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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1953

Industrial accidents: some medical problems of the Industrial Accident Commission.

The Industrial Accident Commission is dependent on reports of physicians for the prompt and equitable handling of industrial injury cases.Sometimes medical reports are inadequate for commission purposes. Among the more frequent inadequacies are: (1) Failure to use the commission's standard method of measuring and recording disability. (2) Inadequate description and evaluation of subjective complaints. (3) Failure to give estimate of normal, in the case of bilateral extremity injuries. Physicians can help the injured person, the employer and the Industrial Accident Commission by considering report requirements.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Industrial accidents are produced by social relations of work: a sociological theory of industrial accidents.

Industrial accidents are produced by social relations work. This sociological explanation of accidents differs from the hypotheses on which the majority of modern safety practices are based, which reduce accident causes to unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. Accidents are seen as produced at each of three levels of social relations of work (rewards, command and organisation), and also non-socially at the individual-member level. The resulting hypotheses were tested using data collected according to a semi-experimental design in seven plants in which shift (day/night), shift type (rotating/fixed), technological type and management styles were the factors controlled for. Because of the design, machines, materials and, in most cases, workers were the same across shifts and social relations varied. The sociological theory proved capable of explaining most of the variation in inter-shift differences in accident rates, and, when tested statistically, appeared to have greater explanatory power than competing hypotheses. It is concluded that accidents can be prevented by workers who exercise auto-control at all levels and by management which, in the absence of worker orientations favourable to auto-control, engages in safety management as defined sociologically. A practical consequence for ergonomics is that when plant, equipment and processes are to be modified, an attempt to understand their interaction with the social relations of work should be made. A theoretical consequence is that sociological insights should be incorporated into the perspective of the ergonomics discipline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

[Problems of vascular injuries at a large industrial-accident hospital (19 year experiences at the industrial-accident hospital Vienna XII)].

This report covers 213 vessel injuries out of 840 000 injuries through accident. Even considering that these are mostly cases of polytrauma, the results could be improved significantly. This however, only under the condition that all traumatologists and surgeons active in traumatology receive practical training in vessel surgery.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1956

The impartial medical examiner; a neurosurgeon's differences and agreements with the industrial accident commission.

In 147 industrial compensation cases the evaluation reached by a neurosurgeon acting as an impartial medical examiner was compared with the disposition made by the Industrial Accident Commission. There was complete or general agreement in 71 per cent of the cases, pretty sharp disagreement in about 30 per cent. In general, the Industrial Accident Commission was more liberal than the neurosurgeon acting as impartial medical examiner.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Communicating worst-case scenarios: neighbors' views of industrial accident management.

The prospect of industrial accidents motivated the U.S. Congress to require in the Clean Air Act of 1990 that manufacturing facilities develop Risk Management Plans (RMP) to submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) by July 1999. Industry worried that the requirement to communicate to the public a "worst-case scenario" would arouse unnecessary and counterproductive fears among industry neighbors. We report here the results of focus groups and surveys with such neighbors, focusing particularly upon their reactions to messages about a hypothetical worst-case scenario and management of these risks by industry, government, and other parties. Our findings confirmed our hypotheses that citizens would be skeptical of the competence and trustworthiness of these managers and that this stance would color their views of industrial-facility accident risks. People with job ties to industry or who saw industrial benefits to the community as exceeding its risks had more positive views of industrial risks, but still expressed great concern about the risk and doubt about accident management. Notwithstanding these reactions, overall respondents welcomed this and other related information, which they wanted their local industries to supply. Respondents were not more reassured by additional text describing management of accidents by government and industry. However, respondents did react very positively to the concept of community oversight to review plant safety. Claims about the firm's moral obligation or financial self-interest in preventing accidents were also received positively. Further research on innovative communication and management of accident risks is warranted by these results, even before recent terrorist attacks made this topic more salient.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Human error in hospitals and industrial accidents: current concepts.

Most data concerning errors and accidents are from industrial accidents and airline injuries. General Electric, Alcoa, and Motorola, among others, all have reported complex programs that resulted in a marked reduction in frequency of worker injuries. In the field of medicine, however, with the outstanding exception of anesthesiology, there is a paucity of information, most reports referring to the 1984 Harvard-New York State Study, more than 16 years ago. This scarcity of information indicates the complexity of the problem. It seems very unlikely that simple exhortation or additional regulations will help because the problem lies principally in the multiple human-machine interfaces that constitute modern medical care. The absence of success stories also indicates that the best methods have to be learned by experience. A liaison with industry should be helpful, although the varieties of human illness are far different from a standardized manufacturing process. Concurrent with the studies of industrial and nuclear accidents, cognitive psychologists have intensively studied how the brain stores and retrieves information. Several concepts have emerged. First, errors are not character defects to be treated by the classic approach of discipline and education, but are byproducts of normal thinking that occur frequently. Second, major accidents are rarely causedby a single error; instead, they are often a combination of chronic system errors, termed latent errors. Identifying and correcting these latent errors should be the principal focus for corrective planning rather than searching for an individual culprit. This nonpunitive concept of errors is a key basis for an effective reporting system, brilliantly demonstrated in aviation with the ASRS system developed more than 25 years ago. The ASRS currently receives more than 30,000 reports annually and is credited with the remarkable increase in safety of airplane travel. Adverse drug events constitute about 25% of hospital errors. In the future, the combination of new drugs and a vast amount of new information will additionally increase the possibilities for error. Two major advances in recent years have been computerization and active participation of the pharmacist with dispensing medications. Further investigation of hospital errors should concentrate primarily on latent system errors. Significant system changes will require broad staff participation throughout the hospital. This, in turn, should foster development of an institutional safety culture, rather than the popular attitude that patient safety responsibility is concentrated in the Quality Assurance-Risk Management division. Quality of service and patient safety are closely intertwined.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

An overview of industrial accidents with particular reference to facial trauma.

As an integral part of the economy of Saudi Arabia the industrial sector has rapidly developed in the last decade and is still open for more growth. Thus, there is likely to be an increase in industrial accidents, often with added consequences for the medical services. Because of this, cumulative information on industrial accidents is needed. This paper reports on industrial accidents in order to alert medical researchers to the need for specific studies of different industrial occupations in Saudi Arabia so that adequate administrative and medical services may be available should an industrial accident occur.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1979

[On the problem of industrial accidents under drug influence (author's transl)].

Industrial accidents resulting from technical defects have decreased in the last eights because of improved safety precautions. In contrast, accidents resulting from "human error" are increasing steadily. Toxicological urine analysis for drugs--directed mainly at soporifics, sedatives, tranquilizers, and pain-relievers--on 84 patients involved in industrial accidents yielded the following results. 1. Drugs were identified in 44 patients (= 52%). 2. In 13.4 patients, more than one drug was identified (= 16%). 3. Only five of the 44 patients admitted on being questioned that they had taken drugs (= 10%). On the other hand, in a control group of 47 persons who and not suffered any accident, drugs were detected in 19 cases (= 40%). The results show that the physician will have to take into account that healthy and efficient persons, too, are very often likely to practise drug abuse. It must be considered probable that this helps to promote accidents. Medical prescription, especially of neuroleptics and psychotropics, as well as of sedatives, should be practiced more.

Accidents, Occupational↗