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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Australian hookworms (Ancylostomatoidea): a review of the species present, their distributions and biogeographical origins.

Ancylostomatoidea or hookworms recorded in Australia are reviewed and the attempt is made to provide the biogeographical background to their occurrence. The poor representation of this nematode superfamily is probably a reflection of the fact that they are primarily parasites of Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Insectivora, Rodentia, Edentata, Proboscoidea and primates, eutherian mammals which are either absent from the Australian fauna or which have only recently reached the continent. The principal genera of hookworms recorded to date from Australia are Ancylostoma, Bunostomum, Necator and Uncinaria. The majority of the ancylostomatoid fauna is represented by introduced species of man and domestic animals. Native or endemic species of hookworms are restricted to members of the genus Uncinaria with two species occurring in rodents and pinnipeds. Only a single endemic species of hookworm is known, U. hydromyidis, which is found in the small intestine of a rat. Significant problems remain in understanding the systematics, epidemiology and evolutionary relationships of the Australian ancylostomatoid fauna.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1999

Sequence differences in the internal transcribed spacers of DNA among four species of hookworm (Ancylostomatoidea: Ancylostoma).

The two ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (1 and 2) of the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum, A. tubaeforme, A. ceylanicum and A. duodenale were sequenced. The sequence lengths were similar among the four species, except that A. ceylanicum had slightly longer (by 5-7 bp) internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences. The predicted secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacer 2 precursor rRNA was similar for all species, despite interspecific differences in primary sequence ranging from 0.9% to 13.2%. Interspecific differences in internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence ranged from 0.9% to 7.5%. A cladistic analysis of the sequence data, using the human hookworm Necator americanus as the outgroup, provided little resolution of the phylogenetic relationships, except that A. ceylanicum occurred on a branch external to the other three species. Nonetheless, internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 may provide useful phylogenetic information at higher taxonomic levels within the superfamily Ancylostomatoidea.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Progress in controlling ancylostomatoidea infections in Georgia].

Ancylostomatidae (Necator) infections are endemic in the west part of Georgia. This is promoted by natural and socioeconomic conditions of the region. The baseline Ancylostomatidae infection rates in the population average 43%. The specific features of an epidemic process of Ancylostomatidae infections under different regional conditions were clinically and epidemiologically studied, which made it possible to start implementing a whole package of differential therapeutical and preventive measures purposefully. This caused a drastic and steady-state reduction in invasion in the population. By 1990, a Ancylostomatidae infection rate of 0.009% was achieved, which was much lower than that of virtual Ancylostomatidae infection eradication.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1989

Two new nematodes from the Iriomote cat, Prionailurus iriomotensis, from Okinawa: Uncinaria (Uncinaria) maya n. sp. (Ancylostomatoidea) and Molineus springsmithi yayeyamanus n. subsp. (Trichostrongyloidea).

Uncinaria (Uncinaria) maya n. sp. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) and Molineus springsmithi yayeyamanus n. subsp. (Nematoda: Molineidae) are described from the Iriomote cat, Prionailurus iriomotensis, on Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan. Uncinaria (U.) maya resembles Uncinaria (Uncinaria) felidis Maplestone, 1939, from Prionailurus bengalensis of India but is distinguished in that the body is much smaller, the ventral rays are set closely with the lateral rays, and the externolateral ray is much shorter than other laterals. Molineus springsmithi yayeyamanus differs from Molineus springsmithi springsmithi Inglis and Ogden, 1965, from Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldi of East Nepal in that the body is much longer, whereas the esophagus is somewhat shorter and the spicules are divided more distally. Presence of the closely related nematodes in both the Iriomote cat and P. bengalensis suggests a close evolutionary relationship of the 2 hosts.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed2005

Definition of genetic markers in nuclear ribosomal DNA for a neglected parasite of primates, Ternidens deminutus (Nematoda: Strongylida)--diagnostic and epidemiological implications.

