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PubMed2026

Dietary naringenin modulates antioxidant status and hepatic lipid deposition in marine medaka (Oryzias dancena) fed a high-fat diet.

High-fat diets (HFDs) are widely used in aquaculture to improve growth and feed efficiency; however, prolonged feeding can disrupt lipid metabolism, induce oxidative stress, and impair physiological homeostasis. This study evaluated the protective effects of dietary naringenin against HFD-induced physiological alterations in the marine medaka Oryzias dancena. Fish were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments and fed the respective experimental diets for 45 days: a normal-fat diet (NFD, 8% crude lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 15% crude lipid), or an HFD supplemented with either 0.075% or 0.15% naringenin. Compared with the NFD group, HFD feeding impaired antioxidant status, altered the expression of genes associated with antioxidant defence and lipid metabolism, and promoted hepatic lipid accumulation. Dietary naringenin, particularly at 0.15%, mitigated these adverse effects by restoring muscle superoxide dismutase activity, enhancing total antioxidant capacity, reducing lipid peroxidation, partially normalizing the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, and alleviating hepatic lipid vacuolation. These findings indicate that dietary naringenin improves antioxidant defence and helps maintain lipid metabolic homeostasis under high-fat feeding conditions, highlighting its potential as a functional dietary additive for aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Synergistic transcriptional modules in Trichoderma asperellum enhance glutathione detoxification to counteract fungal pathogen toxins.

Trichoderma fungi are potent biocontrol agents. However, their defence mechanisms against pathogen-derived toxins remain poorly understood. We identified two synergistic transcription factor modules in T. asperellum that orchestrate the detoxification of cytotoxic secondary metabolites from the poplar blight pathogen Alternaria alternata. Overexpression of the central regulator TasMYB46 reduced disease lesion area by approximately 22% and was associated with decreased pathogen-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Mechanistically, TasMYB46 directly activates the glutathione S-transferases TasGST61.1 and TasGST56.1 through distinct promoter binding sites (G-box/as-1/MBS), forming dedicated detoxification modules. Crucially, we identified urolithin C as the most abundant phytotoxin in A. alternata metabolites, which is efficiently detoxified through the TasMYB46-TasGST61.1 module. The transcription enhancer TasbHLH53.8 amplifies this system by binding to TasMYB46, boosting TasGST expression and enhancing glutathione-dependent detoxification capacity. This coordinated response elevates glutathione pools and antioxidant enzyme activities (GST/GPx), conferring increased oxidative stress resistance. This study reveals a novel defence mechanism in Trichoderma in which MYB-bHLH-GST modules enable biocontrol agents to neutralise pathogen-derived toxins. Given that Alternaria toxins threaten crops globally (tomatoes, potatoes, citrus), the discovered regulatory synergy represents a strategic advance in developing next-generation biocontrol solutions against toxin-producing plant pathogens.

Alternaria↗

PubMed2026

Radiation-resistant and desiccation-tolerant bacteria from the Chavara-Neendakara high background radiation area, india: phenotypic characterisation and genomic insights.

Radiation-resistant microorganisms that survive high doses of ionising radiation serve as valuable models for understanding stress adaptation; however, the genomic determinants underlying extreme radiation tolerance in bacteria from natural environments with high background radiation remain insufficiently characterised. Bacterial isolates from the Chavara-Neendakara HBRA (Kerala, India) were evaluated for desiccation tolerance, and the desiccation-resistant isolates were subsequently exposed to gamma irradiation (1-10 kGy) using a 60Co source. Isolates were identified through 16S rRNA sequencing, morphologically characterised by FE-SEM, and screened for antibiotic susceptibility. The highly radiation-resistant strain underwent whole-genome sequencing via Oxford Nanopore Technology, with De novo assembly, polishing, and genome annotation. Four bacterial isolates (Micrococcaceae and Paenibacillaceae) exhibited D10 values of 1-7 kGy, including one multidrug-resistant strain; no endospores were observed in the Paenibacillus isolate under the tested conditions. Paenibacillus sp. HBRA004 survived 10 kGy gamma radiation, exceeding all previously reported HBRA isolates by over fourfold. Its 5.0 Mbp genome (GC = 48.27%, ≥ 99% completeness) encodes five mechanistically independent DNA repair pathways; homologous recombination (recA, recN, radA), base excision repair (mutM, mutY, mutT), mismatch repair (mutL, mutS), nucleotide excision repair (uvrA, uvrB, uvrD), and non-homologous end joining (ku, ligD), alongside a redundant antioxidant network comprising triple-copy Fe/Mn-family superoxide dismutases and ahpC peroxiredoxin. A thioredoxin system (trxA, trxB, msrA) and manganese uptake via mntH may contribute to further layers of ROS defence. Their specific contribution to the HBRA004 phenotype remains to be experimentally and comparatively validated. These findings represent the first genomically characterised 10 kGy-resistant bacterial isolate from the Chavara-Neendakara HBRA, establishing a new benchmark for radiation tolerance within this ecologically significant environment. Pathway depth, gene copy amplification, and Mn/Fe homeostasis appear to be candidate mechanisms contributing to high-level radiation tolerance, consistent with patterns in other radiation-resistant taxa, though their contribution requires functional validation.

India↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The presence of antioxidative defense enzymes in the ascarid Ascaris lumbricoides].

Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione have been discovered in muscles of the ringworm A. lumbricoides. Superoxide dismutase activity was also revealed in eggs and larvae. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing, it was shown that this enzyme exists in ringworm muscles in multiple molecular forms. Oxygen poisoning of the ringworm and aerobic incubation of muscle homogenates in the presence of Fe+2 do not result in accumulation of malonyldialdehyde. Biochemical defence mechanisms are discussed against oxygen poisoning of the organisms which live under the conditions of reduced and changing pO2.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Risks due to chemical agents in agriculture].

After a few notices about the contribution that chemistry has given for the development of the agriculture in this last century, we give a short description, with a classification supposition, of the main chemical agents used in the agricultural field, for the development and the defence of animal productions and crop-farming. Then, we present national statistical information about the use of chemical means of agrarian interest. We give also a short description of risks caused by chemical agents in agricolture (with hygienic implications concerning consumers also) prefiguring, in conclusion, some hypoteses for the substitution of the chemical mean with alternative techniques and methods.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