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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Systematic study of the genus Acetobacter with descriptions of Acetobacter indonesiensis sp. nov., Acetobacter tropicalis sp. nov., Acetobacter orleanensis (Henneberg 1906) comb. nov., Acetobacter lovaniensis (Frateur 1950) comb. nov., and Acetobacter estunensis (Carr 1958) comb. nov.

Thirty-one Acetobacter strains obtained from culture collections and 45 Acetobacter strains isolated from Indonesian sources were investigated for their phenotypic characteristics, ubiquinone systems, DNA base compositions, and levels of DNA-DNA relatedness. Of 31 reference strains, six showed the presence of ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). These strains were eliminated from the genus Acetobacter. The other 25 reference strains and 45 Indonesian isolates were subjected to a systematic study and separated into 8 distinct groups on the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness. The known species, Acetobacter aceti, A. pasteurianus, and A. peroxydans are retained for three of these groups. New combinations, A. orleanensis (Henneberg 1906) comb. nov., A. lovaniensis (Frateur 1950) comb. nov., and A. estunensis (Carr 1958) comb. nov. are proposed for three other groups. Two new species, A. indonesiensis sp. nov. and A. tropicalis sp. nov. are proposed for the remaining two. No Indonesian isolates were identified as A. aceti, A. estunensis, and A. peroxydans. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences was carried out for representative strains from each of the groups. This supported that the eight species belonged to the genus Acetobacter. Several strains previously assigned to the species of A. aceti and A. pasteurianus were scattered over the different species. It is evident that the value of DNA-DNA relatedness between strains comprising a new species should be determined for the establishment of the species. Thus current bacterial species without data of DNA-DNA relatedness should be reexamined for the stability of bacterial nomenclature.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Identification of Acetobacter strains isolated from Indonesian sources, and proposals of Acetobacter syzygii sp. nov., Acetobacter cibinongensis sp. nov., and Acetobacter orientalis sp. nov.

Forty-six strains of acetic acid bacteria newly isolated from flowers, fruits, and fermented foods collected in Indonesia were taxonomically studied. They were Gram-negative rods, produced acetic acid from ethanol, oxidized acetate and lactate to CO(2) and H(2)O, and had Q-9 as the major ubiquinone system. On the basis of DNA-DNA similarity, all strains studied, including type strains and reference strains of the genus Acetobacter, were separated into eleven groups (Groups I to XI). Of the 46 isolates, two isolates were included in Group II and identified as Acetobacter pasteurianus, five in Group IV as A. orleanensis, 16 in Group V as A. lovaniensis, five in Group VII as A. indonesiensis, and three in Group VIII as A. tropicalis. The remaining 15 isolates constituted three new groups based on DNA-DNA similarity; four isolates were included in Group IX, two in Group X, and nine in Group XI. No isolates were identified as A. aceti (Group I), A. peroxydans (Group III), and A. estunensis (Group VI). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences of representative strains of the Groups indicated belonging to the strains of the genus Acetobacter. On the basis of DNA base composition, DNA-DNA similarity, and 16S rDNA sequences, three new species of the genus Acetobacter are proposed: Acetobacter syzygii sp. nov. for Group IX, Acetobacter cibinongensis sp. nov. for Group X, and Acetobacter orientalis sp. nov. for Group XI. The distribution of Acetobacter strains in Indonesia is discussed in light of isolation sources.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Re-examination of the genus Acetobacter, with descriptions of Acetobacter cerevisiae sp. nov. and Acetobacter malorum sp. nov.

Thirty-four Acetobacter strains, representing Acetobacter aceti, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter pomorum, Acetobacter peroxydans, Acetobacter lovaniensis, Acetobacter estunensis, Acetobacter orleanensis, Acetobacter indonesiensis and Acetobacter tropicalis, were subjected to a polyphasic study that included DNA-DNA hybridizations, DNA base ratio determinations, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phenotypic characterization. Two novel species are proposed, Acetobacter cerevisiae sp. nov. and Acetobacter malorum sp. nov. The type strains of these species are respectively LMG 1625T (= DSM 14362T = NCIB 8894T = ATCC 23765T) and LMG 1746T (= DSM 14337T).