Ternidens deminutus (Strongylida) is a parasitic nematode infecting non-human and human primates in parts of Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands. The present study genetically characterized T. deminutus and defined genetic markers in nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a basis for developing molecular-diagnostic tools. The sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of rDNA were determined for adult specimens of T. deminutus (Nematoda: Strongylida: Oesophagostominae) from the Olive baboon and the Mona monkey. The length and G+C content of the ITS-2 sequences was 216 bp and approximately 43%, respectively. While there was no sequence variation among individual T. deminutus specimens from the baboon, 6 (2.8%) nucleotide differences were detected in the ITS-2 between the parasite from baboon and that of the Mona monkey, which is similar to the difference (3.2%) between 2 other species of Oesophagostominae (Oesophagostomum bifurcum and O. stephanostomum) from non-human primates, suggesting significant population variation or the existence of cryptic (i.e. hidden) species within T. deminutus . Pairwise comparisons of the ITS-2 sequences of the 2 operational taxonomic units of T. deminutus with previously published ITS-2 sequences for selected members of the subfamilies Oesophagostominae and Chabertiinae indicated that species from primates (including those representing the subgenera Conoweberia and Ihleia) are closely related, in accordance with previous morphological studies. The sequence differences (27-48.3%) in the ITS-2 between the 2 taxonomic units of T. deminutus and hookworms (superfamily Ancylostomatoidea) enabled their identification and delineation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based mutation scanning. The genetic markers in the ITS-2 provide a foundation for improved, PCR-based diagnosis of T. deminutus infections and for investigating the life-cycle, transmission patterns and ecology of this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Nomenclature of Strongylidae above the family group].

It is necessary to distinguish the three main evolutionary lines which presently constitute the Trichostrongyloidea. We propose to raise the following taxa of Strongylida as presented in the CIH keys (1974). Ancylostomatina for Diaphanocephaloidea and Ancylostomatoidea. Strongylina for Strongyloidea. Trichostrongylina for Trichostrongyloidea. Metastrongylina for Metastrongyloidea. The Trichostronglyina suborder includes three superfamilies: Trichostrongyloidea, Molineoidea superfam. nov. and Heligmosomoidea superfam. nov.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevalence of intestinal parasitoses among the users of the Health Center of Sousas District, Campinas, São Paulo (1986-1990)].

The prevalence of intestinal parasites was carried on users of the Health Center of Sousas District, Campinas, SP (1986-1990). From 770 observed medical records we verify 114 positive cases (14.8%) for protozoa, helminths and commensals. Ascaris lumbricoides (48.2%), Giardia lamblia (30.7%), Trichuris trichiura (18.4%) and Enterobius vermicularis (9.6%) were more prevalent in preschool children. The adults, what are the most numerous class, appeared few parasitised. The other parasites and commensals appeared with a prevalence like the traditional brazilian population surveys, except for the absence of tenids and low prevalence of Ancylostomatoidea. We propose the realization of routine stool parasitological examinations among the preschool children and the use of the primary health care data in parasitological survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Demonstration of shared carbohydrate epitopes in intestinal proteins of some bovine gastrointestinal nematodes.

The presence of shared carbohydrate intestinal epitopes in bovine gastrointestinal nematodes was demonstrated. Proteins were extracted from the intestinal tissue of a laboratory strain of adult Haemonchus placei and used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Analysis of this detergent extract by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 7-9 bands ranging from approximately 39 to 298 kDa. The mAbs reacted with periodate-sensitive epitopes and, in western blots, recognized high molecular weight protein bands (approximately 111-298 kDa). Immunohistochemical studies with the mAbs verified the intestinal location of the epitope(s) in the laboratory strain as well as in a recent field isolate of H. placei. Epitope(s) were conserved among species examined within the Trichostrongyloidea (Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei, and Haemonchus contortus), semiconserved among species within the Strongyloidea (present in Oesophagostomum radiatum, absent in Oesophagostomum venulosum), and absent in the only species examined in the Ancylostomatoidea (Bunostomum phlebotomum).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Presence in a rodent of Chili of the nematode Inglamidinae (sub. fam. nov.) belonging to Amidostomatidae, a family known to be found in mammals of Australia].

