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At least 1,783 records · Page 99Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Comparison of scholastic performances of left handed and right handed students.

An attempt was made to compare the scholastic performance among left and right handed students. Both academic and extra curricular areas were studied among 3608 students from 6th to 12th class, from 10 schools in a rural subdivision of north east Rajasthan. General incidence of left handedness was 8.6% among students, higher in females (12.4%) as compared to males (8.1%). Right handed students performed better in aggregate as well as in individual academic areas (p < 0.05). Left handed students were extreme performers as far as sports and games area was concerned, while right handed students tended to be average performers. Overall handedness affected both the academic and extra-curricular activities except behavior and discipline area (p > 0.05).

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Restructuring education and its impact on medical education.

The United States has an education deficit that in the long term may be more harmful to the country than the serious budget and trade deficits. U.S. students are far less prepared in mathematics, chemistry, and physics than are their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan. The dropout rate among high school students, and the high and increasing rate of functional illiteracy, blight lives and represent an enormous economic loss to the nation. American education must be restructured at all levels so that local and federal funds can be used flexibly to pursue revised educational goals. Students and their families should be allowed to choose their elementary and secondary schools, and school management should be decentralized and more rooted in the community. The medical profession must become involved in elementary and secondary education, and medical faculty must be involved in their communities. Further, medical faculty must encourage minority students at all educational levels, must recruit minority medical students, and must increase the number of minority faculty members.

Education↗
PubMed2002

Development and initial validation of the peer-report measure of internalizing and externalizing behavior.

This study describes the development and initial validation of the Peer-report Measure of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior (PMIEB), a peer-nomination inventory that assesses internalizing (anxiety, depression, somatic complaints) and externalizing (aggression, delinquency, hyperactivity/attentional problems) psychopathology in school-aged children. Peer nomination inventories such as the PMIEB can provide an important perspective on children's behavioral and emotional functioning, for purposes ranging from descriptive psychopathology to outcome assessments of school-based treatment programs. However, although there currently are peer-nomination inventories for several specific domains of behavioral and emotional problems, the PMIEB represents the first broadband peer-nomination assessment instrument that can efficiently provide peer-report information across a wide range of child emotional and behavioral problems. Results of this study provide support for the reliability and validity of both broadband PMIEB subscales, as well as 5 of the 6 narrowband PMIEB subscales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children.

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Higher education in retirement: The Institute for Retired Professionals.

This paper indicates the failure of our society to educate its citizens in the "worthy" use of retirement leisure. It contends that educated retirees should be offered an opportunity to function in creative, dignified and self-directed roles on university campuses. It describes the program of the Institute for Retired Professionals at The New School for Social Research in New York City, which has been functioning since 1962 and now serves as a model for a growing number of university programs for retirees. At the IRP educated retirees have found a new way of spending their retirement years in dignified roles as teachers, leaders, administrators and participants in their own inner university.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

The adjustment to diabetes of school-age children with psychological adjustment problems.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diabetic children with psychological adjustment problems have greater difficulties in specific areas of disease adaptation than their well-adjusted diabetic peers by comparing their diabetes-related adjustments in the family, school and peer environments. METHOD: Mothers of 47 school-age preadolescent children with diabetes completed a standardized assessment of general psychological functioning. Children with psychological adjustment problems were then compared with children who did not exhibit problems along the following dimensions: their demographic and medical profiles, maternal diabetes knowledge, associations between general psychological functioning and diabetes control, and the quality of their diabetes adjustment. RESULTS: No differences were found between children with psychological adjustment problems and their better-adjusted peers along any of the demographic or health status variables tested or in maternal diabetes knowledge. However, children with adjustment problems were more likely to receive visits from the hospital's home-care team and to be absent from school. Also, for children with psychological difficulty, indices of diabetes control and general psychological functioning were related, and the nature of this relation differed across the school and family environments. In addition, poorer psychological adjustment was associated with diabetes-specific problems in both mother and child. These included individual adjustment problems such as feeling different, relationship difficulties with family and peers, and difficulties with the treatment protocol, in particular, with the dietary regime. CONCLUSION: These findings are considered in relation to (1). the importance of multi-method techniques in research which concerns adjustment to diabetes, in particular the need to use both psychological and disease-specific instruments, and (2). clinical evaluations and interventions for children with diabetes and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children.

Fifty-eight high-functioning autistic children were assessed during preschool and early school years and followed over a period of 8 years. Early and current psychometric and language tests, parent interviews concerning autistic symptomatology, and direct observations were examined as predictors of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and scores on standardized achievement tests. Verbal skills emerged as the strongest predictor of social-adaptive functioning. Clear, positive relationships also emerged between intellectual functioning, and academic attainment. Early non-verbal IQ also showed a positive relationship with outcome. Academic performance appeared considerably stronger than in earlier studies.

Achievement↗
PubMed1969

Factors influencing the onset of chronic respiratory disease.

