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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Feeding and egg distribution studies of Heringia calcarata (Diptera: Syrphidae), a specialized predator of woolly apple aphid (Homoptera: Eriosomatidae) in Virginia apple orchards.

Predation by the aphidophagous syrphid fly Heringia calcarata (Loew) on woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), was studied in the laboratory and in Virginia apple orchards. Feeding studies compared the prey suitability of three temporally sympatric aphid pests of apple: spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch; rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini); and woolly apple aphid. Significantly more H. calcarata larvae survived and completed development on a pure diet of woolly apple aphid than on rosy apple aphid, and none survived on spirea aphid. Final larval weights were significantly greater, and the larval developmental period was significantly shorter on woolly apple aphid than on rosy apple aphid, but neither the duration of pupal development nor adult weight differed between diets. H. calcarata larvae consumed an average of 105 woolly apple aphids during their development. Naïve, neonate larvae given access to all possible pair combinations of woolly apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, and spirea aphid consumed significantly more woolly apple aphids in all pairings that included woolly apple aphid. When given a choice of rosy apple aphid and spirea aphid, significantly more rosy apple aphids were consumed. Weekly counts of syrphid eggs found in woolly apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, and spirea aphid colonies collected from apple trees showed that two generalist hover fly predators, Eupeodes americanus (Wiedemann) and Syrphus rectus Osten Sacken, were present in colonies of all three aphid species and that E. americanus was the most abundant syrphid predator in A. spiraecola and D. plantaginea colonies. H. calcarata eggs were found only in woolly apple aphid colonies and were more abundant there than E. americanus and S. rectus. These data suggest that H. calcarata is a specialized predator of woolly apple aphid in the apple ecosystem in Virginia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

High-pressure washing treatments to remove obscure mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and lightbrown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from harvested apples.

Mixed life stages of obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), and late 1st-instar or early 2nd-instar lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), on 'Royal Gala' apples (Malus domestica Borkhausen) were exposed to standard packhouse processing with and without addition of high-pressure apple washer treatments. Insect removal and mortality were assessed. After standard packhouse processing approximately 60% of P. viburni remained on their host apples. The 2 high-pressure apple washer treatments (500 and 800 psi at 2.0 rods/s) were equally effective and significantly reduced the number of P. viburni on apples compared with the packhouse control. High-pressure apple washer removal by location decreased in the following order: calyx cavity outside the sepals > cheek approximately stem cavity > or = calyx beneath sepals. About half of the E. postvittana larvae infesting apples was removed by standard packhouse processing. Removal rates were similar for all locations on open-calyxed apples. However, no removal occurred from the calyx beneath the sepals if the apple calyx was closed. All 4 high-pressure apple washer treatments tested (500 and 800 psi at 1.0 and 2.0 rods/s) halved the number of larvae on the apple exterior relative to the packhouse control. The pattern of removal for larvae on open-calyxed apples was calyx outside sepals approximately stem cavity > calyx beneath the sepals approximately cheek. A similar pattern was evident for larvae on closed-calyxed apples, except insects beneath the sepals evaded removal. The persistence of insects on the apple cheek reflects the high proportion of larvae inside tunnels in this location compared with other apple locations. Removal of internally positioned insects was much lower than that of externally positioned insects.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Apple quality, storage, and washing treatments affect patulin levels in apple cider.

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced primarily by Penicillium expansum, a mold responsible for rot in apples and other fruits. The growth of this fungus and the production of patulin are common in fruit that has been damaged. However, patulin can be detected in visibly sound fruit. The purpose of this project was to determine how apple quality, storage, and washing treatments affect patulin levels in apple cider. Patulin was not detected in cider pressed from fresh tree-picked apples (seven cultivars) but was found at levels of 40.2 to 374 microg/liter in cider pressed from four cultivars of fresh ground-harvested (dropped) apples. Patulin was not detected in cider pressed from culled tree-picked apples stored for 4 to 6 weeks at 0 to 2 degrees C but was found at levels of 0.97 to 64.0 microg/liter in cider pressed from unculled fruit stored under the same conditions. Cider from controlled-atmosphere-stored apples that were culled before pressing contained 0 to 15.1 microg of patulin per liter, while cider made from unculled fruit contained 59.9 to 120.5 microg of patulin per liter. The washing of ground-harvested apples before pressing reduced patulin levels in cider by 10 to 100%, depending on the initial patulin levels and the type of wash solution used. These results indicate that patulin is a good indicator of the quality of the apples used to manufacture cider. The avoidance of ground-harvested apples and the careful culling of apples before pressing are good methods for reducing patulin levels in cider.