Acetobacter↗
PubMed1998

Description of Acetobacter oboediens sp. nov. and Acetobacter pomorum sp. nov., two new species isolated from industrial vinegar fermentations.

Two strains of Acetobacter sp., LTH 2460T and LTH 2458T, have been isolated from running red wine and cider vinegar fermentations, respectively. Taxonomic characteristics of the isolates were investigated. Comparative analysis of the 165 rRNA sequences revealed > 99% similarity between strain LTH 2460T and the type strains of the related species Acetobacter europaeus and Acetobacter xylinus and between strain LTH 2458T and Acetobacter pasteurianus. On the other hand, low levels of DNA relatedness (< 34%) were determined in DNA-DNA similarity studies. This relatedness below the species level was consistent with specific physiological characteristics permitting clear identification of these strains within established species of acetic acid bacteria. Based on these results, the names Acetobacter oboediens sp. nov. and Acetobacter pomorum sp. nov. are proposed for strains LTH 2460T and LTH 2458T, respectively. The phylogenetic positions of the new species are reflected by a 16S rRNA-based tree. Furthermore, a 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe specific for A. oboediens was constructed.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1993

Cloning and sequencing the recA+ genes of Acetobacter polyoxogenes and Acetobacter aceti: construction of recA- mutants of by transformation-mediated gene replacement.

The recA+ gene of Acetobacter polyoxogenes was cloned as a gene that conferred methyl methanesulfonate resistance (MMSR) on the RecA- Escherichia coli HB101. The cloned recA+ gene also conferred (i) resistance to UV irradiation, (ii) enhanced intrachromosomal recombination, and (iii) permitted prophage phi 80 induction in E. coli recA- lysogens. Nucleotide sequence determination revealed that the recA product consists of 348 amino acids (aa) corresponding to 38 kDa, and shows significant similarity to RecA proteins from other Gram- bacteria. Next, a portion of recA from Acetobacter aceti was cloned by using polymerase chain reaction with oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers design based on the A. polyoxogenes recA sequence. Due to availability of efficient host-vector and transformation systems in A. aceti, recA mutants of A. aceti were obtained by transformation-mediated gene replacement with the cloned A. aceti recA gene which was inactivated by insertion of the kanamycin-resistance-encoding gene from pACYC177. The recA mutants obtained in this way showed similar phenotypes to those of E. coli recA strains, such as increased sensitivity to MMS and to UV irradiation, and decreased homologous recombination.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed2000

Transfer of Acetobacter oboediens Sokollek et al 1998 and Acetobacter intermedius Boesch et al. 1998 to the genus Gluconacetobacter as Gluconacetobacter oboediens comb. nov. and Gluconacetobacter intermedius comb. nov.

Acetobacter oboediens Sokollek et al. 1998 and Acetobacter intermedius Boesch et al. 1998 are transferred to the genus Gluconacetobacter as Gluconacetobacter oboediens comb. nov. and Gluconacetobacter intermedius comb. nov. because, on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, the type strains of both species are located in the cluster of the genus Gluconacetobacter along with those of Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Gluconacetobacter europaeus, Gluconacetobacter hansenii, Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens (the type species) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. The significance of growth on mannitol agar and the presence of a ubiquinone isoprenologue composed of Q-10 is discussed for characterization of the genus Gluconacetobacter.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed1994

Purification and characterization of the NAD-preferring glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Acetobacter hansenii (Acetobacter xylinum).

