Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Appetite”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Assessing appetite in Dutch elderly with the Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: In investigating anorexia of ageing, attention is often given to physical and psychological determinants of appetite in the elderly but little has been done to provide information on self-assessment of appetite and sensory perceptions in the elderly. OBJECTIVES: to provide data and detect possible differences in self-assessment of appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perception in different health group of elderly using the Appetite, Hunger feelings and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire. METHODS: three health categories of elderly subjects were used for the present study: free-living with no help, free-living with help and nursing home elderly. For each group, collected data were general characteristics, anthropometry and answers to the AHSP. The AHSP questionnaire includes 29-items focusing on feelings of hunger and appetite as well as taste and smell perception addressing both the present situation and the period before retirement. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the 3 health groups for appetite, hunger feelings, present taste perception and present smell perception (P<0.05). Appetite and hunger were found to be related to body weight in the healthiest but not in the others. CONCLUSION: A decline in health status is paired with a decrease in appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perceptions of elderly subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Appetite assessment: simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia-related weight loss can have devastating consequences on quality-of-life, morbidity, and mortality. Without a simple tool to evaluate appetite, health care providers often use inaccurate surrogates, such as measurement of energy consumption and nutritional risk, to reflect appetite. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to validate a simple tool for assessing appetite and predicting weight loss. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional measurement study conducted on long-term care residents and community-dwelling adults. Construct validity of the 8-item Council on Nutrition appetite questionnaire (CNAQ) and its 4-item derivative, the simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ), were examined through correlation with a previously validated research tool: the appetite hunger and sensory perception questionnaire (AHSP). The length and complexity of the AHSP render it inefficient for clinical use. The sensitivity and specificity of the CNAQ and SNAQ to predict significant weight loss were calculated. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the CNAQ were 0.47 (long-term care group) and 0.72 (community-dwelling group). In the long-term care group, the CNAQ correlated with the AHSP (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and with the AHSP domains of taste (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001), hunger (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), and smell (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001). The CNAQ showed sensitivities and specificities for 5% and 10% weight losses of 80.2 and 80.3 and 82.4 and 81.9, respectively. The SNAQ had sensitivities and specificities for 5% and 10% weight losses of 81.3 and 76.4 and 88.2 and 83.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The SNAQ and CNAQ are short, simple appetite assessment tools that predict weight loss in community-dwelling adults and long-term care residents. The SNAQ is a 4-item derivative of the CNAQ and thus is clinically more efficient.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Experiential effects of appetitive and nonappetitive odors on feeding behavior in the blowfly, Phormia regina: a putative role for tyramine in appetite regulation.

In humans, appetite is affected by food experiences and food flavors. In the blowfly Phormia regina, we found that feeding threshold to sugar increased in the presence of the odor of D-limonene and decreased in the presence of the odor of dithiothreitol (DTT). Using these odors as representative nonappetitive and appetitive flavors, we demonstrated the role played by tyramine (TA) in appetite regulation by experiences of food flavors. When fed with sucrose flavored with D-limonene for 5 d after emergence, flies showed subsequent decreased appetite to plain sucrose, whereas when they were fed with sucrose flavored by DTT they showed increased appetite. However, mushroom body (MB)-ablated flies did not show these patterns. This suggests that MB, one of the primary memory centers of the insect brain, is necessary for the flies to apply previous experiences of food flavors to appetitive learning behaviors. In addition, flies' previously acquired decreased or increased appetites showed parallel changes with both octopamine (OA) and tyramine levels in the brain. However, injection experiments with OA, TA, or their agonist and antagonist indicated that TA more directly mediates feeding threshold determination, which was affected by acquired memories of food flavors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Appetite and appetite stimulants.

