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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Survival and microvascular responses to hemorrhage with three anesthetic combinations.

The effects of different anesthetic combinations on the responses to hemorrhage were investigated while using a single fixed protocol. Small artery (x +/- SE = 112 +/- 3 micron)) and vein (172 +/- 5 micron) responses to hemorrhage were quantitated in the cremaster muscle of 38 Sprague-Dawley rats via closed-circuit television microscopy. Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), urethan (800 mg/kg), and alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg), or urethan (600 mg/kg) and alpha-chloralose (120 mg/kg). After a 15-min control period, arterial blood pressure was lowered to 30 mmHg and maintained at that level for 60 min via hemorrhage from the femoral artery. The hemorrhaged blood was then reinfused, and recovery was monitored for 30 min. Survival was monitored for 7 days. Rats with heavier body weights (greater than or equal to 160 g) had a significantly greater survival rate, 81%, than did the lighter weight rats (less than 160 g), with a 32% survival rate. There were, however, no statistical differences in survival or microvascular responses among rats anesthetized with the three combinations of anesthetics. The combined data for all rats were: survival, 53%; small artery constriction, 45 +/- 2%; and small vein constriction, 21 +/- 3%.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol anesthetic combinations in binturongs (Arctictis binturong).

The efficacy, safety, and reliability of two ketamine-medetomidine-butorphanol anesthetic combinations were evaluated in 34 adult binturongs (Arctictis binturong). The animals were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. On the basis of estimated body weights, group high ketamine (HK) received ketamine (8 mg/kg, i.m.), medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg, i.m.), and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.) combined in a single injection, and group low ketamine (LK) received ketamine (2 mg/kg, i.m.), medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m.), and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.). Cardiopulmonary parameters were measured for approximately 45 min; the animals were then administered atipamezole (5 mg/mg medetomidine, i.m.). Individual responses varied greatly to the anesthetic combinations, but similar numbers of animals in each group needed supplemental anesthetic agents (seven in group HK and six in group LK). Mean heart rates were higher in the LK group throughout anesthesia. Animals in both groups were mildly to moderately hypoxemic, but oxygenation improved in both groups following supplemental oxygen administration. Respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, body temperatures, and end-tidal CO2 values were similar in both groups. Both protocols were effective; however, the LK combination is preferable because the mean recovery time was shorter.

Anesthetics, Combined↗
PubMed2002

Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the anesthetic combination tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX) for anesthesia of feral cats at large-scale neutering clinics. DESIGN: Original study. ANIMALS: 7,502 feral cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were trapped by their caretakers for a feral cat neutering program from July 1996 to August 2000. The anesthetic combination TKX was injected IM into cats while they remained in their traps. Each milliliter of TKX contained 50 mg of tiletamine, 50 mg of zolazepam, 80 mg of ketamine, and 20 mg of xylazine. Females were spayed by veterinarians, whereas males were castrated by veterinarians or veterinary students. Yohimbine (0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the end of the procedure. Logs were kept of the individual drug doses, signalment of the cats, and any complications encountered. These data were analyzed retrospectively (1996 to 1999) and prospectively (2000). RESULTS: Of the 5,766 cats for which dosing records were complete, 4,584 (79.5%) received a single dose of TKX. The mean initial dose of TKX was 0.24 +/- 0.04 ml/cat, and the total mean dose of TKX was 0.27 +/- 0.09 ml. Overall mortality rate was 0.35% (26/7,502) cats, and the death rate attributable solely to potential anesthetic deaths was 0.23% (17/7,502) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of TKX for large-scale feral cat neutering clinics has several benefits. The TKX combination is inexpensive, provides predictable results, can be administered quickly and easily in a small volume, and is associated with a low mortality rate in feral cats.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2000

Immobilization of free-ranging nine-banded and great long-nosed armadillos with three anesthetic combinations.