An NAD-preferring glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Acetobacter hansenii (formerly known as Acetobacter xylinum) has been purified to apparent homogeneity and kinetically characterized. The purified enzyme was stabilized by the use of glycerol, MgSO4, and 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 5.4. The molecular weight of the enzyme, determined by nondenaturing gel filtration, is 243,000. The subunit molecular weight is 60,140 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the native enzyme is a tetramer. At pH 5.4 the enzyme has Kms of 0.104 and 0.34 mM for NAD+ and NADP+, respectively; the Kms for glucose 6-phosphate are 0.071 and 0.089 mM, using NAD+ and NADP+, respectively; and the kcat values are 128,000 and 77,300 min-1 with NAD+ and NADP+, respectively. The Kms for NADP+ and glucose 6-phosphate are approximately 10 times higher than the corresponding Kms for the NADP-specific glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the same organism, but the kcat is also approximately 10-fold higher, so that the kcat/Km values for these two activities are nearly identical at pH 5.4. Both the NAD- and NADP-linked activities of the NAD-preferring enzyme are inhibited by ATP. The NADP-specific glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is insensitive to ATP at pH 6.7 and 9.5, but at pH 5.4 ATP inhibits this enzyme. The possible roles of these two glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases in the metabolism of A. hansenii are discussed.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed1991

Purification and properties of NADP-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Acetobacter hansenii (Acetobacter xylinum).

The NADP-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Acetobacter hansenii (formerly known as Acetobacter xylinum) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The sequence of the 10 N-terminal amino acids was determined. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme is 53,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; gel filtration studies under nondenaturing conditions revealed that the molecular weight of the enzyme is 200,000 to 220,000 at pH 6.5 and 9.5, suggesting that the native enzyme is a tetramer. Specificity studies at both pH 6.5 and 9.5 demonstrated that the enzyme is a typical NADP-preferring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme's catalytic activity increases with increasing pH, kcat being approximately 4 times greater at pH 9.5 than at pH 6.7 and the Km for NADP+ being 3 times lower at the higher pH; but the Km for glucose 6-phosphate is nearly 20 times higher at pH 9.5 than at pH 6.7, suggesting that the enzyme is catalytically more efficient at the lower pH. At pH 6.7, initial velocity measurements, product inhibition by NADPH, and inhibition by glucosamine 6-phosphate yielded results that were consistent with a steady-state random mechanism. At pH 9.5, steady-state kinetic analyses suggested that the mechanism is ordered, with coenzyme binding first, but nonlinear double-reciprocal plots were observed in the presence of NADPH when glucose 6-phosphate was varied and a complete kinetic analysis was not undertaken. Among several nucleotides and potential inhibitory ligands examined, only 2',5'-ADP inhibited the enzyme significantly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The structure of cellulose-producing bacteria, Acetobacter xylinum and Acetobacter acetigenus.

The structure of the pellicles and cells of the cellulose-producing bacteria, Acetobacter xylinum and Acetobacter acetigenus, was studied by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-etch replicas of glucose-stimulated cell suspensions, quiescent cell suspensions, and discrete pellicles. These bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall in section, with several irregular features superimposed on an otherwise simple, Gram-negative morphology. There are no flagella or pili. Unfixed, unextracted cells, viewed as whole mounts, show spherical or ellipsoidal bodies of undetermined composition which disappear after extraction with water or ethanol and propylene oxide. For both species, there are several kinds of cell surface irregularities, some of which are localized protrusions of the cell envelope. A variety of irregularities is seen frequently on cells in the first minutes of glucose incubation, on cells in a discrete pellicle, on quiescent cells, and on starved cells. Immediately after the addition of glucose to cellulose-free cells in suspension culture, fine fibrils appear on and (or) near the cell envelope. The fine fibrils are frequently as small as 3 nm in diameter in both freeze-etch and thin-section preparations and are frequently associated with freshly synthesized cellulose fibrils. Starved cells in suspensions free of (classical) microfibrils sometimes reveal stubs of an extracellular structure whose morphology resembles that of a nascent cellulose fibril.

Cell Membrane↗