Poor appetite is a common symptom among cancer patients. It can lead to inadequate food intake, weight loss, physical debilitation and reduced tolerance to anti-neoplastic treatment. Although cancer-induced anorexia is not fully understood, there are some theories relating to its development. Interventions may be aimed at improving nutritional intake to prevent excessive weight loss when poor appetite exists, or it may concentrate on improving appetite by pharmacological means. Appetite should be considered alongside other aspects of symptom control and tackled aggressively when it is contributing to a poor quality of life.

Anorexia↗
PubMed2004

The future of research on appetitive behavior: 30th Anniversary of the Columbia University Seminar on Appetitive Behavior.

The first 30 years of Columbia's Appetitive Seminar were celebrated by speakers extrapolating from the past to the future for six areas of research on appetite. This editorial introduces reviews of three of the selected topics and briefly summarizes the other three presentations-on the sensing of glucose utilization, gastrointestinal controls of satiety and mechanisms of learning and conditioning.

Appetite↗
PubMed2001

Description and evaluation of a Newton-based electronic appetite rating system for temporal tracking of appetite in human subjects.

This study assessed the reliability and validity of a palm-top-based electronic appetite rating system (EARS) in relation to the traditional paper and pen method. Twenty healthy subjects [10 male (M) and 10 female (F)] - mean age M=31 years (S.D.=8), F=27 years (S.D.=5); mean BMI M=24 (S.D.=2), F=21 (S.D.=5) - participated in a 4-day protocol. Measurements were made on days 1 and 4. Subjects were given paper and an EARS to log hourly subjective motivation to eat during waking hours. Food intake and meal times were fixed. Subjects were given a maintenance diet (comprising 40% fat, 47% carbohydrate and 13% protein by energy) calculated at 1.6xResting Metabolic Rate (RMR), as three isoenergetic meals. Bland and Altman's test for bias between two measurement techniques found significant differences between EARS and paper and pen for two of eight responses (hunger and fullness). Regression analysis confirmed that there were no day, sex or order effects between ratings obtained using either technique. For 15 subjects, there was no significant difference between results, with a linear relationship between the two methods that explained most of the variance (r(2) ranged from 62.6 to 98.6). The slope for all subjects was less than 1, which was partly explained by a tendency for bias at the extreme end of results on the EARS technique. These data suggest that the EARS is a useful and reliable technique for real-time data collection in appetite research but that it should not be used interchangeably with paper and pen techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children.

Iron deficiency and helminth infections are two common conditions of children in developing countries. The consequences of helminth infection in young children are not well described, and the efficacy of low dose iron supplementation is not well documented in malaria-endemic settings. A 12-mo randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial of 10 mg daily iron and/or mebendazole (500 mg) every 3 mo was conducted in a community-based sample of 459 Zanzibari children age 6-71 mo with hemoglobin > 70 g/L at baseline. The trial was designed to examine treatment effects on growth, anemia and appetite in two age subgroups. Iron did not affect growth retardation, hemoglobin concentration or mild or moderate anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L or < 90 g/L, respectively), but iron significantly improved serum ferritin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Mebendazole significantly reduced wasting malnutrition. but only in children <30 mo old. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for mebendazole in this age group were 0.38 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.90) for weight-for-height less than -1 Z-score and 0.29 (0.09, 0.91) for small arm circumference. In children <24 mo old, mebendazole also reduced moderate anemia (AOR: 0.41, 0.18, 0.94). Both iron and mebendazole improved children's appetite, according to mothers' report. In this study, iron's effect on anemia was limited, likely constrained by infection, inflammation and perhaps other nutrient deficiencies. Mebendazole treatment caused unexpected and significant reductions in wasting malnutrition and anemia in very young children with light infections. We hypothesize that incident helminth infections may stimulate inflammatory immune responses in young children, with deleterious effects on protein metabolism and erythropoiesis.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1986

Angiotensin and salt appetite: physiological amounts of angiotensin given peripherally increase salt appetite in the rat.