Nine-banded (n = 47) and great (n = 31) long-nosed armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus and Dasypus kappleri) were immobilized for clinical examination and collection of biological samples as part of a wildlife rescue during the filling of a hydroelectric dam (Petit Saut, French Guiana) from May 1994 to April 1995. Three intramuscular (i.m.) anesthetic combinations were evaluated: (1) tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z) at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg in 12 nine-banded long-nosed armadillos (NBA) and 10 great long-nosed armadillos (GLA), (2) ketamine at 40 mg/kg combined with xylazine at 1.0 mg/kg (K/X) in 18 NBA and nine GLA, and (3) ketamine at 7.5 mg/kg combined with medetomidine at 75 microng/kg (K/M) in 17 NBA and 12 GLA, antagonized by 375 microg/kg atipamezole. Induction was smooth, ranged from mean +/- SD = 2.8+/-0.6 to 4.3+/-1.8 min, and did not differ significantly between protocols, species, or sex. In NBA, immobilization time ranged from 43.8+/-27.8 to 66.5+/-40.0 min and did not differ between protocols or sex. Muscle relaxation was judged to be better with K/X and K/M versus T/Z. In GLA, the response to the anesthetic protocols was more variable and immobilization time ranged from 30.4+/-6.2 to 98.4+/-33.7 min. The main difference was observed in GLA females receiving the T/Z combination, in which immobilization time was significantly longer versus males, but also versus GLA K/M group, and versus NBA T/Z group. Effects on body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were limited. Thirty six to 50% of the individuals showed hypoxemia (SpO2 < 85%) throughout anesthesia and values <80% also were recorded but the hypoxemia was not associated with clinical signs. With T/Z and K/X, recovery was irregular and prolonged up to 2 to 3 hr in some individuals. In K/M groups, first standing was observed 1.0 to 16.4 min after i.m. atipamezole injection without adverse effects. Finally, the three anesthetic combinations used in this study were effective and safe agents for 30 to 40 min immobilizations including minor surgery procedures. The ability to antagonize the medetomidine-induced sedation with atipamezole significantly reduces the recovery time, making the K/M combination preferable, especially in field conditions.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1999

Alpha-2 agonist dissociative anesthetic combinations in fallow deer (Cervus dama).

Three anesthetic protocols, each using an alpha-2 agonist sedative in combination with a dissociative anesthetic, were evaluated in 17 captive fallow deer (Cervus dama). The alpha-2 agonist was given first in two of the three protocols: 1) detomidine (0.1-0.2 mg/kg i.m.) followed by tiletamine-zolazepam (3.0-6.3 mg/kg i.m.) and 2) xylazine (0.6-0.9 mg/kg i.m.) followed by tiletamine-zolazepam (4-5 mg/kg i.m.). In the third protocol, xylazine (1.0-6.2 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (2.5-5.1 mg/kg i.m.) were given simultaneously. Each of the sedative/anesthetic combinations produced acceptable immobilization in fallow deer and both provide an alternative to narcotic anesthesia.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

The cardiorespiratory effects of diazepam-ketamine and xylazine-ketamine anesthetic combinations in sheep.

The cardiorespiratory dynamics and anesthetic effects of intravenously administered diazepam-ketamine (0.375 mg kg-1/7.5 mg kg-1) and xylazine-ketamine (0.1 mg kg-1/7.5 mg kg-1) were investigated in six domestic sheep (Ovis aries). The depth of analgesia and sedation was evaluated and the effects of the anesthetic drug combinations on hemodynamics and pulmonary mechanics were monitored before, and up to 90 minutes after, drug administration. Diazepam-ketamine and xylazine-ketamine induced effective anesthesia for periods lasting 15 minutes and 25 minutes, respectively. Both drug combinations caused transient respiratory acidosis. However, no profound effects on respiration or pulmonary function were observed. Neither anesthetic regimen caused significant effects on heart rate or pulmonary hemodynamics, but they caused significant decreases in cardiac output. Xylazine-ketamine resulted in a significant decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure (Psa) with a concurrent decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Diazepam-ketamine caused a significant increase in SVR without affecting Psa. Xylazine-ketamine may be contraindicated in animals with compromised heart function because of its hypotensive effects. Otherwise, both drug combinations, in the doses used, can provide short-term anesthesia suitable for minor surgical procedures and painful experimental maneuvers.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses.

