects and pitfalls.

The proven impact of avermectins against a wide variety of arthropod vectors suggests that this new family of compounds holds promise in reducing the incidence of vector-borne disease. Experimentally, decreased survival and abundance of various vector species indicate that certain vector populations may be so manipulated. In addition, sublethal effects on individuals include lengthened development, decreased fecundity and diminished parasite uptake. Enthusiasm must be cautious, given possible impacts on non-target species and the eventual development of resistance. Here Mark Wilson emphasizes that the present challenge is to study how this new toxin may be integrated into vector-management schemes that already employ multiple, diverse interventions. Ultimately, the value of such action must be measured not simply in terms of reduced vector abundance, but also with the more complex equation of reduced parasite transmission in mind.

Journal Article↗