To investigate the effect of different environmental and personal factors on ventilatory function 10,971 children resident and going to school in four areas of Kent were examined. Details of past respiratory illnesses were obtained by a questionary completed by the parents; the examination included measurement of height, weight, and peak expiratory flow.Area of residence, social class, family size, and a past history of pneumonia, bronchitis, or asthma were found to be associated with differing levels of peak expiratory flow. These four factors acted independently, and the effects were additive. It is suggested that environment in the early years of life can produce adverse changes which may exist throughout life and contribute to the development of chronic respiratory disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The relationship of neuropsychological status and productive outcomes following traumatic brain injury.

Neuropsychological assessment is a standard component of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation programmes; however, the relationship between neuropsychological test scores and functional abilities is not clear. The current study compared serial neuropsychological test data with functional outcomes for 152 subjects. Outcome was operationally defined for three activity settings (home, school, work) with six levels of productivity for each. Productivity was defined as one's ability to function at increasing levels of independence. Demographic and caseload variables were analysed utilizing correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Significant relationships to outcome were found between certain neuropsychological test scores, and certain demographic variables. Positive outcomes were related in part to patient's speed of information processing, memory skills, and simultaneous processing abilities. Also related to positive outcomes were mechanism of injury, level of insurance funding, premorbid educational level, and negative history of substance abuse. The activity setting influenced outcome such that it appeared to be most difficult to return to work, suggesting the necessity of adequate vocational assistance. However, cognitive and demographic variables accounted for less than 30% of the total variance in outcome. Therefore, brain injury rehabilitation must be multifaceted.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in Eustachian tube function with age in children with normal ears. A longitudinal study.

A longitudinal study of the Eustachian tube function by different pressure equilibration tests was performed during 11/2-3 years in 44 otologically healthy children, 3-12 years of age. The muscular opening function improved significantly with increasing age. The improvement was most frequent during pre-school ages (3-7 years). Also the tympanometrically measured middle ear pressure, related to the muscular opening function, tended to normalize during the follow-up study. The pressure opening and closing functions, reflecting the tubal closing forces, did not, however, change during the observation time. All the children with poorest muscular opening function at the initial test improved; none developed persistent middle ear disease during the follow-up. Using this standardized exhalation/inhalation test of the pressure equilibrating function of the tube it seems possible to grade the muscular opening function in a valid way. It is argued that the main cause of poor muscular opening function in children is not only due to anatomical differences of the skull base, the tube and peritubal structures but also to the immaturity of the neuromuscular system during childhood.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Mandibular position and head posture as a function of eye dominance.

A recent study conducted at Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine has confirmed the relationship between head posture, mandibular position and eye dominance. The purpose of this study is to assess the temporary eye dominance of children and the change relative to head posture and mandibular position. Twenty children were included in this study after the completion of the ophthalmological exclusion screening. All subjects had the sign of eye dominance screened with eye dominance tests. The mandibular position and the 3-dimensional posture of head were recorded. The eye patches were applied over the dominant eye for one hour to achieve the effect of temporary eye dominance change for 10 children. Ten children had the same procedures except for the eye patch procedure. The reexaminations were performed at the end of one hour visit for both groups. Mandibular midline data revealed no change in both control and experimental group. Statistically significant difference in the transverse plane of head posture was observed by means of Student's t test in experimental group. The mean transverse measurement difference was 14.7 degrees, with a standard deviation of 6.4265 degrees. The T value was 5.66, with a probability of p=0.0003 at DF=9. The differences of positions were not statistically significant (P=0.05) on horizontal and vertical planes. The transverse head postural change has been demonstrated by means of temporary eye dominance change. This study highlights several areas: the importance of clinical intervention in young children, the difference on transverse dimensional change, and the importance of role of pediatric dentistry among interdisciplinary cooperation. Further investigation and early clinical intervention is encouraged.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of school refusal: one-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a 1-year follow-up of anxious-depressed school-refusing adolescents who participated in an 8-week study of imipramine versus placebo, each in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy. METHOD: Sixty-five percent (41 of 63) of the randomly assigned subjects returned for follow-up evaluation, which consisted of diagnostic interviews, clinician rating scales for anxiety and depression, family functioning measure, and a questionnaire regarding interim treatments and school programs. RESULTS: From the adolescent and/or parent perspective, 64.1% met criteria for an anxiety disorder and 33.3% met criteria for a depressive disorder. Remission rates and acquisition rates for specific anxiety and depressive disorders were determined. In the follow-up period, 67.5% received at least one psychotropic medication trial and 77.5% had outpatient therapy. Higher level of somatic complaints on the Anxiety Rating for Children-Revised Physiological subscale at baseline predicted more severe depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised at follow-up (p = .029). CONCLUSIONS: In this naturalistic follow-up study, there was high utilization of mental health interventions. In addition, a substantial number of subjects met criteria for anxiety and/or depressive disorders 1 year after treatment. Investigation of duration of acute treatments and evaluation of maintenance treatments for school refusal is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Social functioning and psychopathologic risk factors in hemophilic children].

