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PubMed2002

Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice.

BACKGROUND: As a folk remedy, Anethum graveolens seed (dill) is used for some gastrointestinal ailments. We aimed to evaluate aqueous and ethanolic extracts of anti-ulcer and acute toxicity effects of the Anethum graveolens in mice. RESULTS: Gastric mucosal lesions were induced by oral administration of HCl (1 N) and absolute ethanol in mice. The acidity and total acid content of gastric juice were measured in pylorus-ligated mice. LD50 values of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 3.04 g/kg, i.p., (1.5, 6.16) and 6.98 g/kg, i.p., (5.69, 8.56), respectively. The efficacy of high dose of extracts (p.o.) was similar to sucralfate. The acidity and total acid content were reduced by the orally or intraperitoneally administration of the extracts. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that A. graveolens seed extracts have significant mucosal protective and antisecretory effects of the gastric mucosa in mice.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed2025

Insights into dill (Anethum graveolens) flavor formation via integrative analysis of chromosomal-scale genome, metabolome and transcriptome.

INTRODUCTION: Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a significant medicinal herb belonging to the Apiaceae family. Owing to its high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dill is commonly utilized for essential oil extraction and medicine purpose. However, the biosynthesis of the crucial VOC in dill remains obscure. OBJECTIVES: Identify the key VOCs related to the flavor formation in dill and dissect the regulatory mechanism of their synthesis. METHODS: The dill chromosomal-level genome was constructed by PacBio HiFi, Hi-C, and BGISEQ second generation sequencing and assembly. The VOCs in dill leaves were identified through GC-MS. The potential mechanism involved in regulating the VOC accumulation in dill flavor formation was analyzed by multi-omics analysis. RESULTS: A 1.17 Gb chromosome-scale genome of dill with a contig N50 of 10.78 Mb was constructed. A total of 46,538 genes were annotated across 11 assembled chromosomes. Comparative genomics analysis suggested that transposable element insertions, especially LTR-Gypsy, have contributed to the evolution and expansion of the dill genome. The flavor formation of dill was mainly attributed to terpenoids, especially α-phellandrene, β-ocimene, and o-cymene. The contribution of expansion and replication of terpenoid synthesis pathway genes, especially terpene synthase (TPS), to the abundant terpenoid production of dill was identified. Differential gene expression patterns observed at various developmental stages and tissues provided key candidate genes for the regulation of terpenoid synthesis, as well as transcription factors. The different accumulation of esters and aromatics also affected the flavor formation of dill. The key genes implicated in the synthesis of anethole, namely AIS and AMT were further identified. CONCLUSION: This study constructed the chromosome level genome and identified the main VOCs and related key genes in flavor formation of dill, shedding lights on our understanding of terpenoid biosynthesis but also offered guidance for future genetic research on molecular breeding in Anethum graveolens.

Transcriptome↗

PubMed2006

The effects of Anethum graveolens L. on female reproductive system.

The effects of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) extracts on the female reproductive system were studied in 54 Wistar female rats with regular estrous cycle in six groups. The experimental groups were fed with 0.045 g/kg and 0.45 g/kg of aqueous extract, 0.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg of ethanol extract for 10 days. The sham group was fed with solvent and the controls received no treatment. The estrous cycle changes were determined by daily vaginal smear changes. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment blood samples were provided to determine the blood estradiol and progesterone concentration. The ovaries were prepared histologically and the volume of different follicles was estimated. A significant increase was observed in the duration of the estrous cycle and in the diestrus phase and the progesterone concentration in high dose extract treatment. The stereological study did not reveal any significant changes in the volumes of ovaries, primary, secondary and graafian follicles. Dill can be used either as a regulatory agent of the menstrual cycle for women with irregular cycles or as an antifertility agent. More studies are needed to clarify the properties of this herb.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed2000

9-Hydroxypiperitone beta-D-glucopyranoside and other polar constituents from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) herb.

A methanolic extract from dill (Anethum graveolens) herb was subjected to XAD-2 adsorption chromatography. The methanolic eluate was fractionated with the all liquid chromatographic technique of multilayer coil countercurrent chromatography (MLCCC). After acetylation of MLCCC subfractions and flash chromatography, final purification of dill herb constituents was achieved by preparative and/or analytical HPLC. Nine compounds were obtained in pure form, including the beta-D-glucopyranosides of 9-hydroxypiperitone, p-menth-2-ene-1,6-diol, and 8-hydroxygeraniol. Structure elucidation is based on electrospray ionization ion trap multiple mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) as well as one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Apiaceae↗

PubMed2003

Composition, quality control, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of long-time stored dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seeds from Bulgaria.

