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Results for “AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[General pharmacology of T-3761, a new oral quinolone antibacterial agent (2). Effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, autonomic nervous system and other functions].

General pharmacological effects of T-3761, a new oral quinolone antibacterial agent, on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, autonomic nervous system and other functions were investigated in laboratory animals. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems: Oral administration of T-3761 at doses of 100-1,000 mg/kg did not affect in conscious rats. But intravenous administration of T-3761 at doses of 10-100 mg/kg caused an increase in respiratory rate, induced hypotension, caused increase or decrease in heart rate and altered ECG patterns (elevation of T waves and reduction of voltage of QRS complexes, etc.) in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous administration of T-3761 at doses of 10-100 mg/kg showed respiratory rate increase or decrease, hypertension, heart rate decrease and ECG patterns changes (T waves elevation and extrasystole) in anesthetized rabbits. 2. Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle organs: T-3761 increased the epinephrine-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens at concentration of 10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml. T-3761 decreased the acetylcholine-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum and epinephrine-induced relaxation of the isolated guinea pig trachea-chain at concentration of 10(-4) g/ml. T-3761 increased the norepinephrine-induced contraction of the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta at concentration of 10(-4) g/ml. Oral administration of T-3761 at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg exerted slight mydriasis in mice. 3. Digestive system: T-3761 decreased the spontaneous motilities of isolated ileum and colon at concentration of 10(-4) g/ml. Oral administration of T-3761 at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg inhibited gastric output and intestinal transit time in rats or mice. 4. Renal functions: Oral administration of T-3761 at a dose of 300 mg/kg increased Na+ excretion but did not affect PSP excretion in rats. 5. Hematological examinations: T-3761 showed no effects on resistance to hemolysis, blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in rabbits at concentration of 10(-6)-10(-4) g/ml. Oral administration of T-3761 at dose of 100-1,000 mg/kg did not affect bleeding time or blood glucose level in rats. 6. Miscellaneous effects: Intravenous administration of T-3761 at a dose of 100 mg/kg slightly inhibited the twitch tension of gastrocnemius in anesthetized rats. Oral administration of T-3761 at doses of 300-1,000 mg/kg exerted slight augmentation of carrageenin-induced hind paw edema in rats. From these results, it can be assumed that T-3761 had a wide safety margin as an oral antibacterial agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Recent trends in studies of the etiology of hypertension: Central nervous system and autonomic nervous system].

Abnormality of autonomic nervous system is one of the important mechanisms in hypertension. Arterial baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity is reset to higher level of blood pressure in hypertension. Abnormality of arterial baroreceptors has been studied as the mechanism of resetting in hypertension. However, recent studies have been focused on the role of central nervous system. Many factors in peripheral system also exist independently in the brain, such as the renin-angiotensin system, nitric oxide, endothelin-1. They contribute importantly to regulation of blood pressure. New approaches to examine the central control of cardiovascular regulation are now developing. Such methods will be useful in the study of the role of specific genes in the particular areas within the brain that regulate blood pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

General pharmacological profile of the novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011, a drug for xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome. 2nd communication: effects on somatic nervous system and on autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle.

A novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011 ((+/-)-cis-2-methylspirol[1,3-oxathiolane-5,3'-quinuclidine] monohydrochloride hemihydrate, cevimeline, CAS 153504-70-2), is a candidate therapeutic drug for xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome. The general pharmacological properties of this drug on the somatic nervous system and on the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle were investigated in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats. 1. Somatic nervous system: SNI-2011 had no effect on the neuromuscular junction in rats and no muscle relaxant effect in mice. No surface anesthetic effect was observed in guinea pigs, but infiltration anesthetic effect was found after intracutaneous injection of solution (1% or higher). 2. Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle: SNI-2011 tended to cause mydriasis at 3 mg/kg i.v. or higher in rabbits and dose-dependently caused mydriasis at 10 mg/kg p.o. or higher in rats. Mydriasis in rats was also observed by ophthalmic instillation, caused via the peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. SNI-2011 elevated the base line tension of nictitating membrane in cats when it was injected intravenously at 3 mg/kg or higher. In the smooth muscle, SNI-2011 increased the spontaneous movement of isolated rabbit ileum (1 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher), contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum (1 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher) and isolated guinea pig trachea (3 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher). SNI-2011 relaxed the histamine- and noradrenaline-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig aorta and augmented noradrenaline- and phenylephrine-induced contractions of isolated rat vas deferens. These effects were induced by relatively higher concentrations only i.e. 1 x 10(-5) mol/l or higher. From these results, SNI-2011 has muscarinic side effects on the somatic nervous system and on the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle, however, in the case of oral administration, that is clinical administration route, SNI-2011 caused no muscarinic side effect at the effective doses needed for saliva secretion.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1998

