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PubMed2002

Alcohol coverage in California newspapers: frequency, prominence, and framing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and extent of alcohol coverage in California newspapers by examining the frequency, positioning, and framing of alcohol-related articles. A content analysis assessed the frequency and nature of alcohol references in news content drawn from a random sample of nine California newspaper issues from September 1997 to June 1998. The study findings indicate that alcohol is mentioned at least once a day in daily newspapers with more frequent mention in smaller newspapers. Alcohol is most often discussed in relation to trauma or in the context of promoting alcohol consumption. Articles on trauma and driving while intoxicated receive more prominence than other stories mentioning alcohol. Despite the relative frequency of alcohol content in trauma news, these stories are rarely framed with any sort of health context. Public health advocates should work toward increasing the frequency and improving the framing of alcohol in newspaper coverage.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

[The registration of deaths in Venezuela: an evaluation of coverage].

"This paper presents six indirect techniques for estimating the degree of death coverage as applied to vital statistics information in Venezuela between 1960 and 1982, collected by two public institutions, namely, the 'Oficina Central de Estadistica e Informatica' (OCEI) and the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance (MSAS).... The results show remarkable improvements in the death registry coverage for both institutions, that amount to 97 or 98 per cent at the beginning of the 80's. Nevertheless, great differences can be observed between them regarding both structure and volume of deaths by sex and age." Among the problems discussed are the impact of immigration and errors in age reporting. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Utah's ban on abortion coverage for low-income women challenged.

On January 30 (1995) two women's health care providers, a rape crisis center, and a YWCA-run battered women's shelter asked the federal district court in Utah to declare invalid and enjoin enforcement of the state's virtual ban on abortion coverage for Medicaid-eligible women. The plaintiffs argue that Utah's criminal prohibition on state Medicaid coverage for abortion--except when the procedure is necessary to prevent a woman's death--violates federal Medicaid law because it does not cover abortions for survivors of rape or incest. The Hyde Amendment has provided federal Medicaid funds for abortions in cases of rape and incest since 1993, and federal courts have since ruled against eight other states that refused to cover those procedures. In late December, Utah was one of seven states notified by the federal Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) that the state is "out of compliance" with federal Medicaid law. With nearly 46 rapes per 100,000 people, Utah has one of the highest rates of rape in the country. CRLP (Center for Reproductive Law and Policy) has previously filed lawsuits in Utah challenging the state's 1991 abortion ban and a 1993 mandatory delay and biased counseling requirement. Plaintiffs in Utah Women's Clinic v. Graham are represented by CRLP's Eve Gartner, with Salt Lake City attorneys Howard Lundgren and Jeffrey Oritt.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Colorado rejects regulations to limit Medicaid coverage for abortion.

In a 3-3 vote on May 19, (1994) the Colorado Social Services Board rejected proposed emergency regulations that would have limited Medicaid coverage for abortions to circumstances in which federal matching funds are available. The regulations were proposed in response to U.S. District Court Judge Edward Nottingham's May 5 ruling, which permanently enjoined a state constitutional amendment and state statutes that prohibit public funds for abortion except where the life of the woman is endangered. Judge Nottingham found that the state measures are invalid because they conflict with the current Hyde Amendment, which provides federal Medicaid funds for abortions in cases of life endangerment, rape, and incest. In the absence of any restrictive provisions, Colorado is required to fund all medically necessary abortions. CRLP (Center for Reproductive Law and Policy), which represented plaintiffs in Hern v. Beye, provided testimony against the proposed emergency regulations during a hearing before the Board vote. Meanwhile, some other states are moving toward complying with federal Medicaid law. The Nebraska Department of Social Services is considering regulations that would extend state funding for abortion to include pregnancies resulting from rape or incest. A May 19 public hearing was held on the proposal, which is awaiting final approval. When the Louisiana legislature convenes for a special session on June 6, Governor Edwin Edwards is expected to introduce a bill to authorize Medicaid coverage for abortions in cases of rape and incest. Finally, Indiana and Ohio are reportedly moving toward compliance with the federal mandate. In contrast, however, Missouri Department of Social Services Director Gary Stangler filed suit in federal court on May 24 against Health and Human Services officials for issuing the federal directive requiring compliance with the Hyde Amendment. Pennsylvania officials filed a similar action in mid-March. Lawsuits filed by CRLP against Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania for non-compliance are still pending; similar challenges were also filed by Planned Parenthood in Michigan and Montana.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2002

Root coverage with enamel matrix derivatives.

