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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Affective priming using a color-naming task: a test of an affective-motivational account of affective priming effects.

The affective priming effect, i.e. shorter response latencies for affectively congruent as compared to affectively incongruent prime-target pairs, is now a well-documented phenomenon. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific processes that underlie the affective priming effect. Several mechanisms have been put forward by different authors, but these theoretical accounts only apply to specific types of tasks (e.g. evaluation lexical decisions) or are rather unparsimonious. Hermans, De Houwer, and Eelen (1996) recently proposed a model of the affective priming effect that is based on the idea of the activation of corresponding or conflicting affective-motivational action tendencies. According to this model, affectively incongruent prime-target pairs should not only lead to relatively longer response latencies on tasks that concern the target word itself (target-specific tasks, e.g. evaluation pronunciation), but also on tasks that are unrelated to the actual identity of the specific target word. This hypothesis was tested in a series of four experiments in which participants had to name the color in which the target word was printed. In spite of procedural variations, results showed that the congruence between the valence of prime and target did not influence the color-naming times. The present results therefore provide no direct support for the affective-motivational account of the affective priming effect. Suggestions for future research are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Clinico-catamnestic study of patients with paroxysmal-progressive schizophrenia with a history of affective, anxiety-affective and affective-hallucinatory attacks in childhood/and full-blown hallucinatory-delusional attacks in adolescence].

Clinical follow-up covered 40 patients with paroxysmal progressive schizophrenia with a history of 52 affective, anxiety-affective and affective-hallucinatory attacks at the age of 0-10 years and of 70 hallucinatory-delusional attacks at the age of 11-17 years and older. Over one-third of the examined patients were under the authors' personal observation in early childhood. The follow-up lasted for 5 to 22 years. The authors have established a definite stereotype of the development of anxiety-affective, affective-hallucinatory and hallucinatory-delusional attacks. Remissions in this group of patients are characterized by atypical affective disturbances and changes of the personality. The authors have specified clinical characteristics of so-called "premanifest" episodes, attacks, and "premorbid" pseudopsychopathic conditions with manifestations of retardation of personality development and atypical affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

No association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar affective disorder, or suicidal behaviour in major affective disorder.

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). An association study in bipolar affective disorder I or unipolar major affective disorder was performed by using a Bfa I restriction site polymorphism within intron 7 of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. A total of 118 bipolar, 125 unipolar, and 437 control subjects were used in the study (1:3.7 bipolar:control, 1:3.5 unipolar:control). There were no significant differences in TPH allele or genotype frequencies between the affective disorder and control groups. In addition, bipolar and/or unipolar subjects with or without a history of suicide attempts were compared for the TPH polymorphism. No significant differences were found between suicidal and non-suicidal groups in major affective disorder, in contrast to a previous study suggesting an association of this polymorphism with a history of suicide attempts among alcoholic violent offenders.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2000

fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: It has been hypothesized that disturbances in affect may represent distinct etiologic factors for bipolar affective disorder. The neural mechanisms mediating affective processes and their relationship to brain development and the pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder remain to be clarified. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have made possible the non-invasive examination of specific brain regions during cortical challenge paradigms. This study reports findings based on fMRI data acquired during fearful and happy affect recognition paradigms in patients with bipolar affective disorder and in healthy adult subjects. METHODS: Prior to the scan, subjects were instructed to view the stimuli and to identify the type of facial expression presented. Echo planar scanning was performed on a 1.5 Tesla scanner which had been retrofitted with a whole body echo planar coil, using a head coil. RESULTS: The data indicate that in adult subjects with bipolar affective disorder, there is a reduction in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and an increase in amygdalar activation in response to fearful facial affect. In a healthy comparison group, signal intensity changes were not found in these regions. In addition, although the patients with bipolar affective disorder completed the task demands, they demonstrated an impaired ability to correctly identify fearful facial affect but not the happy facial affect displayed. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in some patients with bipolar affective disorder, there may be a reduction of frontal cortical function which may be associated with affective as well as attentional processing deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Affect optimization and affect complexity: modes and styles of regulation in adulthood.

In this research, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation involves 2 independent strategies: affect optimization, the tendency to constrain affect to positive values, and affect complexity, the amplification of affect in the search for differentiation and objectivity. Community residents age 15 to 86 were assessed by using 2 convergent measurement domains: 1 based on measures of positive-negative affect and cognitive-affective complexity and 1 based on measures of coping and defense. Both domains yielded the hypothesized affect optimization and affect complexity dimensions. As predicted, the affect optimization dimensions are primarily related to relationship quality variables, and the affect complexity dimensions to socioeconomic status and education. Hence, positive affect and its maximization have different significance in the context of high- or low-affect complexity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between affect expression and affect recognition in schizophrenia.

