The anomia of success and the anomia of failure: a study of similarities in opposites.
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Anomia with and without lexical comprehension disorders.
Anomic patients are usually described as free from language comprehension disorders, but the status of lexical comprehension in anomia is still controversial. Most anomic patients are impaired on tasks of semantic-lexical discrimination, but some of them do not present clear signs of semantic-lexical deficit at the receptive level. The aim of the present research was to elucidate the nature of word-finding disturbances by contrasting results obtained by anomic patients with and without lexical comprehension disorders on a number of variables, namely severity of anomia, implicit knowledge of words that patients failed to name, presence of verbal-semantic paraphasias, and scores obtained on a test of phoneme discrimination and on the "Token Test." The results of our investigation seem to suggest that there are two types of anomia, caused by the impairment of two different sets of mechanisms. In "purely expressive anomia" the locus of defect seems to be near to the stage in which the selected lexical item is specified into the appropriate phonological form. In "anomia with lexical comprehension disturbances" the locus of defect seems to be much deeper within the lexicon, so that the semantic disorder affects both the expressive and the receptive levels in a roughly comparable manner.
Adult↗
Colour anomia resulting from weakened short-term colour memory. A case study.
A patient exhibited marked colour anomia without object anomia, but was able to point to named colours. Five experiments were conducted to investigate his immediate colour memory. It was concluded that his colour anomia was the result of an impaired short-term memory deficit specific to colour. Temporary activation of specific entries in the colour lexicon enabled pointing and even naming to take place. A general model incorporating all forms of colour anomia is presented.
Anomia↗
Relationship of anomia to perceived changes in financial status, 1973-1980.
Annual variations from 1973 to 1980 in the proportions of persons among representative samples of the United States population who indicated experiences of anomia (as assessed by the Srole anomia scale) were related significantly to the associated proportions of those persons who perceived adverse changes in their financial condition. These data suggest that changes in the economic conditions of a society may play an important role in societal integration, social solidarity, morale, and their behavioral correlates, such as suicide and various forms of psychopathology. These results are consistent with reported relationships of suicide rates to both anomia and economic conditions and with relationships of persons' perceived financial status to their experiences of anomia.
Anomie↗
Sociological and social-psychological correlates of anomia among a random sample of aged.
In this investigation the distribution of responses on an anomia index (Srole's anomia scale) was examined for a national probability sample of the elderly. Step-wise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the relative importance of the independent variables in explaining the variation of anomia. Of the zero-order correlations, the "sociological" variables, e.g., education, work status, occupational prestige, and yearly income, were the strongest correlates of anomia. The social psychological variables, viz., various attitudinal and perceptual phenomena, also exhibited reasonably strong correlations. Those variables labeled "activity/organizational," e.g., various indices of social engagement, revealed the lowest correlations. In step-wise regression analysis six statistically significant explanatory variables were, in descending order: (1) a judgement of one's relative financial standing, (2) city size, (3) race, (4) work status, (5) education, and (6) occupational prestige.
Aged↗
Anomia, self-esteem, and life satisfaction: interrelationships among three scales of well-being.
The extent to which anomia, self-esteem, and life satisfaction are conceptually distinct was studied by using factor analysis of the items from Srole's anomia scale, Rosenberg's scale of self-esteem, and the LSI-Z. The data came from interviews held with 1,332 older men living in nonmetropolitan areas of Iowa. The analysis demonstrated that, while the concepts of anomia and self-esteem are distinct, the domain of life satisfaction overlaps those of anomia and self-esteem. The representation of the five components of life satisfaction by the items of the LSI-Z is questioned, and caution in using the six-items version of Rosenberg's measure of self-esteem with older adults is suggested.
Aged↗
Age and anomia in middle and later life: a multivariate analysis of a national sample of white men.
Some social gerontologists have argued that the aged status in America results in distrust of and despair with the social order (anomia) independent of other determinants: lack of access to the means of achievement of life goals and social isolation. This argument was tested with a multivariate regression analysis utilizing data on 354 white men aged forty and older from the 1974 General Social Survey. The Srole anomia scale was used as the dependent variable. Multiple indicators of life chances and social participation were used; health and verbal intelligence were employed as controls. The results showed no relationship between age or other indicators of life chances and anomia, net of education and/or verbal intelligence. Prior studies reporting that age and anomia are causally related probably have done so due to lack of adequate control variables and/or due to cohort effects from the lesser education of the older population in the United States. Compared when employing appropriate controls, aged American males are not more anomic than middle-aged males.
Achievement↗
Anomia in moderate aphasia: problems in accessing the lexical representation.