Beverages↗
PubMed1989

[A clinical study of two cases with immediate hypersensitivity to apple-pulp and an investigation of cross-allergenicity between apple-pulp allergen and some other pollen allergens].

In Japan there are no case reports of immediate hypersensitivity to apple-pulp. Here, we report on two patients: a 23-year-old woman and a 14-year-old girl with 3-year and 7-year histories, respectively, of anaphylactic reactions to apple-pulp. In the first patient, eating raw apples immediately elicited itching and tingling of the lips and mouth with severe edema of the lips and tongue, irritation of the throat and slight colic in the upper abdomen. In the second, nausea and vomiting occurred after ingestion of apples. In skin prick tests, they showed positive reactions to apple-pulp extract prepared by the method of Björkstén et al. and to fresh apple juice. In addition, IgE antibody to the apple-pulp extract was detected in the sera of both patients. They also possessed IgE antibodies to some other species of both pollens and fruits/vegetables in their sera. In the present study, cross-allergenicity between apple-pulp and five pollen species, which consisted of birch, Japanese cedar, orchard grass, mugwort and ragweed pollen, was investigated by RAST inhibition. The apple-pulp extract effectively inhibited RASTs to all the pollens except Japanese cedar pollen. These results suggested that the four pollens might have shared allergen with the apple-pulp extract.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Birch pollinosis and atopy caused by apple, peach, and hazelnut; comparison of three extraction procedures with two apple strains.

This study aimed, first, to study the prevalence in The Netherlands of atopy caused by apple, peach, and hazelnut in patients with tree pollinosis, and, second, to compare three extraction procedures for skin prick testing with two different apple strains. Skin prick tests and RAST were performed on 79 consecutive patients with tree pollinosis, visiting the department of allergology during spring 1995. In skin prick tests, we used three different extracts (juice, freeze-dried extract, and low-temperature acetone powder extract) of two apple strains, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith. Case histories for apple, peach, and hazelnut were positive in 35 (44.3%), 23 (29%), and 35 (44.3%) patients, respectively. More than two-thirds of the patients had symptoms characteristic of oral allergy syndrome. Skin prick tests for apple, peach, and hazelnut were positive in 51 (64.6%), 61 (77.2%), and 71 (89.9%) patients, respectively. Granny Smith showed more positive skin reactions and a better agreement with clinical history than Golden Delicious, and juice was superior to the two other extraction procedures for both apple strains. RAST for apple, peach, and hazelnut was positive in 53 (68.8%), 13 (16.9%), and 31 (40.3%) patients, respectively. Concordance between skin prick test and case history was found in 77%, 52%, and 54%, for apple, peach, and hazelnut, respectively. We found a high percentage of concurrence of clinical allergy to birch pollen and apple, peach, and hazelnut, confirmed by both skin prick testing and RAST. Approximately half of these patients had symptoms (especially oral allergy syndrome) after eating these products. We also found an easy extraction procedure (juice extract) suitable for apple skin prick testing, superior even to freeze-dried extraction or the low-temperature acetone powder technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Degradation of parathion methyl on field-sprayed apples and stored apples.

Residue levels of parathion methyl on field-sprayed Granny-Smith apples were studied. The pesticide was applied according to producer recommendations. Apples received a single spraying at a rate of 40 g active ingredient/100 L. Residues were determined with a simple gas chromatographic method. Recovery of parathion methyl was 88-108%, and the limit of determination was 0.002 mg/kg. Decomposition of parathion methyl was studied in apples remaining on trees after spraying and in apples harvested and stored under ambient-temperature, refrigerated-room, and controlled-atmosphere conditions. During post harvest storage, parathion methyl degrades more slowly than on apples remaining on the trees. Best-fit curves were determined, and kinetic equations, rate constants, and half-lives were calculated. Half-lives found were 8 days for apples on trees, 45 days for apples stored at ambient conditions, 68 days for apples stored in controlled-atmosphere room, and 62 days for apples stored in a refrigerated room. Under storage conditions, levels of parathion methyl residues need a long time to become lower than the legal limit (0.2 mg/kg).

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic method for determination of patulin in clear and cloudy apple juices and apple puree: collaborative study.