Different root coverage procedures have been used to treat cases of gingival recession defects involving single or multiple exposed root surfaces. A therapeutic advantage may be gained if periodontal regeneration is obtained in addition to coverage of the root with gingiva. This article describes the treatment of gingival recession by combining a surgical technique with an enamel matrix derivative.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: coverage and initial impact of the campaign.

The UK was the first country to introduce meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination. The vaccine was incorporated into the routine infant immunisation schedule and was offered to all under 18 year olds in a catch-up campaign. The vaccine has been well accepted in infants receiving routine vaccination, with coverage around 89%. Coverage in older children targeted in the catch-up campaign was above 85% up to the age of 14, and was lowest (43%) in 15-17 year olds not in education. The winter of 2000-01 was the first meningococcal season following the offer of the vaccination to all children and adolescents. The incidence of serogroup C disease in the targeted age groups fell by 80%, and the number of deaths in laboratory confirmed cases in 0-19 year olds decreased from 78 to 8 between 1998-99 and 2000-01. The incidence of serogroup B disease in all age groups was slightly higher in 2000-01 than previous years, and there was an increase in the incidence of serogroup C disease in those aged over 20 during the study period, leading to the extension of the vaccination campaign to 20-24 year olds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Coverage and perceptions of Medical Sciences students towards hepatitis B virus vaccine in Sana'a City, Yemen.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to estimate vaccination coverage against hepatitis B virus and the perceptions of 1198 medical sciences students in Sana'a City, Yemen. METHODS: Only those who practice clinical training or are in contact with body fluids were included. The students were enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Republic of Yemen. Data was collected from 1999-2000. Arabic pre-tested questionnaire forms were completed by 840 students at a response rate of 70.6%. RESULTS: The study revealed a reported vaccination rate of 29.5%. The rate among Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences students was 32.3%, whereas only 21.3% among the students of High Institute of Health Sciences. Students of dentistry attained the highest rate of vaccination (38.8%), while nursing students of the High Institute of Health Sciences achieved the lowest rate (17.1%). Rate of vaccination (46.6%) among female students was significantly higher than male students (22.3%) with a P- value of 0.0001. Medical assistants of the High Institute of Health Sciences scored the best (56%) in terms of knowledge, medical laboratory sciences students achieved the highest (43.6%) in attitude and dentistry students had the highest scores (35.5%) in practices. The mean knowledge of females and males was comparable, however, females achieved higher attitudes and practices. Final stage students attained better attitude scores than the pre-final and intermediate students. CONCLUSION: Vaccination coverage of medical sciences students in Sana'a City, Yemen is low. Knowledge of medical assistants is the best, attitude of medical laboratory sciences students and practices of dental students is the highest. Attitudes and practices of female students are better than that of males.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed2002

The sublanguage of cross-coverage.

At Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, free-text "Signout" notes are typed into the electronic record by clinicians for the purpose of cross-coverage. We plan to "unlock" information about adverse events contained in these notes in a subsequent project using Natural Language Processing (NLP). To better understand the requirements for parsing, Signout notes were compared to other common medical notes (ambulatory clinic notes and discharge summaries) on a series of quantitative metrics. They are shorter (mean length 59.25 words vs. 144.11 and 340.85 for ambulatory and discharge notes respectively) and use more abbreviations (26.88% vs. 20.07% and 3.57%). Despite being terser, Signout notes use less ambiguous abbreviations (8.34% vs. 9.09% and 18.02%). Differences were found using Relative Entropy and Squared Chi-square Distance in a novel fashion to compare these medical corpora. Signout notes appear to constitute a unique sublanguage of medicine. The implications for parsing free-text cross-coverage notes into coded medical data are discussed.

Linguistics↗
PubMed2003

Prescription drugs: elderly enrollee reports of financial access, receipt of free samples, and discussion of generic equivalents related to type of coverage.