Peptidic regulation of heart rate and interactions with the autonomic nervous system.

Autonomic influences on the heart rate have been the subject of intense research for many decades and are classically devoted to the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. However, developments over the past few years in our knowledge of the organization of the autonomic nervous system have led to the conclusion that in addition to the classical transmitters, peptidic transmitters are clearly present and have direct or indirect actions on cardiac conduction. Neuropeptides have been found to collocate with each other or with classical transmitters, thereby increasing the variety of chemical signals that a neuron can utilize to communicate with other cells. Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or neurohormones. Some are produced in endocrine glands and circulate as hormones, while others are contained in cardiac myocytes, neurons, or endothelial cells in proximity to the sinoatrial node and can therefore act in a paracrine or autocrine way on the pacemaker cells to modulate heart frequency. There is evidence supporting such a role, especially for locally situated neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, angiotensin II, natriuretic peptides, endothelins and possibly many others. The role of the peptidic neurotransmitters in the conduction system should not be exaggerated. Nevertheless, neuropeptides certainly represent a new category of neurotransmitters forming a third component of the autonomic nervous system and may have complex actions with potential therapeutic implications in man.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed2002

[Autonomic nervous system examinations].

Autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of cardiovascular system. We reviewed the autonomic nervous system examinations. Time and frequency domain analyses in heart rate variability is obtained from short- and long-term ECG and have predictive values of prognosis in various conditions of heart disease. Baroreflex testing evaluates autonomic modulation of arterial pressure. Baroreflex sensitivity is expressed by the(arterial blood pressure)/(RR interval in ECG) slope in response to infusion of nitroglycerine or phenylephrine. Decrease in baroreflex sensitivity is superior to heart rate variability in identifying patients with poor prognosis in post myocardial infarction. 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an analogue of norepinephrine and hence cardiac 123I-MIBG imaging can visualize cardiac sympathetic nervous system. Defect area in the early phase(15 to 30 min after injection) indicates localization of ventricular denervation. MIBG uptake, measured as a heart to mediastinum activity ratio, had a high predictive vale for survival. Altered MIBG uptake may also play a significant role in the assessment of arrhythmogenic potential in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation or congenital long QT syndrome.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1993

Functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) via its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions influences the function of nearly all organ systems. Via autonomic reflexes, the ANS is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the internal environment. This is achieved by a rather complex integration of autonomic sensory information, somatic sensory information, and descending influences from higher central nervous system centers.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1996

Syncope and the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in the maintenance of hemodynamic stability. Dysfunction of this complex regulatory system can lead to the development of loss of consciousness. This article summarizes our current understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in maintaining a stable blood pressure and heart rate under normal and abnormal physiologic conditions. The role of baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, vascular reactivity, and the interaction of these sensor systems with the central nervous system as a whole are reviewed. Current concepts related to the mechanisms of unexplained syncope and the "state-of-the-art" diagnostic and treatment options are also discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Chagas' heart disease and the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is abnormal in patients with advanced Chagas' heart disease. Most researchers consider these autonomic abnormalities as primary, specific and irreversible. However, when and why these abnormalities appear in the natural history of Chagas' disease, is still the subject of intense controversy. Recent morphological and functional studies strongly suggest that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic abnormalities are preceded by myocardial damage and left ventricular dysfunction. Moreover, chagasic patients with cardiac failure benefit from drugs which antagonize neurohumoral activation. Consequently, the abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system of chagasic patients are very likely secondary and partially reversible.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1992