This study has two objectives: (1) to determine through the analysis of surface manifestations of anomia whether one or several anomic syndromes exist, (2) to identify the psycholinguistic process at fault in anomia with reference to M. F. Garrett's (1982, in A. Ellis (Ed.), Normality and pathology in cognitive functions, London/New York: Academic Press) language production model. Two naming tasks were administered to 24 moderate aphasics. Test A was a standard naming task, and test B was a similar task which included subtests designed to indicate which level of representation was affected whenever patients did not name the target word. The subtests required, respectively, the identification of (a) a conceptual property, (b) two semantic attributes, (c) the first and (d) last syllable of the target word, and (e) the target word itself. Descriptive statistics yielded three groups of subjects different in terms of surface anomic manifestations, yet unrelated to clinical type of aphasia. Moreover, no significant differences between groups emerged on the subtests. All groups showed a good performance on the conceptual and the semantic subtests, suggesting preservation of high-level cognitive and semantic processes. In contrast, subjects evidenced poorer performances in syllabic identification, indicating a disruption of lower level mechanisms which are assumed to retrieve and process formal lexical representations. Results support the view that aphasic anomia originates from a difficulty in accessing the formal lexical representation and not from a semantic problem.
Adult↗
[Comparison between anomia with word comprehension difficulty and Gogi aphasia due to lobar atrophy].
We used naming and pointing tests and a proverb completion task to compare two cases of aphasia that exhibited a selective disturbance of word processing. One patient had anomia with word comprehension difficulty due to partial ablation of the left temporal lobe and the other patient had Gogi aphasia due to lobar atrophy with left temporal predominance. We presented 90 pictures of common objects divided into 9 categories in the naming and pointing tests, and used 10 well-known Japanese proverbs as stimuli in the proverb completion task. Performance of the naming and pointing tests was severely impaired in both patients. In the patient with anomia, words the patient could not name or point to varied from session to session and phonemic cue effects were frequently observed. The proverb completion phenomenon was positive. These findings indicate that the patient had an obstruction of the access route to the intact word store or a partial rarefaction of the word store itself. In the patient with Gogi aphasia, the words the patient could not name or point to were consistent from one occasion to another, and no phonemic cue effects or signs of familiarity were observed at all. The proverb completion phenomenon was totally negative. These findings indicate that the patient has lost the word store itself. MR images in the case of anomia revealed a lesion extending from the anterior to the central portion of the inferior part of the left temporal lobe. In the case of Gogi aphasia, the MR images displayed knife-edged focal atrophy in the anterior aspect of both temporal lobes, more prominently on the left.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Semantically-bounded anomia: implications for the neural implementation of naming.
We describe a patient whose anomia is disproportionately severe for fruits and vegetables when familiarity and name frequency are taken into account. His fruit and vegetable naming impairment was evident in a variety of different tasks. In contrast, he retained good general knowledge of fruits and vegetables, and he could access their names when given a phonemic cue. We discuss the phenomenon of semantically-bounded anomia in relation to the issues of local vs distributed representation, the existence of semantic "maps" in the brain, and the implementation of arbitrary associations in neural networks.
Anomia↗
A study of anomia: evidence for a distinction between nominal and propositional language.
We describe our investigations of the word retrieval abilities of a patient (NOR) with a very severe anomia. NOR had the greatest difficulty naming even very common objects to confrontation yet his word comprehension, word repetition and reading skills were intact. We documented the efficacy of different types of cues for name retrieval. Phonological and semantic cues were either ineffective or had a minor effect. By contrast a sentence frame even a low probability sentence frame (e.g. I went to the shop to buy a ...?) had a very significant facilitatory effect for object naming. In a series of experiments we explored the basis of this facilitation. It was shown that neither a picture frame, an associated verb, nor a syntactically correct but semantically meaningless sentence frame were effective cues. Our findings challenge the orthodox linear models of object naming. We interpret our observations in the context of Luria's distinction between nominative and propositional language. It is suggested that there may be two 'routes' to name retrieval, one that utilises a nominative system and an alternative one that utilises an on-line language processor that constructs propositional speech. It is the integrity of this latter system that could account for the facilitation of naming by a sentence frame in NOR, and also for the frequently observed phenomenon of the preservation of fluent speech in patients with a grave anomia.
Adult↗
Associative anomia: dissociating words and their definitions.
A 60-year-old woman, in whom magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography confirmed the presence of chronic damage to the left temporal lobe, had pure anomia with sparing of other language and cognitive functions. She could independently access lexical knowledge (words) and semantic knowledge (word definitions). We postulate that her anomia was due to a failure to associate lexical and semantic knowledge.