OBJECTIVE: To compare elderly health plan enrollee's survey responses regarding access to prescription drugs, receipt of samples, and discussion of generic equivalents across healthcare delivery systems and to examine the extent to which member characteristics are related to responses. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Elderly enrollees (aged 65 and over) in the Preferred Provider Organization (PPO in = 10,2201) and Medicare cost contract (n = 14,635) of a single health insurer responded to a 2001 member satisfaction survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between outcomes (eg, not filling prescriptions) and patient characteristics. RESULTS: Elderly enrollees in a PPO had more comprehensive drug coverage and better access to pharmaceuticals than Medicare enrollees, with 14% of Medicare enrollees reporting that they "occasionally" or "always" skipped filling prescriptions due to cost, compared with 6% of PPO members (P < .001). Similarly, 14% of Medicare enrollees reported taking less medication than prescribed to save money, compared with 7% of PPO members. Ethnicity was one of the strongest predictors of financial access to pharmaceuticals among elderly enrollees, with the predicted probability of "occasionally" or "never" filling medications ranging from 0.06 for Japanese to 0.16 for Filipinos. A majority of members in both health plans reported receiving free samples of pharmaceuticals from their physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to determine which medications are not being filled, the impact of sampling on subsequent drug utilization, and specific chronic conditions for which more extensive coverage is cost effective.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Racial and ethnic disparities in childhood immunization coverage in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In 2000 the North Carolina Immunization Branch established the Disparities Core Team to address the issue of disparities in immunization coverage in the state. Since no existing research identified disparities in childhood immunization, the Disparities Core Team undertook a kindergarten survey to determine the existence of disparities. Childhood immunization coverage levels were measured retrospectively by race and ethnicity in North Carolina. Completion of the 4-3-1 series (4 DTaP, 3 Polio and 1 MMR) by 24 months was considered up-to-date. METHODS: Immunization, demographic, and healthcare information was collected from school records in the fall of 2001 for a sample of kindergarten students. FINDINGS: Disparities were found on both state and regional levels. Disparities within regions varied. CONCLUSIONS: White children were more likely to be up-to-date by 24 months of age than African American children (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.26-2.03), Latino children (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.61-3.11), and Asian children (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.03-3.4). Discovery of the cause of racial and ethnic disparities requires further study. Implications for interventions to eliminate disparities are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Affordable health benefits for workers without employer coverage.

With 42 million individuals lacking health insurance in 1996, an increase of 1.1 million uninsured from the previous year, new initiatives to deal with health insurance problems merit a high priority among domestic policy initiatives. This paper examines the opportunities for assisting full-time workers (and their families) who do not receive employer-paid health insurance-a group that now includes 49 million individuals-by using three policy tools that Congress and President Clinton have already agreed to use in recent healthcare legislation: (a) equitable tax assistance; (b) market reforms; and (c) competition among health plans that offer economical benefits. Estimates for a model plan illustrate that such strategies could make decent private health insurance more affordable and more accessible for workers and their families who want to purchase it; family insurance protection, with guaranteed issue of insurance and large-group-rated premiums, could be offered at potential savings of 42% (or more). Premiums for worker's coverage, after tax assistance, would be below $1,200 per year, i.e., less than 60 cents per hour. These market-oriented reforms can be accomplished with a limited government role, and, after start-up costs, ongoing federal expenses would be modest, predictable, and controllable. When combined with the new $24 billion child health initiative to assist low-income families, the proposed plan would provide considerable progress toward universal access to affordable insurance coverage.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The coverage of cervical cancer screening in Khon Kaen, northeast Thailand.

Cervical cancer is a common cancer in Thai women and one of the only cancers that can be readily cured if early detection is successful. The Pap smear is an accepted as an appropriate means for cervical cancer screening at present. However, there are still some management problems with early detection programmes. Since data showing how many women have been screened by Pap smear are limited in Thailand, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining coverage in a defined population in the sample area, Thakaserm sub- district in Nampong district, Khon Kaen province, Thailand. The investigation was carried out during June-August 2000 to collect information on history of screening for cervical cancer using questionnaires. All women aged 20 and above were asked to answer the set of questionnaires a total of 1199 women responded. There were 66.9% that reported having received a Pap smear test for screening for cervical cancer at least once. However, there were 33.1 % that had never undergone a Pap smear in their life. It is important to find a strategy to increase the coverage of cervical cancer screening programme for this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Calcium sulfate-augmented soft tissue root coverage adjacent to connective tissue grafting: a new technique.