Six combinations of injectable anesthetic agents were administered to six adult horses in a Latin square design. The drug combinations were xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam, detomidine-ketamine, and detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine. Measured variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial pH (pHa), PaCO2, PaO2, recumbency time, and number of attempts necessary to stand. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation, and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. The horses required significantly more attempts to stand after administration of xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam, and detomidine-ketamine than after xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine, or detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine. Mean recumbency times varied from 23.0 minutes with xylazine-ketamine to 41.3 minutes with xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam. There were significant differences in mean heart rates at minute 15, mean respiratory rates at minutes 5, 10 and 15, and mean systolic blood pressures at minute 10 of anesthesia. There were no significant differences in pHa, PaCO2 or PaO2.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in free-ranging two-toed sloths in French guiana.

Immobilization was studied in 202 free-ranging two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus). All the sloths were in good condition with a body weight > 2 kg, and were anesthetized for a variety of minor clinical procedures. Intramuscular anesthetic combinations included 0.1 mg/kg acepromazine + 10 mg/kg ketamine (A/K, n = 30), 1 mg/kg xylazine + 10 mg/kg ketamine (X/K, n = 89), 10 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z, n = 37), and 0.04 mg/kg medetomidine + 3 mg/kg ketamine (M/K, n = 46) antagonized by 0.2 mg/kg atipamezole. The animals were quiet during the induction stage and complete recumbency was reached in (mean +/- SD) 2.5 +/- 2.0 min with A/K, 2.7 +/- 1.7 min with X/K, 1.8 +/- 0.6 min with T/Z, and 2.5 +/- 5 with M/K. Utilization of A/K was not satisfactory because of poor anesthetic level and lack of muscle relaxation. T/Z induced immobilization was characterized by deep anesthesia and good myorelaxation, but often was associated with irregular respiration and low relative oxyhemoglobin saturation values (SpO2). Ketamine in combination with alpha2-agonists, xylazine or medetomidine, provided suitable anesthesia, with good to excellent muscular relaxation, good analgesia, high SpO2 values, moderate bradycardia, but strong bradypnea with medetomidine. Anesthesia with M/K was reversed after 41.6 min of immobilization with atipamezole. Calm recoveries were obtained and the animals were able to hang up after 10.0 +/- 7.9 min. The first signs of arousal were observed within an average of 43 to 51 min after the injection of the three other combinations. Recoveries from X/K immobilization were quiet; sloths held on after 34 min. With T/Z, recovery duration was long and very irregular at 76.7 +/- 31.3 min, some animals required 3 hr before being able to hang up. Finally, ketamine in association with an alpha2-agonist appeared to give the best chemical immobilization in wild two-toed sloths for 40 min procedures including minor surgery.

Acepromazine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of combined anesthetics on the activity of various myocardium enzymes].

It is demonstrated by experiments with rabbits that the Ca2+-ATP-ase activity is stabilized when using combined anesthetics (diacetylcholine + halothane + N2O) as distinct from application of halothane. A decrease in the cholinesterase activity is less pronounced than under the halothane action but more than with the diacetylcholine application. A decrease in the Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity is observed with all types of anesthesia. A considerable inhibition of creatine kinase under the action of combined anesthesia and halothane and an increase of the lactate dehydrogenase activity under diacetylcholine application in mitochondria are shown. Reliable differences in the succinic dehydrogenase activity are not detected.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of xylazine and medetomidine in an anesthetic combination in New Zealand White Rabbits.

A comparison was made of two anesthetic protocols for cardiothoracic surgery in rabbits. Eight male New Zealand White rabbits (2.8 to 3.2 kg) were used in a double crossover study. Each rabbit received intramuscular ketamine (35 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg), and buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) or ketamine (35 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg), and buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) on alternate weeks. After intramuscular injection, each rabbit was intubated and placed on 0.75% isoflurane in 1 L O2/min. Palpebral, pedal, and righting reflexes and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured every minute for the first 10 min and every 5 min thereafter. Rabbits were monitored for 20 min of spontaneous ventilation followed by 60 min of intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation and isoflurane then were discontinued and recovery monitored. Systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures were higher in the medetomidine-treated rabbits. Return of the palpebral, pedal, and righting reflexes was prolonged in the medetomidine-treated rabbits. There were no differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, return to spontaneous breathing, and time to extubation between the two groups. These results indicate medetomidine can be safely used in rabbit anesthesia, provides acceptable cardiovascular parameters, and induces a longer anesthetic period than that of xylazine.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of Telazol-xylazine as an anesthetic combination for use in Syrian hamsters.