A collaborative trial was conducted to validate the effectiveness of a liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure for determination of patulin in both clear and cloudy apple juices and apple puree. The test portion of clear apple juice was directly extracted with ethyl acetate; cloudy apple juice and apple puree were treated with pectinase enzyme before extraction. After back-extraction into sodium carbonate to remove interfering acidic compounds, the extract was dried and concentrated, and patulin was determined by LC with UV detection. Clear and cloudy apple juices, apple puree test samples naturally contaminated with patulin, and blank test samples for spiking with patulin were sent to 14 collaborators in 12 different European countries. Test portions of each of the 3 test sample types were spiked with patulin at 75 ng/g. Recoveries of patulin ranged from 80 to 92%. Based on the results for spiked test samples (blind pairs) and naturally contaminated test samples (blind pairs at 3 levels), the relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 8 to 35% and 11 to 36%, respectively. Although HORRAT values of <1.4 were obtained for all 3 matrixes at patulin levels ranging from 26 to 121 ng/g, better performance values (RSDr values 6-10% and RSDR values 11-25%) were obtained for clear and cloudy apple juice spiked above 50 ng/g, which is either the statutory limit or the advisory level for patulin contamination in apple juices in many countries.

Beverages↗
PubMed1983

[Simultaneous determination of volatile substances in intact apples and apple juice using gas chromatographic head-space analysis].

Relations between the rate of the generation of volatiles by intact apples during their ripening and the contents of the volatiles in the juice pressed out of the apples were investigated with the aid of two different techniques of headspace gas analysis. The juice was analyzed by the technique of stripping and trapping in a closed circuit, which made it possible to determine the violatiles in concentrations of several tens of micrograms/1 of juice. The volatiles generated by intact apples were determined by analysis the gas percolating through a layer of fruits by a sample-enrichment technique, the sensitivity of analysis being some hundredths of micrograms/1. The resistance of the apple matrix against the transfer of volatiles generated by apples to their surrounding does not vary substantially during the ripening of apples on tree. The permeability constant of the apple matrix ranges from some tenths to units of m1/(kg . h) with all the volatiles and apple species studied.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2003

Transgenic tobacco and apple plants expressing biotin-binding proteins are resistant to two cosmopolitan insect pests, potato tuber moth and lightbrown apple moth, respectively.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) and apple (Malus x domestica cv. Royal Gala) plants expressing avidin or strepavidin were produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. ELISA assays showed that avidin expression ranged from 3.1 to 4.6 microM in tobacco and from 1.9 to 11.2 microM in apple and streptavidin expression ranged from 11.4 to 24.5 microM in tobacco and from 0.4 to 14.6 microM in apple. Expressed at these levels, both biotin-binding proteins conferred a high level of insect resistance on transformed tobacco plants to larval potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (fam. Gelechiidae) and on apple plants to larvae of the lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (fam. Tortricidae). More than 90% of PTM larvae died on tobacco plants expressing either avidin or streptavidin genes within 9 days of inoculation. Mortality of LBAM larvae was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on three avidin-expressing (89.6, 84.9 and 80.1%) and two streptavidin-expressing (90 and 82.5%) apple plant lines than on non-transformed control plants (14.1%) after 21 days. Weight of LBAM larvae was also significantly reduced by feeding on all apple shoots expressing avidin and on apple shoots expressing streptavidin at levels of 3.8 microM and above.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2004

The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids.

Regular fruit consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, which has been attributed in part to fruit-derived antioxidant flavonoids. However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed by humans, and the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity observed after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods often greatly exceeds the increase in plasma flavonoids. In the present study, six healthy subjects consumed five Red Delicious apples (1037 +/- 38 g), plain bagels (263.1 +/- 0.9 g) and water matching the carbohydrate content and mass of the apples, and fructose (63.9 +/- 2.9 g) in water matching the fructose content and mass of the apples. The antioxidant capacity of plasma was measured before and up to 6 h after food consumption as ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), without or with ascorbate oxidase treatment (FRAPAO) to estimate the contribution of ascorbate. Baseline plasma FRAP and FRAPAO were 445 +/- 35 and 363 +/- 35 microM trolox equivalents, respectively. Apple consumption caused an acute, transient increase in both plasma FRAP and FRAPAO, with increases after 1 h of 54.6 +/- 8.7 and 61.3 = 17.2 microM trolox equivalents, respectively. This increase in plasma antioxidant capacity was paralleled by a large increase in plasma urate, a metabolic antioxidant, from 271 +/- 39 microM at baseline to 367 +/- 43 microM after 1 h. In contrast, FRAP and FRAPAO time-dependently decreased after bagel consumption, together with urate. Consumption of fructose mimicked the effects of apples with respect to increased FRAP, FRAPAO, and urate, but not ascorbate. Taken together, our data show that the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity in humans after apple consumption is due mainly to the well-known metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1994

Apple allergy: the IgE-binding potency of apple strains is related to the occurrence of the 18-kDa allergen.

Low-temperature, acetone powder extracts were prepared from mature fruit of 16 apple strains. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis revealed great variation in the relative amounts of the 18-kDa apple allergen in these extracts. EAST (RAST) scores, measured with individual and pool sera from patients allergic to birch pollen and apples, ranged from 0.2 to 4.0 and were related to the relative amount of the 18-kDa protein. These findings were confirmed by ELISA-inhibition assays, dose-related histamine release, semiquantitative evaluation of immunoblots by absorption/reflection densitometry, and skin prick tests with extracts of Golden Delicious, Boskoop, and Jamba apples (corresponding to a high, low, and very low 18-kDa allergen content). Additional open oral challenge tests were performed with two apple-allergic patients and 15 and 16 apple strains. With all methods, the deduced allergenic potency decreased in the following order: Golden Delicious > Boskoop > Jamba. Therefore, we concluded that the IgE-binding potency of apple strains depends on the occurrence of the 18-kDa allergen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2026

Marker-assisted screening of resistance to fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab in local apple varieties from Uzbekistan.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide; however, its production is severely constrained by major diseases, including fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab. Breeding disease-resistant cultivars represents a sustainable alternative to chemical control, particularly through the effective utilization of local germplasm resources from Central Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the presence and distribution of resistance-associated alleles in local apple varieties from Uzbekistan using polymorphic DNA markers. A collection of local apple accessions was screened to identify markers linked to resistance against fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab. The analysis revealed substantial genetic variation in resistance gene combinations among the studied varieties. The fire blight-associated marker AE10-375 was detected in 79.8% of the accessions. For powdery mildew resistance, 75.2% of the varieties carried resistance alleles corresponding to both Pl1 and Pl2 genes. Screening for apple scab resistance demonstrated that Vfa2, Vfa1, and Rvi6 were the most prevalent genes, with Vfa2 detected in 95.4% of the accessions. Regional analysis indicated that accessions from Karakalpakstan exhibited the highest proportion of genotypes harboring markers associated with resistance to multiple diseases. Six local varieties-Atlas olma, Turkish, Xuboni, Krasniy jeleznyak, Shoyi olma, and Besh barmoq-were identified as carrying resistance-associated markers for all three diseases. These findings demonstrate that local apple germplasm from Uzbekistan represents a valuable genetic resource for resistance to economically important diseases. The identified genotypes provide promising donor material for breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with durable, broad-spectrum resistance while reducing reliance on chemical control strategies.

Malus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhanced recovery of Salmonella from apple cider and apple juice with universal preenrichment broth.

A comparison was made of the relative efficiencies of Universal Preenrichment (UP) broth and lactose broth for the recovery of a variety of Salmonella serovars from pasteurized and unpasteurized apple cider and pasteurized apple juice. Bulk portions of juice were contaminated with single Salmonella serovars at high and low levels of 0.4 and 0.04 CFU/mL, respectively. The juice was aged for a minimum of 5 days at 2-5 degrees C. On the day analysis was initiated, each of 20 test portions (25 mL) of the contaminated juice was preenriched in UP broth and in lactose broth. The Bacteriological Analytical Manual Salmonella culture method was followed thereafter. For pasteurized apple cider, UP broth recovered significantly (p < 0.05) more Salmonella-positive test portions than did lactose broth (112 and 75, respectively). For unpasteurized apple cider, UP broth recovered significantly more Salmonella-positive test portions than did lactose broth (326 and 221, respectively). For pasteurized apple juice, UP broth recovered more Salmonella-positive test portions than did lactose broth (93 and 81, respectively). However, this difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate that UP broth should replace lactose broth for the analysis of pasteurized and unpasteurized apple cider and pasteurized apple juice.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Fumaric acid in apple juice: a potential indicator of microbial spoilage of apples used as raw material.

The effects of heat treatment (evaporation and excessive heating), and microbial contamination (Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium expansum and Lactobacillus plantarum) as sources of fumaric acid formation in apple juice concentrates were investigated. Fumaric acid formed in apple juice did not exceed 1.0 mg l(-1) during both commercial-scale evaporation and laboratory-scale excessive heat treatment, indicating that malic dehydration is not the primary source of fumaric acid formation. However, R. stolonifer and L. plantarum produced 18.23 +/- 0.82 and 5.39 +/- 0.31 mg l(-1) fumaric acid as determined in the raw juice obtained from contaminated apples after 5 days of incubation. The mean fumaric acid content of apple juice concentrates manufactured in 2000, 2001 and 2002 were determined as 4.9 +/- 1.9, 5.7 +/- 2.8 and 4.1 +/- 2.6 mg l(-1), respectively. The overall results suggest that the primary source of fumaric acid in apple juice concentrate is the use of apples decayed by certain microorganisms capable of producing fumaric acid.