Anomia↗
A cognitive neuropsychological case study of anomia. Implications for psychological models of word retrieval.
The case of a neurological patient with severe anomic word-finding difficulties is reported. A detailed cognitive neuropsychological investigation of the patient's ability to name objects to confrontation was carried out in an attempt to determine where his cognitive deficits might lie. In contrast to the findings of recent case studies of word-finding difficulty (e.g., Howard and Orchard-Lisle, 1984), it was observed that the patient seemed to have a clear understanding of the items that he was trying to name, suggesting that his problems in word-finding were not semantically based. Indeed, the patient would often generate partial phonological information about the sought-after word, indicating that he had a specific target in mind, and this was reminiscent of 'tip-of-the-tongue' states in normal word-finding. A difficulty in retrieving complete phonological forms of words is considered as the probable locus of his anomia. A distinction is made between semantically-based and phonologically-based anomias.
Anomia↗
Sense of personal worth, self-esteem, and anomia of child-abusing mothers and controls.
Matched a group of 14 abusing mothers with an equal number of control mothers on race, educational level, income, and marital status. Their scores were compared on three personality scales, the Sense of Personal Worth Scale of the California Test of Personality, the Srole Anomia scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale. A significant difference (p < .05) was found between the groups on the Sense of Personal Worth scale; control mothers reported stronger feelings of personal worth based on their perceptions of others' evaluations of them. The difference between the groups approached significance (p < .07) on the Anomia scale, with abusing mothers scoring higher on feelings of social alienation. On the Self-Esteem scale, which indicates personal feelings of worth independent of the evaluations of others, no significant differences were found between groups. Correlation coefficients also were computed among scores obtained by the abusing mothers on the personality scales. Implications of these findings related to child welfare work with abusing mothers are discussed.
Adult↗
Personal worth, self-esteem, anomia, hostility and irrational thinking of abusing mothers: a multivariate approach.
Eighteen mothers identified as the perpetrator of physical abuse of their children were matched with respect to race, income and educational level with control mothers of children in daycare centers. Tests included: The Sense of Personal Worth Scale of the California Test of Personality, the Srole Anomia Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, three scales from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI). An overall MANOVA was performed on scores of the seven personality measures. Stepdown F-tests were conducted on scores of the seven test measures. With the RBI entered first, none of the subsequent variables was significant. Three variables (RBI, Negativism and Anomia) significantly discriminated between the abuse and control groups. Examination of the discriminant function coefficients revealed that the RBI was the most important contributing variable.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Readability of words as a function of their parts of speech in aphasics. A contribution to the definition of anomia (author's transl)].
Definitions of anomia as a symptom of aphasia have been classified into three categories. Some frequently cited experimental studies designed to establish a rank order of difficulty for parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs) have been briefly evaluated. An experiment has been conducted with 18 mild adult aphasics who were required to read lists of words which were controlled with respect to length, frequency of occurrence and part of speech. The results show that the linguistic category of part of speech has a highly significant influence on readability. Nouns are easier to read than adjectives and these easier than verbs. This finding does not necessarily contradict many definitions of anomia, though it calls into question the validity of many widely accepted interpretations. The results were explained in terms of phrase structure and dependence grammars.
Adult↗
Auditory modality-specific anomia: evidence from a case of pure word deafness.
In a patient with a classical syndrome of pure word deafness following a cerebrovascular accident detailed neuropsychological examination showed an almost absolute inability to name meaningful non verbal sounds, in spite of normal recognition as demonstrated by ability to match the sound with the corresponding natural source. This selective anomia, confined to auditory modality, is discussed in view of the previous researches regarding the general field in naming disturbances, which showed that for the vaste majority of aphasics, anomia was not modality dependent. Besides that the contrasting performance of the patient who showed complete lack of phonemic analysis matched with normal recognition of some acoustic parameters of speech as prosody and stress is discussed.
Aphasia↗
A personal case history of transient anomia.
The article presents a first-person account of a transient anomia or word-finding deficit; the assumption is that such an account, reported by someone with a professional background in memory, cognition, and language processes, may shed additional light on the nature of an anomic episode and on the subjective experience of memory and language disruption due to brain-related abnormalities. During the 45-min episode, I was unable to retrieve and use specific content words and terms ("data," "experiment," "printout") in overt speech. I was completely conscious of these target concepts, although not of their names, and was aware of my inability to find the words. Neither word finding for "everyday" words nor ongoing thought processes were particularly disrupted. The nature and quality of my thoughts during the episode indicate no loss of awareness of circumstances or "presence of mind," but no genuine awareness of the seriousness of the episode. I briefly consider the implications of my experience and the similarities to another published case history.
Adult↗