Two experiments were conducted in which adrenalectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained ad lib on distilled water, 3% saline, and sodium-free food. In Experiment 1, 45 rats were given 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,000 micrograms/kg/day desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) im for 5 days to determine the dose of DOCA that would produce the lowest voluntary saline intake, and 800 micrograms/kg/day was found to produce the nadir in saline intake. In Experiment 2, 40 rats were placed ad lib on distilled water, saline, and sodium-free food as described above, maintained on 800 micrograms/kg/day DOCA, and infused with 4, 25, 100 micrograms/kg/day angiotensin II (A II) or 0.9% saline. The three A II groups showed significant percentage changes in their saline intake above pre-A II levels; the saline control group showed no change in saline intake from pre-A II level. These results are interpreted to demonstrate the production of salt appetite in rats by peripheral administration of physiological doses of angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2003

Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite?

Physical activity has the potential to modulate appetite control by improving the sensitivity of the physiological satiety signalling system, by adjusting macronutrient preferences or food choices and by altering the hedonic response to food. There is evidence for all these actions. Concerning the impact of physical activity on energy balance, there exists a belief that physical activity drives up hunger and increases food intake, thereby rendering it futile as a method of weight control. There is, however, no evidence for such an immediate or automatic effect. Short (1-2 d)-term and medium (7-16 d)-term studies demonstrate that men and women can tolerate substantial negative energy balances of < or = 4 MJ energy cost/d when performing physical activity programmes. Consequently, the immediate effect of taking up exercise is weight loss (although this outcome is sometimes difficult to assess due to changes in body composition or fluid compartmentalization). However, subsequently food intake begins to increase in order to provide compensation for about 30% of the energy expended in activity. This compensation (up to 16 d) is partial and incomplete. Moreover, subjects separate into compensators and non-compensators. The exact nature of these differences in compensation and whether it is actually reflective of non-compliance with protocols is yet to be determined. Some subjects (men and women) performing activity with a cost of < or = 4 MJ/d for 14 d, show no change in daily energy intake. Conversely, it can be demonstrated that when active individuals are forced into a sedentary routine food intake does not decrease to a lower level to match the reduced energy expenditure. Consequently, this situation creates a substantial positive energy balance accompanied by weight gain. The next stage is to further characterize the compensators and non-compensators, and to identify the mechanisms (physiological or behavioural) that are responsible for the rate of compensation and its limits.

Anorexia↗
PubMed1978

Endocrine control of appetite: gastrointestinal hormonal effects on CNS appetitive structures.

Permanent semi-microelectrodes were implanted in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), amygdala (AMYG), medial forebrain bundle (MFB), anterior hypothalamus (AH), inferior colliculus (IC), and caudate nucleus (CN). Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the above sites in freely behaving rats before and after administration of pentagastrin (100 microgram/kg), secretin 1 microgram/kg or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) (1 microgram/kg) in search of satiety signal. Gastrin and secretin had little effect while it appears that CCK may perform a regulatory function in a neurohumoral feedback mechanism.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2005

Effects of dietary and pharmacological manipulations on appetitive and consummatory aspects of feeding in non-human primates.