BACKGROUND: Children with hemophilia can experience problems with their mental health status and social functioning. AIM: To assess the mental health status of hemophilic children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty four hemophilic children aged 5 to 13 years were studied. A translation of the special survey to assess mental health in children, denominated "Domingo" Mental Health Survey was applied. It consisted in animated cartoon questions related to the family, social and school life. According to the score obtained, children were classified as normal, doubtful or pathologic. The social functioning areas studied were family, school, relationship and emotional. Aggressiveness, depression/anxiety and rejection were the psychopathologic factors analyzed. RESULTS: Forty four percent of hemophilic children were considered normal, 20% doubtful and 35% pathologic. According to the severity of the disease, 67% of children with severe, 57% with moderate and 45% with mild hemophilia, were considered abnormal. Aggressiveness was the main risk factor in the emotional and family area, depression/anxiety in the family and emotional area and rejection in the family area. Fifty six percent of children had abnormalities in their social functioning and the severity of the disease was a predisposing factor. CONCLUSIONS: Psychopathologic factors in children with hemophilia appear mainly in the family environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: a longitudinal study.

Multiple measures of children's emotionality (emotional intensity and negative affectivity), regulation (including attentional and behavioral regulation and coping), and social functioning (teachers' reports of nonaggressive/socially appropriate behavior and prosocial/socially competent behavior; and parents' reports of problem behavior) were obtained for 6-8-year-olds. In addition, emotionality, attentional regulation, and coping were assessed 2 years previously. Social functioning was expected to be predicted by low negative emotionality and high levels of regulation. In general, the data supported the predictions, although the findings for parent reports of problem behavior were primarily for boys. Prediction of social functioning from measures of regulation and emotionality occurred primarily within a given context (school vs. home) rather than across contexts, even though there were relations across reporters within the school or home context. In addition, vagal tone, a marker of physiological regulation, was positively related to competent social functioning and emotionality/regulation for boys, but inversely related for girls.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

Body composition and physical fitness of female volleyball and basketball players of the Japan inter-high school championship teams.

This study evaluated the body composition (underwater weighing) and cardiorespiratory function (VO(2)max and O(2)debt max measured by the treadmill exercise test) in 12 members of the women's volleyball team (mean age 17.4 years) and 11 members of the women's basketball team (mean age 17.6 years) that won the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meeting. We also examined differences in the physical abilities between the members of the top teams of different events. The following results were obtained. (1) The mean values of the height and body weight were 168.7+/-5.89 cm and 59.7+/-5.73 kg in the volleyball players and 166.5+/-7.87 cm and 58.8+/-6.85 kg in the basketball players. (2) The mean %Fat was 18.4+/-3.29% in the volleyball players and 15.7+/-5.05% in the basketball players, and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players. (3) The mean VO(2)max was 2.78+/-0.32 L x min(-1) (46.5+/-2.90 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in the volleyball players and 3.32+/-0.31 L x min(-1) (56.7+/-4.17 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in the basketball players, and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players. (4) The mean O(2)debt max was 6.18+/-1.15 L (103.2+/-12.40 ml x kg(-1)) in the volleyball players and 7.92+/-1.80 L (134.3+/-23.24 ml x kg(-1)) in the basketball players. These values were 2.6 times and 3.3 times as high as the average values in high school students in general. (5) No significant difference was observed in any measured item of the physique, skinfold thickness, or body composition between the volleyball players and basketball players. (6) The VO(2)max and O(2)debt max were 22% and 28% higher in the basketball players than in the volleyball players. From these results, the female volleyball players and basketball players evaluated in this study had the physical abilities needed to win the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meets, i.e. a large FFM and excellent aerobic and anaerobic work capacities. Also, basketball appears to require higher aerobic and anaerobic work capacities than volleyball.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of children with hemophilia.

This study examines the social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of children with hemophilia. Data were collected in the homes and schools of 40 boys with hemophilia and 40 comparison boys of the same race and age. Data on social, emotional, and behavioral functioning were collected from teachers, classmates, parents, and the participants. Children with hemophilia scored comparably with comparison peers in all areas of social functioning but reported more difficulties with emotional well-being, including more depressive symptomatology and lower self-perceptions. Parent report also indicated more difficulties with emotional well-being. Parents did not report significant differences in externalizing behavior problems. In conclusion, children with hemophilia were not found to be at increased risk of social or behavioral difficulties. However, both children with hemophilia and their parents identified more difficulties with emotional well-being. Nevertheless, approximately all mean scores for both groups remained within the normal range.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1997

Social skills training for primary school children: a 1-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Rochester Social Problem Solving Program to reduce emotional and behavioural problems amongst primary school children. METHODOLOGY: Children in years 3 and 4 at primary school were assessed prior to receiving the program, immediately after the program and 1 year after the program. At each assessment, the functioning of the children who received the program was compared to the functioning of children enrolled in years 3 and 4 at a comparable school who did not receive the program. RESULTS: The program improved the ability of children to cope with potentially difficult social situations. However, the program did not reduce the prevalence of teacher-reported or mother-reported childhood emotional and behavioural problems. CONCLUSIONS: School-based social skills programs may be more effective in reducing childhood emotional and behavioural problems if they include components which focus specifically on childhood behaviour problems as well as components focusing on social skills and peer relationships.

Affective Symptoms↗