The availability of safe parenteral anesthetics for use in Syrian hamsters is limited. We evaluated the effects of Telazol-xylazine (TZX) combinations with respect to anesthetic efficacy and potential for tissue damage. Two dose levels of the combination were administered by both the intraperitoneal (IP) and intramuscular (IM) routes. TZX by the IM route failed to consistently produce anesthesia and caused gross and histopathologic muscle lesions. IP administration of 20 mg/kg Telazol combined with 10 mg/kg xylazine was adequate for restraint purposes. IP administration of 30 mg/kg Telazol combined with 10 mg/kg xylazine produced a safe, reliable level of surgical anesthesia without evidence of gross or histopathologic lesions. There was no nephrotoxicity at either concentration of the anesthetic. A dose level of TZX that provides safe parenteral anesthesia in Syrian hamsters was determined.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative evaluation of the effects of local anesthetics combined with morphine and administered epidurally].

The authors compare the efficacies of trimecaine (8 mg/kg), lidocaine (8 mg/kg), azacaine (2 and 3 mg/kg) alone and in combination with morphine (1.2 mg/kg), administered epidurally. Analgesia efficacy and duration were assessed by the electrostimulation method in experimental rabbits. First the pain threshold was defined, then the tested drugs were injected epidurally; the degree of the pain threshold rise permitted a judgment on the analgetic effect of the drugs. Combined injection of morphine and any of the tested anesthetics to the epidural space considerably prolonged the analgesia. The duration of the analgetic effect was the longest (over 24 h) with azacaine-based mixtures. Preliminary injection of morphine (1 h before azacaine) was conducive to a more rapid development of the epidural block and a more smooth course of analgesia. Experiments with mice have shown that addition of morphine to azacaine in the before volumes did not change azacaine toxicity.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1984

Xylazine-ketamine-oxymorphone: an injectable anesthetic combination in swine.

A xylazine, ketamine, and oxymorphone combination was investigated to determine its effectiveness as an injectable anesthetic regimen for use in swine. The combination was found to provide good narcosis, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, and was considered to be adequate for minor surgery. The intravenous dose rate was xylazine, 2mg/kg; ketamine, 2mg/kg; and oxymorphone, 0.075mg/kg. The dose of each component was doubled when the intramuscular route was used.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of detomidine anesthetic combinations in the rabbit.

Detomidine, a potent alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, was chosen for study alone and in combination with ketamine with or without diazepam. Four regimens were evaluated: detomidine (150 micrograms/kg of body weight) alone (D); ketamine (35 mg/kg) and detomidine (150 micrograms/kg) (KD); ketamine (35 mg/kg) and high-dose detomidine (300 micrograms/kg) (KDh); and ketamine (35 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), and detomidine (150 micrograms/kg) (KDD). The same six rabbits were anesthetized with each combination at weekly intervals. Atropine (0.04 mg/kg) was administered as a preanesthetic 5 min prior to test substance administration. All agents were administered IM, except for diazepam, which was administered IV. Heart and respiratory rates, mean arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gas tensions were measured. Pedal, palpebral, and righting reflexes also were evaluated. Cardiopulmonary depression, as indicated by decrease in heart and respiratory rates, blood pH, PO2, and increase in PCO2, was observed in all groups. With the exception of heart rate, detomidine used alone caused the least depression of these parameters. Reflexes were consistently lost only after KDh and KDD administrations. The pedal reflex, used as an index of anesthetic depth, was lost in response to KDh and KDD for 56.7 +/- 11.6 and 43.8 +/- 7.4 min, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Three of the six rabbits were anorectic after KDh administration. Necropsy and histologic evaluation revealed myocardial necrosis and fibrosis in five animals. Due to the inconsistent reflex loss in response to KD and D and inappetance associated with KDh, these combinations were not considered safe or reliable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analgesics↗