To examine the relationship between affect expression and affect recognition, we assessed 30 clinically stable, medicated schizophrenic inpatients. Affect expression was assessed using both a standard clinical rating scale (SANS) and a computerized acoustic voice analysis (VOXCOM). Affect recognition was assessed using the Florida Affect Battery (FAB). The schizophrenics' performance on the FAB was impaired, indicating broad deficits in affect recognition (p<0.05). There were no significant correlations between measures of affect expression and affect recognition, suggesting that the expressive impairment in schizophrenia is not related to their ability to discern emotions in others. SANS Inappropriate Affect, however, was negatively correlated with facial affect recognition (p = 0.001), suggesting that raters' impression of inappropriate affect may indicate a failure in the process of affect attunement.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relations among positive affect, negative affect, and somatic symptoms in a medically ill patient sample.

The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), a brief measure of Positive and Negative Affect, may be useful in assessing mood of medical patients because it does not include somatic items frequently confounded with medical conditions. In previous research Positive and Negative Affect have been independent and uncorrelated, and Negative Affect but not Positive Affect has been positively correlated with somatic symptoms. However, relationships between variables may vary in different populations, and there is relatively little information on Positive and Negative Affect in medical patients. In the current study, the PANAS was used to assess the relationships among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and somatic symptoms and pain in a medically ill hospital population. Positive and Negative Affect scores were positively correlated and for patients reporting pain, Positive Affect scores were positively correlated with pain intensity. Results from this and other studies indicate that Positive and Negative Affect are independent but in some populations may be correlated; positive affects such as hopefulness may co-occur with both somatic complaints and psychological distress.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Comparative predictive value of attributional style, negative affect, and positive affect in predicting self-reported physical health and psychological health.

The main aim of the study was to determine the comparative predictive value of affect and attributions in predicting emotional and physical health. Secondary aims were to determine the comparative value of attributional, affect variables, in predicting health. Two hundred and forty subjects completed scales for the assessment of attributions, and negative and positive affect. Subjects also answered self-report questions on emotional health, physical health, number of visits to doctors for medical advice, illness, and days absent from work. The analysis of relative importance of attributional and affect variables in predicting health revealed that negative affect caused by thoughts was the best predictor of psychological health and physical health; there was some indication that positive affect caused by thoughts was the next best predictor of health. Analysis of the predictive value of attributional variables only, revealed that: (a) attributional style for bad events was a better predictor of health than attributional style for good events; and (b) of all the attributions made for good events and bad events, global attributions for bad events were the best predictor of health. Analysis of the predictive value of affect variables only showed that: (a) negative affect was a better predictor of health than positive affect; and (b) of negative affect and positive affect caused by thoughts and day-to-day experiences, negative affect caused by thoughts was the best predictor of health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Individual differences in rate of affect change: studies in affective chronometry.

Three studies explored individual differences in rate of affect change. Participants watched affect-inducing videos and reported their affect twice in 20 min. Individual differences in rate of affect change emerged independently of initial affect intensity and stress appraisals, revealing 2 affect-change profiles. Positive affect augmenters (extraverts, emotionally stable participants, and those with high negative mood regulation expectancies) showed slow rates of positive and rapid rates of negative affect decay. Negative affect augmenters (introverts, neurotics, and participants with low negative mood regulation expectancies) showed slow rates of negative and rapid rates of positive affect decay. These findings expand the literature on affective style, have adaptational implications, and highlight future research directions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam.

The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms.

In the present study automatic perceptual sensitivity to facial affect information was examined in chronic schizophrenic patients. An affective priming task including subliminal and supraliminal presentations of sad and happy facial affect was administered to schizophrenia patients with a flat affect expression (n = 30), schizophrenia patients suffering from anhedonia (n = 30), schizophrenia patients not suffering from anhedonia or flat affect (n = 28), and a group of healthy controls (n = 30). Subjects had to judge valence of neutral Chinese ideographs. Anhedonic and flat affect patients but not patients without affect symptoms were found to be sensitive to negative facial affect on an automatic processing level. None of the schizophrenic patient groups but healthy controls showed a subliminal valence-congruent priming effect based on positive facial affect. Anhedonia as assessed by standardised psychiatric rating was related to a subliminal sensitivity to negative facial expression and a valence-inverted perception of positive facial expression. This pattern of results is largely consistent with predictions derived from Meehl's model of anhedonia. The aversive automatic perception of positive facial expression primarily found in anhedonic patients but also in schizophrenic control patients could lie in structural disturbances concerning the regulation of intimacy and distance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Examinations of chronic pain and affect relationships: applications of a dynamic model of affect.

Two studies of the relationship between pain and negative affect are presented in this article: a study of weekly fluctuations in pain and negative affect among those with arthritis and a study of daily fluctuations in pain and negative affect for participants with fibromyalgia. The roles of positive affect and mood clarity (or the ability to distinguish between different emotions) in modifying the size of the relationship between pain and negative affect were examined in both studies as a means of testing the predictions of a dynamic model of affect regulation. In both studies, the presence of positive affect reduced the size of the relationship between pain and negative affect. Also, for arthritis participants with greater mood clarity, there was less overlap in ratings of negative and positive affective states.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Affect as information in persuasion: a model of affect identification and discounting.