Neuronal specificity and plasticity in the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric subdivisions. The present review is focussed upon the highly specialized reflex organization and neurochemistry of sympathetic parasympathetic neurons. The currently available informations allow to conclude that autonomic control of each peripheral target tissue is specifically regulated under normal conditions but nevertheless able to respond to altered conditions by changes in neural activity and mediator expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Stratification of patients at risk for sudden cardiac death with special reference to the autonomic nervous system].

The autonomic nervous system plays a decisive role in the genesis of sudden cardiac death. During recent years, two noninvasive tests for quantitative assessment of cardiac autonomic tone have become available: analysis of heart rate variability from 24-h ambulatory recordings and determination of baroreflex-sensitivity by means of the phenylephrine method. Numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest that heart rate variability assesses tonic vagal activity whereas baroreflex-sensitivity is considered to reflect phasic or reflex vagal activity. Both methods, however, are not redundant but rather complimentary. An advantage of assessment of baroreflex-sensitivity is represented by the fact that it can be performed under controlled laboratory conditions which yields a good intra- and interindividual comparability of test results. Some retrospective as well as prospective studies have assessed the value of determination of cardiac autonomic tone with respect to risk stratification after myocardial infarction. In general, these studies indicate that the combined assessment of autonomic tone together with left ventricular function yields an improved prediction particularly of the risk of dying due to arrhythmic events. It appears that baroreflex-sensitivity is particularly useful to predict arrhythmic events whereas heart rate variability seems to be linked more to cardiovascular mortality. Preliminary results of the largest prospective study of this kind, the ATRAMI study, indicate that the combined assessment of LVEF and baroreflex-sensitivity considerably improve risk stratification after myocardial infarction. If the final analysis of this trial confirms this, prospective interventional studies should be initiated to evaluate our ability of reducing the risk of sudden death based on noninvasive risk stratification.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role not only in physiological situations, but also in various pathological settings such as diabetic neuropathy, myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Autonomic imbalance associating increased sympathetic activity and reduced vagal tone has been been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. Among the different available noninvasive techniques for assessing the autonomic status heart rate variability (HRV) has emerged as a simple, noninvasive method to evaluate the sympathovagal balance at the sinoatrial level. It has been used in a variety of clinical situations including diabetic neuropathy, MI, sudden death and CHF. The standard measurements intervening in the analysis of HRV comprise time domain indices, geometric methods and components of the frequency domain. Measurements of HRV are generally performed on the basis of 24 hour Holter recordings (long-term recordings) or on shorter periods ranging from 0.5 to 5 minutes (short-term recordings). The use of long or short-term recordings depends on the type of study that has to be realised. Established clinical data based on numerous studies published during the last decade consider decreased global HRV as a strong predictor of increased all-cause cardiac and/or arrhythmic mortality, particularly in patients at risk after MI or with CHF. This article reviews the mechanism, the parameters and the use of HRV as a marker reflecting the activity of the sympathetic and vagal components of the ANS on the sinus node, and as a clinical tool for screening and identifying patients particularly at risk for cardiac mortality.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1992

Specialized functional pathways are the building blocks of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system supplies each type of target organ via separate pathways which consist of sets of pre- and postganglionic neurones with distinct patterns of reflex activity. This has been firmly established for the lumbar sympathetic nervous system to skin, skeletal muscle and viscera, for the thoracic sympathetic outflow to the head and for several parasympathetic systems. In principle, that was already known by Langley. The specificity of the messages that these pathways transmit from the central nervous system arises from integration within precisely organized pathways in the neuraxis. The messages travel along discrete functional pathways and are transmitted to the target tissues via close neuroeffector junctions. Integration in the periphery occurs within each pathway, both in ganglia and at the level of the effector organs. We still need to understand how the central messages get through without distortion and how they control the diverse functions of the vasculature and viscera.

Animals↗