The essential oil of long-time stored seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) from Bulgaria was analyzed by physicochemical methods, gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) (achiral and chiral phases), and olfactometry, and its antimicrobial activity was tested by using different strains of microorganisms. More than 40 constituents of the essential dill oil, obtained from seeds stored for more than 35 years, could be identified as essential volatiles, responsible for the pleasant fresh (D-limonene) and spicy (D-carvone) odor of a high quality. As aroma impact compounds, D-carvone (50.1%) and D-limonene (44.1%) were found. Antimicrobial testings showed high activity of the essential A. graveolens oil against the mold Aspergillus niger and the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed2001

Antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum graveolens leaves after the removal of furocoumarins.

Serum triacylglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, with hyperlipidaemia induced by diet, were determined after oral adminstration of a water extract of Anethum graveolens leaves before and after the extraction of the furocoumarin content of the leaves. Administration of the extracts consecutively for 14 days reduced the triacylglycerides and total cholesterol levels by almost 50 and 20%, respectively. Chloroform extraction of furocoumarins from the aqueous extracts did not reduce the antihyperlipidaemic potential of the extracts to a significant degree. Oral administration of the essential oil of A. graveolens seeds, at two different doses, also reduced the triacylglyceride levels by almost 42%. The total cholesterol level was not reduced by the same doses of the essential oil.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed1978

[Flavonol glycosides of leaves and fruits of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). II. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].

From the leaves of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ten flavonol glycosides have been isolated by means of polyamide, paper and thin-layer chromatography and could be identified by the usual procedures. The two major flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide and isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, were obtained crystalline. The minor components were found to be the 3-glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-rhamnoglucosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two other 3-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin occur with the component sugars galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Besides these there are probably other two flavonoids present in trace amounts. In addition, the fruits of dill contain kaempferol 3-glucuronide as main component thought this component is completely absent in leaves.--This is probably the first time that isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide has been obtained crystalline from a plant.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMed1979

Influence of orbital flight conditions on formation of genitals in Muscari racemosum and Anethum graveolens.

It was shown that under space flight conditions development of male genitals in Muscari racemosum is accelerated compared to that of laboratory and natural field controls. Conditions of space flight produced an inhibitory effect on germination and germinative energy of Anethum graveolens seeds. The first stages of the plant development, right up to the flowering stage, also suffered from the inhibitory influence of space flight conditions. A cytoembryological study of the experiment and control plants found no essential differences between them.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed2005

The antimycobacterial constituents of dill (Anethum graveolens).

As part of a project to characterize selected members of the Kuwaiti flora for their phytochemistry and antimycobacterial activity, a new furanocoumarin, 5-[4''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-2''-butenyloxy]-6,7-furocoumarin (3), was isolated from the whole herb of Anethum graveolens. The known compounds oxypeucedanin (1), oxypeucedanin hydrate (2) and falcarindiol (4) were also isolated from this plant. The structure of each compound was determined by interpretation of NMR and mass spectrometric data. The three known compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against a panel of rapidly growing mycobacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range 2-128 microg/mL.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Volatile oil of Anethum Graveolens L. as an inhibitor of yeast and lactic acid bacteria].

The antimicrobial activity of 25 volatile oils from aerial parts and seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) of different geographical origin towards yeast Saccharomyces vini and lactic acid bacteria Lactobacterium buchneri was measured by serial dilutions. Volatile oils from mature seeds and green parts of the plants harvested at late vegetation phases showed the highest activity. The geographical origin of plants influenced insignificantly the antimicrobial activity of volatile oil.

Cell Division↗

PubMed2001

Genotoxicity of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), peppermint (Menthaxpiperita L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) essential oils in human lymphocytes and Drosophila melanogaster.

Genotoxic properties of the essential oils extracted from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) herb and seeds, peppermint (Menthaxpiperita L.) herb and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles were studied using chromosome aberration (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests in human lymphocytes in vitro, and Drosophila melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in vivo. In the CA test, the most active essential oil was from dill seeds, then followed essential oils from dill herb, peppermint herb and pine needles, respectively. In the SCE test, the most active essential oils were from dill herb and seeds followed by essential oils from pine needles and peppermint herb. Essential oils from dill herb and seeds and pine needles induced CA and SCE in a clear dose-dependent manner, while peppermint essential oil induced SCE in a dose-independent manner. All essential oils were cytotoxic for human lymphocytes. In the SMART test, a dose-dependent increase in mutation frequency was observed for essential oils from pine and dill herb. Peppermint essential oil induced mutations in a dose-independent manner. Essential oil from dill seeds was almost inactive in the SMART test.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied