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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Pesticides and domestic animals.

Domestic animals are quite often poisoned by pesticides despite the considerable effort made through legislation and Ministry recommendations to provide adequate safeguards for the use of agricultural chemicals. All pesticides have to be registered and recommendations and restrictions for use are printed on the labels. But a number of cases involving the misuse of certain poisons as bait for vermin has caused concern recently to both Government and industry. Special problems face the veterinary surgeon who has to treat a pet animal with suspected esticide poisoning. This paper provides possible sources of information from which the veterinary surgeon may obtain help with diagnosis, advice on treatment and laboratory aid.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting duration and intensity of trypanosome infection of domestic animals.

Domestic animals can become infected with several species of trypanosomes that are transmitted by tsetse, including Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. The intensity and duration of the resulting parasitaemia are affected by the parasite, the host and detection methods. Techniques currently used to detect parasites range in sensitivity from one to 10(5) organisms per ml. At the same time, parasite kinetics vary greatly both within and between species of trypanosomes, although as a rule, at least for cattle, it is usual for T. vivax to give rise to higher parasitaemias (greater than 10(6) per ml) than T. congolense (less than 10(6) per ml) which is generally more persistent, while T. brucei results in only scanty transient parasitaemia (less than 10(5) per ml). It should also be appreciated that both T. vivax, and T. brucei, unlike T. congolense, invade tissues. Species of the host infected has a significant effect on parasitaemia patterns, e.g., in contrast to cattle, dogs develop high parasitaemias (greater than 10(7) per ml) when infected with T. brucei. Certain animals possess a remarkable inherent capacity to control, reduce and even self-cure infections, irrespective of the species of infecting trypanosome. This is best demonstrated by trypanotolerant breeds of cattle such as the NDama and West African Shorthorn, as well as by most species of wild Bovidae and Suidae. Physiological and environmental factors can probably influence the kinetics of infection but these are poorly defined and await quantification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

IgE response to fur animal allergens and domestic animal allergens in fur farmers and fur garment workers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the IgE response to the most commonly farmed fur animals with that to domestic animals. METHODS: IgE-immunoblotting and RAST-inhibition analyses were performed using RAST-positive sera from fur workers sensitized to fur allergens and sera from patients sensitized to domestic animal allergens. RESULTS: The urine extracts of mink, blue fox, silver fox, raccoon dog and fitchew contained more protein bands than the fur extracts did. Allergens with the same molecular weight were found in all of the fur and urine extracts. The most prominent allergenic bands had molecular weights of 62-67 kDa, 23-25 kDa and 18-19 kDa. With crossreacting sera the reciprocal RAST inhibition with all five animal extracts indicated common IgE-binding epitopes, probably common allergens (especially the 62-67 kDa bands). Urine and fur contain common allergens, since urine allergens strongly inhibited the IgE-binding to fur allergens. The IgE binding to allergenic bands of fur animal extracts was also observed in immunoblotting when dog and cat RAST-positive sera were used, but not for cow RAST-positive sera. RAST inhibition of dog-positive sera with fur animal extracts and fur-positive sera with dog extract confirmed the crossreactivity of these IgE antibodies. No such inhibition was seen with cow extract. CONCLUSION: The results of the RAST inhibition and immunoblotting suggest that fur animals have IgE binding epitopes or allergens in common with cat and dog--possibly albumin--but not with cow.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Generating biological models through gene transfer to domestic animals.

Transgenic domestic animals remain infrequently used as models for biochemical, biomedical or pharmaceutical studies. The difficulty in obtaining these animals and the cost of their maintenance explains this situation. This review briefly summarizes the different techniques of gene transfer, targeted or not, and also the techniques for constructing vectors for transgene expression. A few examples of domestic animal models are also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase in domestic animals.

In domestic animals, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase is mainly in the kidneys, the pancreas and the intestine; its liver activity is relatively high in cows, horses, sheep and goats and very low in dogs, cats and birds. The use of plasma reference values can help to interpret the variations of serum GGT mainly in hepatobiliary diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and cholestatic disorders of dogs. Urinary GGT is a good test of kidney toxic damage.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Appropriateness of animal rights in housing conditions in animal husbandry of domestic animals].