This study examined how pharmacological and behavioral manipulations affect appetitive and consummatory aspects of feeding of baboons. Baboons have access to food 24 h each day, but they must complete a two-phase operant procedure in order to eat. Responding on one lever during a 30-min appetitive phase was required before animals could start a consumption phase, i.e. a meal, where responding on another lever led to food delivery. Responding during the appetitive phase resulted in presentations of food-related stimuli only. Decreasing session length, increased appetitive behavior and increased meal size. Limiting the number of meals to a single 90 min meal each day but increasing the number of food pellets the animals received increased the size of meal, but did not increase appetitive behavior. These findings suggest that time since the previous meal has a greater effect on appetitive behavior than the size of the previous meal. Amphetamine (AMPH), which increases dopamine, decreased food intake at doses that did not affect appetitive behavior, indicating that appetitive and consummatory aspects of eating can be pharmacologically differentiated. Increasing how frequently animals could earn food-related stimuli in the appetitive phase and food in the consummatory phase increased both appetitive and consumatory behavior. Under these conditions, AMPH nearly doubled appetitive behavior at doses that decreased food intake by nearly 50 percent. When animals had one meal, of self-determined duration, meal size increased without affecting appetitive behavior, further demonstrating that appetitive behavior can be independent of the size of the previous meal and not predictive of the size of the subsequent meal. Under these conditions, AMPH decreased food intake at doses that did not affect appetitive behavior. In contrast, dexfenfluramine (DFEN), which increases serotonin, decreased both appetitive and consumatory behavior. Thus, it is possible to independently manipulate the appetitive and consummatory aspects of eating using both pharmacological and behavioral interventions indicating that it may be possible to develop medications that selectively affect appetitive or consummatory aspects of eating.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1999

Correlates of poor appetite among hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Poor appetite is an important barrier to adequate nutrition among hemodialysis patients. We sought to determine the relationship between overall appetite and (1) patient demographic and medical characteristics and (2) appetite for specific foods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: All 22 chronic hemodialysis units in northeast Ohio. PATIENTS: Two hundred ninety-eight randomly selected patents. INTERVENTION: Interview and chart abstraction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Overall patient appetite. RESULTS: Of all patients, 12% reported poor overall appetite, 20% reported fair appetite, and 69% reported good appetite. There was no relationship between overall appetite and patient demographic (age, gender, race, education, health insurance) or medical (cause of renal failure, years on dialysis, number of comorbid conditions, Kt/V) characteristics. There was little relationship between overall appetite and appetite for 20 specific foods. Of 34 patients with poor overall appetite, 29 (85%) identified at least three specific protein foods for which they had good appetite and 28 (82%) identified at least three nonprotein foods for which they had good appetite. CONCLUSION: Poor overall appetite is not associated with patient characteristics or appetite for specific foods. Most patients with poor overall appetite have good appetite for several specific foods. Helping patients increase the intake of these foods may be beneficial in improving nutritional status.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Neuroendocrine factors in salt appetite.

We dedicate this paper to Curt P. Richter, father of the study of salt appetite, who died recently at the age of 94. Richter first demonstrated that the adrenalectomized rat's voracious appetite for salt kept it alive (1936) and showed the same in humans (1940). Our first paper in 1955 demonstrated that salt appetite was an innate response to salt depletion. Since then, we have pursued the notion that the neuroendocrine consequences of sodium depletion create a brain state that raises salt appetite. In Epstein's laboratory, it was shown that angiotensin and aldosterone, the hormones of salt retention in the periphery, act synergistically in the brain to produce salt appetite in the rat. Block either hormone and the appetite is reduced by half; block both and the appetite is eliminated despite severe bodily need. With repeated depletions or treatments of the brain with angiotensin and aldosterone, salt ingestion increases, reaching an asymptote by the third depletion. Need-free intake of NaCl also increases, especially in female rats which ingest more NaCl than male rats. In Stellar's laboratory, running speed to salt solutions in a runway is used as a measure of salt appetite. When the appetite is raised with large doses of DOCA, a mimic of aldosterone, rats run rapidly for a taste of strong salt solutions as high as 24% (almost 4 molar). Using ingestion as a measure, the role of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an antagonist of angiotensin's physiological effect, was investigated as a modulator of salt appetite. When angiotensin is involved is producing salt appetite, following sodium depletion by a diuretic combined with a low-salt diet, ANP reduced salt intake by 40%. When salt appetite was raised by DOCA, however, ANP either had no effect or reduced salt ingestion by only 10%. The subfornical organ, the lateral preoptic area, and the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala are being investigated as major components of the limbic circuit underlying salt appetite produced by the actions of angiotensin, aldosterone and ANP in the brain.

Animals↗