A new technique using calcium sulfate augmentation for root coverage is described. Three consecutive cases were treated with the calcium sulfate technique adjacent to teeth being treated with the classic connective tissue grafting technique. Although this is only a pilot study, the postoperative results of the calcium sulfate-treated sites showed similar tissue shape, color, and contour to the adjacent grafted sites. The amount of root coverage was also similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Refinements in hand coverage with microvascular free flaps.

The specialized tissue requirements or dorsal and palmar skin are analyzed and options for full-thickness replacement outlined in detail. Thoughtful and accurate preoperative planning is the key to success. Dorsal coverage with a variety of pedicled and free fasciocutaneous flaps are quite satisfactory. Palmar coverage is more difficult and the need for sensation more critical. Free vascularized temporoparietal fascial flaps covered with full-thickness skin grafts are currently the treatment of choice for most complex wounds.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Lifetime covered earnings and quarters of coverage of retired and disabled workers, 1972.

This article presents information on the lifetime covered earnings of retired-worker and disabled worker beneficiaries under OASDHI, the year of their first earnings credits, their quarters of coverage, and the relationship of these factors to 1972 benefit levels. Among both groups, relatively more women began earning credits after 1940; they also worked fewer years in covered employment and had lower lifetime earnings overall. Their benefits were thus smaller than those of men. White men tended to have higher lifetime covered earnings than did black and other men, but the latter sometimes had lifetime earnings that exceeded those of white women with equal quarters of coverage. Black women and those of other minority races tended to have the lowest lifetime covered earnings. Both retired and disabled workers whose covered employment began after 1950 were likely to have benefits as high or higher than the benefits of those with earlier credits--a reflection of rising wage levels and higher taxable maximums, as well as the "new start" computation method. as well as the "new start" computation method.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A large-insert porcine library with sevenfold genome coverage: a tool for positional cloning of candidate genes for major quantitative traits.

A porcine genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed by cloning partial EcoRI-digested high-molecular-weight DNA from a Korean native boar into the EcoRI site of the pBACe3.6 vector. The library consists of about 165,000 clones with an average insert size of 125 kb, representing about seven genome equivalents of coverage. About 130,000 clones (corresponding to fivefold genome coverage) were arrayed in 14 superpools which were organized as four dimensional pools. The library was further characterized by PCR screening of 38 microsatellite probes. An average of 4.84 positive clones were selected per marker. This indicates that the library is unbiased and will be useful for initiating fine scale physical mapping of major QTL in pigs. The library is being used to isolate specific clones by screening with type I and type II marker clones located in the QTL region affecting intramuscular fat content on SSC6.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dirigo Health--a universal health care coverage plan in Maine: implications for Massachusetts.

On June 18th, Maine governor John Baldacci signed into law a comprehensive health care initiative know as Dirigo Health. Dirigo is Latin for "I lead", the state motto. Dirigo is often referred to as Maine's new universal coverage law. The law seeks to achieve universal access to coverage by integrating access, cost, and quality initiatives. While Dirigo responds to and takes advantage of particular circumstances in Maine, it has naturally drawn a great deal of interest from other states seeking to deal with similar problems. This issue brief provides an overview of Dirigo Health and outlines areas that might inform the health policy debate in Massachusetts (and perhaps other states as well).

Cost Control↗
PubMed1992

Vaccination coverage in Mhala and Elim in 1990--a health systems approach.

This paper assesses the implementation of the 1986 Gazankulu policy on immunisation in 2 of the homeland's 6 health wards, Mhala and Elim. Vaccination coverage was estimated using the cluster sampling technique recommended by the Expanded Programme on Immunisation of the World Health Organisation. Vaccination coverage of children aged 12-23 months who have received eight valid doses (as stipulated in the programme) is estimated at 25% in Mhala and 53% in Elim (P < 0.001). While both figures can be substantially improved, the analysis concentrates on factors that help explain the differences between 2 districts that fall under the same central administration. As well as demographic differences, key factors include the presence of community-based health facilities and availability of staff (including programme leaders). The need for regional planners to have detailed and comprehensive knowledge of the health system at district level, and to make allowance for this, is put forward as vital to effective health planning. The failure of the Gazankulu policy to attain its objectives also reflects the often unrecognised consequences of the fragmentation of health services.

BCG Vaccine↗