The Inglamidinae n. sub-fam., a new sub-family of Amidostomatidae from chilean Cricetidae is described with Inglamidum akodon gen. et sp. n. as the type genus and species. Out of the 23 Akodon captured in the same area, three samples of this nematode have been collected from two different species. These findings confirm that we are dealing with a well-adapted parasite and exclude the possibility of a fortuitous catch or an accidental transfer. This family displays two significant groups of taxonomic characters, including archaic characters such as cephalic structures which unite them to the Amidostomatidae, and on the other hand some more recently elaborated characters such as monodelphism and shape of synlophe and spicules which relate them to the Heligmosoms and more significantly to the line Viannaia-Viannella parasite of South-American Marsupials. We interpret this species as a "parasite of capture" and we assume that very similar species might occur in other endemic Mammals, mostly Marsupials. On a paleobiogeographical point of view this interpretation would make due allowance for postulating that the Amidostomatidae from Mammals have originated during the Secondary concurrently with the Marsupial expansion. These ancestral Nematodes would have given birth to the other Trichostrongyloidea through reduction of buccal cavity, and to the Ancylostomatoidea by further elaboration of buccal apparatus. Contrary to Inglis's hypothesis we are in favour of the genera Globocephaloides and Hypodontus to be assigned to the Globocephalinae and Uncinariinae (Ancylostomatidae) respectively, rather than to the Amidostomatidae. The occurrence of an Amidostomatidae in a South American Cricetidae is somewhat quite unexpected, mostly because this family is known to occur from australian Mammals only and also because the parasited Mammals are the most primitive of the group (Monotremes and Marsupials).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 reveals significant substructuring in hookworm populations.

Sequence heterogeneity in a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (pcox1) was measured for the hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum from Australia, A. duodenale from China, and Necator americanus from China and Togo using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis combined with DNA sequencing. The pcox1 sequences were characterised for individual nematodes displaying genetic variation within each of the three species, and those were compared with pcox1 sequences of four other species of hookworm. While intraspecific variation in the pcox1 sequence ranged from 0.5 to 8.6% for A. caninum, 0.3 to 3.3% forA. duodenale, and 0.3 to 4.3% for N. americanus, interspecific differences varied from 4.8 to 12.9%. Sequence data also provided information on nucleotide compositions and substitution patterns. Genetically distinct groups were detected within A. caninum and A. duodenale, indicating significant population substructuring within these species. Also, N. americanus individuals from China all differed from those from Togo at four nucleotide positions, supporting a previous proposal (based on ribosomal DNA sequence data) that N. americanus may represent a species complex. The findings indicated the value of pcox1 sequence data and the mutation scanning approach for studying the genetic structures of hookworm populations, which should have important epidemiological relevance.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1986

Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 2,2'-disubstituted 5,5'-dibenzimidazolylsulfides and sulfones.

A number of substituted diphenylsulfides and sulfones (4-11) and 2,2'-disubstituted-5,5'-dibenzimidazolyl sulfides and sulphones (12-19) have been synthesized starting from 5-chloro-2-nitroacetanilide and (3) 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (9), respectively. Among the compounds tested against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in hamsters and Hymenolepis nana in rats and mice, 14, 15, 18 and 19 removed 100% of the worms at an oral dose of 25 mg/kg X 1 to 250 mg/kg X 3. Some of the compounds were tested for their blood schizontocidal activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice but none showed any activity up to an oral dose of 10 mg/kg given for 6 days.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed2006

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Melia azedarach naturalized in Argentina.

The anthelmintic activity of the drupe extracts of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) growing in Argentina was tested against tapeworms, hookworms, nodular worms and earthworms, and was shown to be better than the standards piperazine phosphate and hexylresorcinol against tapeworms and hookworms, respectively.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed2007

Repeatability of paired counts.

The Bland and Altman technique is widely used to assess the variation between replicates of a method of clinical measurement. It yields the repeatability, i.e. the value within which 95 per cent of repeat measurements lie. The valid use of the technique requires that the variance is constant over the data range. This is not usually the case for counts of items such as CD4 cells or parasites, nor is the log transformation applicable to zero counts. We investigate the properties of generalized differences based on Box-Cox transformations. For an example, in a data set of hookworm eggs counted by the Kato-Katz method, the square root transformation is found to stabilize the variance. We show how to back-transform the repeatability on the square root scale to the repeatability of the counts themselves, as an increasing function of the square mean root egg count, i.e. the square of the average of square roots. As well as being more easily interpretable, the back-transformed results highlight the dependence of the repeatability on the sample volume used.

Algorithms↗