Three studies examined the implications of a model of affect as information in persuasion. According to this model, extraneous affect may have an influence when message recipients exert moderate amounts of thought, because they identify their affective reactions as potential criteria but fail to discount them as irrelevant. However, message recipients may not use affect as information when they deem affect irrelevant or when they do not identify their affective reactions at all. Consistent with this curvilinear prediction, recipients of a message that either favored or opposed comprehensive exams used affect as a basis for attitudes in situations that elicited moderate thought. Affect, however, had no influence on attitudes in conditions that elicited either large or small amounts of thought.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Likelihood-ratio affected sib-pair tests applied to multiply affected sibships: issues of power and type I error rate.

"All-pairs" likelihood-ratio analyses, such as those performed by MAPMAKER/SIBS [Kruglyak and Lander, 1995], require that a sibship containing N affected siblings be split into N(N - 1)/2 sibships, each containing a different pair of affected sibs, before analysis. Each of these N(N - 1)/2 sibships may also contain the other affected sibs from the original sibship, coded as unaffected, to infer missing parental genotypes, as is done automatically in MAPMAKER/SIBS. Then, the use of the same individuals both as affecteds to test for linkage and, elsewhere, as unaffecteds to infer missing parental genotypes leads to negative correlations in the estimated identity by descent sharing among affected pairs from the same original multiplex sibship. This gives a conservative test of linkage, even when no downweighting is applied. Conversely, if the other affected sibs from the original sibship are omitted, the correlations are positive and the linkage test is anticonservative in the absence of weighting. True type I error probability also depends on marker informativity, typed parents, number of affected sibs included in the analysis, and the weighting scheme. This suggests the use of simulation, rather than asymptotic theory, to assess significance levels. The power of multiplex sibships relative to affected pairs increases with increasing phenocopy percentage, but the presence of typed unaffected sibs improves the relative power of multiplex sibships greatly only when penetrance is high. It was found that the 2/N weighting proposed by Suarez and Hodge [1979] increased power over an unweighted analysis in many situations, provided significance levels were adjusted appropriately by simulation.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1997

Children's affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies in response to the negative affect of parents and peers.

Although research has linked difficulties in parent mood functioning to developmental problems in children, little work has examined why such a link occurs. Following current social-cognitive perspectives on children's cognitive appraisals to negative parent affect, it was hypothesized that children would show more intense affective responses, less confidence, and less active coping strategies in response to parent, as opposed to peer, negative affect. In the current study, young children (N = 39) were read experimental vignettes portraying peers and parents in either happy, sad, or angry emotional states. Children were then interviewed about their affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies to each vignette. Beyond experiencing more negative affective responses to parent, compared to peer negative affect, children felt they could do little to help themselves when faced with paternal distress and frequently indicated they would engage in avoidant coping strategies (e.g., hiding) to make themselves feel better when confronted with parent sadness. This study has implications for more industrious future research, as well as intervention projects that involve assisting children who live in households marked by high levels of negative adult affect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Does affective blunting in schizophrenia reflect affective deficit or neuromotor dysfunction?

Schizophrenia inpatients withdrawn from all neuroleptic medication were administered measures of affective blunting, diminished affective experience, and neuromotor dysfunction. The correlations among the measures provided support for the hypothesis that measures of affective blunting reflect both neuromotor and affective deficits. Because the interpretation of such measures is therefore ambiguous, measures of diminished affective experience may have greater validity in research on affective deficits in schizophrenia than measures of blunted affective expression.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures.

The affective primacy hypothesis (R. B. Zajonc, 1980) asserts that positive and negative affective reactions can be evoked with minimal stimulus input and virtually no cognitive processing. The present work tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of affective and cognitive priming under extremely brief (suboptimal) and longer (optimal) exposure durations. At suboptimal exposures only affective primes produced significant shifts in Ss' judgments of novel stimuli. These results suggest that when affect is elicited outside of conscious awareness, it is diffuse and nonspecific, and its origin and address are not accessible. Having minimal cognitive participation, such gross and nonspecific affective reactions can therefore be diffused or displaced onto unrelated stimuli. At optimal exposures this pattern of results was reversed such that only cognitive primes produced significant shifts in judgments. Together, these results support the affective primacy hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Individual difference variables, affective differentiation, and the structures of affect.

Methodological arguments are usually invoked to explain variations in the structure of affect. Using self-rated affect from Italian samples (N=600), we show that individual difference variables related to affective differentiation can moderate the observed structure. Indices of circumplexity and congruence coefficients to the hypothesized target were used to quantify the observed structures. Results did not support the circumplex model as a universal structure. A circular structure with axes of activation and valence was approximated only among more affectively differentiated groups: students and respondents with high scores on Openness to Feelings and measures of negative emotionality. A different structure, with unipolar Positive Affect and Negative Affect factors, was observed among adults and respondents with low Openness to Feelings and negative emotionality. The observed structure of affect will depend in part on the nature of the sample studied.

Adolescent↗