Along with a general redirection of values in agriculture, the need for action arises for veterinary medicine and other life sciences to establish suitable tools for the objective assessment of housing conditions with regard to their appropriateness concerning animal welfare. First communication between the disciplines involved demands a uniform use of terms. Assessment can be carried out generally either directly by using pathological, physiological and ethological reactions of the animals as criteria or indirectly by the means of technical criteria. Both approaches can indicate poor or good conditions with regard to animal welfare and are generally agreed upon. However using these measures in practise often yields problems referring to the methodology and to the results that are hard to interpret. Criteria referring to the state of the animals have a reduced meaningfulness due to the following aspects: A lot of criteria are lacking sensibility and specificity, which leads to a small diagnostic selectivity. A large number of sources for variance aggravate the use of reference values in order to distinguish between normal or abnormal levels. In many cases there is a lack of firm evidence that the level of changes correlates with the health and welfare of the animals. Due to contradictions caused by the differing properties of the variables being measured the measures do not always co-vary. Results and conclusions of the assessments are closely connected to the specific experimental design and cannot easily be transferred to the housing conditions in practice showing a large variance. Therefore criteria referring to the animals can be used primarily for the assessment of standardized or serial produced housing systems, where a direct comparison between systems is permissible. In order to find out the weak points of the housing conditions concerning animal welfare, on-farm assessment can be carried out more advantageous by using design criteria. Those criteria can be divided into structural and technical elements on the one hand and management born factors like hygiene, climate and feeding on the other. The use of structural and technical elements as criteria ensures a high level or repeatability of the results and practicability in the application. However, a confinement to structural and technical elements went along with a marked reduction in the meaningfulness of the assessment. The use of management born factors is governed by the specific situation. The variation of results depend to a high degree on the time of evaluation. Statements of the real situation within a longer period of time therefore require great efforts. Due to the complex phenomenon there is justified concern that a comprehensive assessment and conclusion referring to the appropriateness of housing conditions concerning animal welfare is not possible. Few criteria cannot be equated with the whole. However, partial statements can be achieved under a scientific point of view using a mixture of different criteria. In order to integrate and weigh the varied results reached by different criteria, a systemic approach and an integrative way of diagnosis is needed. Up to now there is a lack in matured concepts that put the integrative approach of assessment into practice.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Major injuries from "domestic" animals in children.

Domestic animals are a potential cause of serious injury to handlers and children. In developed countries dogs are the most common cause of such injuries, but in developing countries childhood injuries from domestic animals have not been given much attention. A retrospective analysis of major injuries from domestic animal attacks in children aged 12 years or less in a developing country showed 17 injuries in 16 children. The locations were the abdomen (6), head and neck (4), extremities (3), external genitalia (3), and back (1). A big-horned cow was the cause of injury in 11 patients, a donkey in 4 and a ram in 1. Children under 10 years were injured by provoked animals, mostly as bystanders, while older children were handlers. Four abdominal injuries were penetrating with evisceration and contusion of bowel and required a laparotomy. One blunt splenic injury was managed non operatively and one by partial splenectomy. Two head injuries were managed non operatively. All other injuries were examined and explored with the child under general anaesthesia. These injuries were debrided and closed primarily or closure was delayed when contamination was heavy or adequate debridement was limited by vital neighbouring structures. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis were given for all open wounds. The average duration of hospital stay was 7.3 days. Three patients had wound infections resulting in long hospitalizations. Two patients died (12.5%), 1 from a severe head injury and 1 from an overwhelming infection. The management of major injuries from domestic animals in children requires meticulous evaluation and examination during general anaesthesia to establish the extent of injury and avoid missed injuries. Prevention of these injuries requires public education about the proper and compassionate handling of domestic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of ovarian follicle development in domestic animals.

In most domestic animals the later stages of follicle development occurs in a wave-like pattern during oestrous cycles (cattle, sheep, goats, horses and buffalo) or periods of reproductive activity (llamas and camels). A follicle wave is the organized development of a cohort of gonadotrophin-dependent follicles all of which initially increase in size, but most of which subsequently regress and die by atresia (subordinate follicles). The number of remaining (dominant) follicles is specific to the species and is indicative of litter size. Follicle waves develop during both luteal and follicular phases and it is the dominant follicle(s) of the last follicular wave that ovulates. However, there are cases where dominant follicles from the last two follicle waves can ovulate (sheep and goats). There are exceptions to the organized wave-like pattern of follicle growth where follicle development is apparently continuous (pigs and chickens). In these animals many follicles develop to intermediate diameters and at specific times follicles that are destined to ovulate are selected from this pool and continue growing to ovulation. Understanding the pattern of follicle development in different species is increasingly important for designing improved methods to manipulate reproduction in domestic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The scientific nomenclature of domestic animals].

The nomenclature of domestic animals is based on the scientific names of wild ancestors. Bohlken suggested adding the annex "forma domestica" to the binary nomenclature of wild animals in question. However, in such cases where names for domestic animals already exist, the early given names should be used in the annex instead of "domestica". On the other hand, Dennler de la Tour recommended the addition of the term "familiaris" to the scientific names of the wild ancestors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pigmentary switches in domestic animal species.

Although homogeneous pigmentation usually is observed in wild animals, most domestic animal species display a wide variety of coat colors. In fur animals, the coat color is an important production trait, and in other species such as cattle and sheep, the coat color is a major breed characteristic. Variability in coat color is seen both within and between breeds, and makes domesticated species unique for studying gene function and gene regulation of loci affecting pigmentation. In several species, mutations in the MC1-R gene have been shown to cause the dominant expression of black pigment. In fox, alleles of both the agouti and the MC1-R gene could cause eumelanin synthesis. In addition, a nonepistatic interaction between MC1-R and agouti has been observed, resulting in several different coat color phenotypes expressing a mixture of red and black pigmentation. Also in cattle and sheep, amino acid substitutions within the MC1-R explain the dominant inheritance of black pigmentation. Unlike the constitutively activated MC1-R found in the Alaska silver fox, dominant variants of the MC1-R found in cattle and sheep seem to be completely dominant with no antagonizing effect of agouti. MC1-R variants with premature stop codons are widespread in several cattle populations, indicating that this well-conserved gene has no other fundamental function beside pigmentation. Other well-established breed characteristics include distinct coat color patterns in which the distribution of melanocytes, partly regulated by the c-kit gene, seems to be involved.

Alleles↗