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Results for “Air Pollution, Radioactive”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Contamination levels to room air arising from the use of 99mTc-gas and prevention from the contamination].

99mTc-gas (TECHNEGAS) is a 99mTc-labeled micro-aerosol which is considered to have different behavior from 133Xe or 81mKr gas. In order to estimate contamination levels to room air arising from the use of 99mTc-gas, filtered expired air during administration and 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 min after the administration were collected in each polyethylene bag. Radioactivities of the polyethylene bags, used filter and the lung were measured with 3-head scintillation camera. The activity of the expired air diminished within 6-10 min and about 5% of whole discharged 99mTc-gas was released to room air. The activity of the used filter was two times of the lung. According to these results, it is recommended that the 99mTc-gas may be administrated in a exclusive room. The administrated patient and used filter must be remain in the exclusive room.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

A new technique for preliminary estimates of TRU activity on air sample filters and radiological smears.

In most nuclear facilities, fixed air samplers and sometimes portable air samplers are used where some probability of a release exists but is not expected, and so the added expense and effort of using a continuous air monitor is not deemed justified. When a release is suspected, naturally occurring radioactive material buildup on the filter typically prevents any quantitative measurements within the first day or so. Likewise, outdoor air measurements suffer from the same limitations (such as those taken during the Los Alamos fires) and so any rapid quantifiable measurements of fixed air sampler/portable air sampler filters which are technically defendable (even though conservative) are of use. The technique presented here is only intended for use in routine health physics survey applications and does not presently appear to be appropriate for sub pico Curie activity determinations. This study evaluates the utility of using a portable continuous air monitor as an alpha spectrometer to make transuranic activity determinations of samples using both the built in algorithm for air monitoring and a simple region of interest analysis. All samples evaluated were from air sample filters taken using a portable air sampler. Samples were taken over many months to quantify effects from natural variation in radon progeny activity distributions.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1982

Airborne radioactive materials and plants: a review.

Airborne radioactive materials readily contaminate plant surfaces and thus are incorporated into the food chains. Most of the nuclear fission products and naturally occurring radionuclides in the air are carried on solid particles ranging in size from a few submicrons to several millimetres in diameter. Of many available mechanisms, rainfall plays a dominant role in the deposition and removal of radioactive particles from plants. Mechanisms for the deposition of submicron particles, which carry significant amounts of radioactivity, are still not very well understood. Available information on the physicochemical aspects of the retention of radionuclides by plants is inadequate in explaining radionuclide uptake and desorbability. Much of the work reported so far has been carried out on selected fission products only. There is a dearth of data pertaining to naturally occurring radionuclides, especially 222Rn and its daughters, significant amounts of which are released to the environment during uranium mining and milling operations. Radiation damage in plants is difficult to detect except at levels of contamination thousands of times higher than those attained in most real life situations. Existing reports five conflicting accounts of the damage induced by low-level radiation in plants. The literature data discussed in this review are presented as basic information needed for the conduct and interpretation of useful research.

Air↗
PubMed2004

Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas. DESIGN: Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. SETTING: Nine European countries. SUBJECTS: 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14,208 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks of lung cancer and radon gas concentrations in homes inhabited during the previous 5-34 years measured in becquerels (radon disintegrations per second) per cubic metre (Bq/m3) of household air. RESULTS: The mean measured radon concentration in homes of people in the control group was 97 Bq/m3, with 11% measuring > 200 and 4% measuring > 400 Bq/m3. For cases of lung cancer the mean concentration was 104 Bq/m3. The risk of lung cancer increased by 8.4% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.8%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in measured radon (P = 0.0007). This corresponds to an increase of 16% (5% to 31%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in usual radon--that is, after correction for the dilution caused by random uncertainties in measuring radon concentrations. The dose-response relation seemed to be linear with no threshold and remained significant (P = 0.04) in analyses limited to individuals from homes with measured radon < 200 Bq/m3. The proportionate excess risk did not differ significantly with study, age, sex, or smoking. In the absence of other causes of death, the absolute risks of lung cancer by age 75 years at usual radon concentrations of 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m3 would be about 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.7%, respectively, for lifelong non-smokers, and about 25 times greater (10%, 12%, and 16%) for cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, though not separately, these studies show appreciable hazards from residential radon, particularly for smokers and recent ex-smokers, and indicate that it is responsible for about 2% of all deaths from cancer in Europe.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1985

A union and consumer proposal for the regulation of enhanced natural radiation.

This paper discusses the problems related to enhanced exposure of workers to natural radiation and other pollutants in the working and living environment, with particular attention to radon. A method is proposed for regulating this high priority problem, which also considers the variable borderline between the controllable and uncontrollable exposure contributions. It is based on the principles of an integrated health policy regarding air quality. The complex multiple source exposure in private dwellings, at the workplace and through consumer goods should be taken into account as discussed in recent WHO and ILO reports. The important role of ventilation practices for future health is put forward. As far as regulation of exposure to ionizing radiation is concerned the present Euratom Basic Safety Standards are considered inadequate. Particular attention is given to a specification of justification and optimization and to a practical use of a hierarchy of limits as defined in the IAEA/ILO/WHO/NEA Basic Safety Standards.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2006

Some remarks on the indoor radon distribution in a country.

From the point of view of indoor radon activity concentrations, a country is characterized correctly by two parameters (GM and GSD) of a lognormal distribution if and only if hypothesis tests do not reject the distribution of the local radon activity concentrations as a lognormal one. The authors introduce a way to obtain an empirical distribution using a stratum system covering almost the whole country and in each stratum the lognormal model is acceptable according to hypothesis tests. The sample for the analysis is provided by the measurement of radon level in 15,619 Hungarian homes.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2001

Cost effectiveness analysis of radon remediation programmes.

The economic implications of regulations governing radon gas level identification and remediation in buildings are poorly understood, and attempts to address these issues have been criticised for lack of comparability. It is imperative therefore that a general model for the economic evaluation of radon remediation programmes is adopted to ensure comparability between studies and settings and to increase the usefulness of the results to decision makers. This paper presents general guidelines for the use of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) as an economic appraisal tool in the evaluation of radon reduction and prevention programmes. The data requirements for a CEA of radon remediation programmes concern both costs and outcomes. These components are discussed with respect to: programme objectives, comparator choice, perspective, time horizon, discounting, uncertainty, and final ratios. Adhering to clear guidelines concerning these aspects of evaluations will facilitate meaningful evaluation of radon remediation programmes. Finally, by evaluating the radon remediation programmes using methods applied to other health interventions (such as lung cancer prevention interventions), comparisons using the same metric can be made across policy areas.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