Beverages↗
PubMed2003

Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats.

To evaluate the effect of apple components on cecal fermentations and lipid metabolism, rats were fed diets containing 5 g/100 g apple pectin (PEC), 10 g/100 g high polyphenol freeze-dried apple (PL) or both (PEC + PL). The cecal pH was slightly acidic (6.49) only in rats fed the PEC + PL diet (controls, 7.02). The cecal short-chain fatty acid pool was enlarged by all the apple fractions, with a peak of 560 micromol in rats fed the PEC + PL diet compared with 189 micromol in controls. Butyrate concentrations were 2-fold greater in rats fed the PL diet than in controls. Substantial concentrations of galacturonate and succinate (approximately 40 mmol/L) were found in the cecum of rats fed the PEC diet and, to a lesser extent, the PEC + PL diet. The PEC + PL diet significantly lowered plasma cholesterol, whereas both the PL and PEC + PL diets lowered plasma triglycerides. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were lower in rats fed the PEC and PEC + PL diets. Fecal bile acid excretion was markedly reduced, whereas sterol excretion was significantly increased by dietary PEC. Rats fed the PEC and PEC + PL diets also had lower apparent cholesterol absorption than controls (30 compared with 43%). In conclusion, apple pectin and the polyphenol-rich fraction were more effective when fed combined together than when fed separately on large intestine fermentations and lipid metabolism, suggesting interactions between fibers and polyphenols of apple.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Influence of apple cultivars on inactivation of different strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider by UV irradiation.

This study examined the effect of different apple cultivars upon the UV inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains within unfiltered apple cider. Apple cider was prepared from eight different apple cultivars, inoculated with approximately 10(6) to 10(7) CFU of three strains of E. coli O157:H7 per ml (933, ATCC 43889, and ATCC 43895), and exposed to 14 mJ of UV irradiation per cm(2). Bacterial populations for treated and untreated samples were then enumerated by using nonselective media. E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889 showed the most sensitivity to this disinfection process with an average 6.63-log reduction compared to an average log reduction of 5.93 for both strains 933 and ATCC 43895. The highest log reduction seen, 7.19, occurred for strain ATCC 43889 in Rome cider. The same cider produced the lowest log reductions: 5.33 and 5.25 for strains 933 and ATCC 43895, respectively. Among the apple cultivars, an average log reduction range of 5.78 (Red Delicious) to 6.74 (Empire) was observed, with two statistically significant (alpha < or = 0.05) log reduction groups represented. Within the paired cultivar-strain analysis, five of eight ciders showed statistically significant (alpha < or = 0.05) differences in at least two of the E. coli strains used. Comparison of log reductions among the E. coli strains to the cider parameters of (o)Brix, pH, and malic acid content failed to show any statistically significant relationship (R(2) > or = 0.95). However, the results of this study indicate that regardless of the apple cultivar used, a minimum 5-log reduction is achieved for all of the strains of E. coli O157:H7 tested.

Beverages↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of border sprays for managing the codling moth (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and the apple maggot (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Ontario apple orchards.

The efficacy of two insecticide control programs for managing the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were compared in the Georgian Bay, London, Niagara, and Quinte apple production areas of Ontario during 1995, 1996, and 1997. In the border spray program, an initial cover spray of organophosphorus insecticide was applied to eradicate codling moths that may have colonized a test plot during the previous growing season. Subsequent sprays were applied only to a four-tree-wide zone (approximately 20 wide) around the perimeter of the plot to control immigrating codling moths or apple maggots. In the cover spray program, all sprays of organophosphorus insecticide were applied to the entire plot. Apple maggot injury was significantly greater in border spray program plots than in cover spray program plots only during 1995 in the London production area. There was no significant difference in codling moth injury between border spray and cover spray plots in the four production areas during the three-year study. The elimination of cover sprays from border spray plots during July and August may have left the apple crop more susceptible to damage by second generation larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), in the London production area during 1995. There was a trend of increasing codling moth injury from 1995 to 1997 in two border spray plots, and apple maggot injury was detected in these plots during the third year of the study.

Animals↗