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PubMed1995

Dental health behavior and self-reported dental health problems among hospitalized psychiatric patients in Denmark.

The purpose of the present study was to describe dental health behavior and self-reported oral health problems among hospitalized psychiatric patients. Two hundred and forty dentate patients were interviewed with regard to participation in school dental care, dental visiting habits, self-assessment of oral health, dental anxiety, and oral hygiene habits. Dental visiting habits were associated with gender, psychiatric diagnosis, duration of mental disorder, and fear of dental care. Moreover, toothbrushing habits varied with gender, status as inpatient or day-hospital patient, number of admissions, and psychiatric diagnosis. Constant regular dental visits were observed among 31% of the participants, whereas regular toothbrushing was reported by 55%. Compared with reference figures of the general population, these figures reflect a relatively poorer dental health behavior among the study participants. The study underlines the need for specific preventive dental programs, which aim at improving the poor dental health behavior among psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Determinants of self-assessed gingival health among adolescents.

The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the extent of agreement between clinical and self-assessed gingival health and to investigate possible factors associated with the amount of self-assessed gingival bleeding. A study group comprising students enrolled in grade 7 or 8 in Helsinki, Finland (n = 172), performed a self-assessment based on two tests: the amount of bleeding after toothbrushing and after interproximal tooth cleaning with toothpicks. Clinical examinations based on bleeding on probing (BOP%) were carried out by four local community dentists. The highest observed kappa value was 0.43 for the agreement between BOP% and self-assessment when tested with different cut-off points of diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed that clinical status and toothbrushing frequency were statistically significantly associated with self-assessed gingival bleeding in both tests. Socioeconomic status and locus of control orientation were also statistically significant factors in the toothpick test. In conclusion, the validity of self-assessment of bleeding was sufficient for monitoring adolescents' gingival health in groups. Self-assessed bleeding was explained by the same factors that were associated with clinical gingival health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Surface roughness of composite filling materials.

Seven commercial composite filling materials were studied as regards 1) differences in their ability to take a smooth polish as measured by an electronic roughness gauge and 2) their relative loss in smoothness due to toothbrushing. A series of test formulations indicated that polishability and ability to retain a good polish are interrelated and are functions of filler particle size and filler hardness. Optimization in the filler particles from the point of view of polishability also results in improved wear resistance to toothbrushing.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2003

Tooth brush abrasion of paint-on resins for shade modification of crown and bridge resins.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and resistance to toothbrush abrasion of three experimental paint-on composite resins developed for the shade modification of crown and bridge resins. The paint-on resins had less filler volume fraction than restorative composites or the crown and bridge resins and consequently were of low viscosity. The maximum surface roughness (Rmax) and the maximum depth loss by abrasion for the paint-on resins following 40,000 cycles of brushing ranged from 2.45 to 4.07 microm and 8.63 to 13.67 microm, respectively. Rmax values were 37.7-67.5% lower than that for the crown and bridge resin subjected to the same test. Wear depth was 19.9-49.4% lower than for the crown and bridge resin. These results suggest that the paint-on resins are expected to have adequate resistance to toothbrush abrasion and may therefore be suitable for clinical use.

Color↗
PubMed2004

Optical and color stabilities of paint-on resins for shade modification of restorative resins.

The purpose of this study was to examine the optical and color stabilities of the paint-on resin used for shade modification of restorative resins. Three shades of paint-on resin and two crown and bridge resins were used. The light transmittance characteristics of the materials during accelerated aging tests such as water immersion, toothbrush abrasion, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and staining tests were measured. Discolorations of materials resulting from tests were also determined. There were no significant effects of water immersion, toothbrush abrasion and UV light irradiation on the light transmittance and visible color change of paint-on resins, whereas the staining tests significantly decreased the light transmittance and increased color change of the translucent shades of materials. Our results indicate that the paint-on resins exhibit stable optical properties and color appearance, which are at least as good as the crown and bridge resins.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Effects of occlusal and brushing forces on wear of composite resins.

Effects of occlusal and brushing forces on the wear of composite resins were investigated using three different wear tests: simulated occlusal wear test, toothbrush wear test, and combined wear test which carried out toothbrush wear test and occlusal wear test alternately. Test specimens were prepared from four commercial composite resins. Worn volume and maximum worn depth were measured under different occlusal forces (40 N and 80 N) and brushing forces (1.5 N and 3 N) in the three wear tests. Worn surfaces were observed using a SEM. In all the three wear tests, both higher occlusal and brushing forces resulted in significantly greater worn volume and higher maximum worn depth. The effects of occlusal force on worn volume and maximum worn depth varied with different composites, indicating that the four tested composites showed different wear behaviors under different occlusal forces and brushing forces. It was suggested that their different wear behaviors most probably stemmed from the differences in their filler systems.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of timed hygienic measures on oral mucosa in a group of elderly subjects.

A study was conducted to identify and compare the effect produced on oral mucosa by the application of oral hygiene by the use of either a toothette or a toothbrush at two-, three-, or four-hour intervals during an eight-hour period for ten days. The sample consisted of 48 geriatric patients randomly selected from an extended care facility. Two investigators were responsible for scoring nine dependent variables--salivation, tongue moisture, tongue color, moisture of palates, color of gingiva, condition of membranes, lip texture, lip moisture, and soft tooth debris-- twice daily. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results of the study indicated significant improvement in six dependent variables in the four-hour interval groups. In the two-hour interval groups, two dependent variables were improved significantly. The toothbrush was more effective in stimulating gingival tissue and removing soft tooth debris; the toothette was found to be more effective in producing improvement in other oral tissues.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[The caries prevention campaign in the Canton of Zürich during 1962-1974 along with a statistical result report from the first 8 years].

In November 1962, a caries prophylactic campaign was inaugurated in the canton of Zurich. At the end of 1965, two thirds of the communities, 115 of 171, had introduced already toothbrushing with fluorine compounds at school, under supervision. The following years though did not bring notable increase in participation of the remaining communities. Here are the main results of the campaign: -reduction of dental caries in the permanent dentition by 45 to 50% (fig. 2) -reduction of dental caries on cuspid and incisor teeth and on the buccal and lingual surfaces of lateral teeth by about 80% -reduction of first molar extractions (fig. 5) -massive reduction of the number of untreated carious teeth (table VI) -better condition of the deciduous dentition (fig. 6, 7) -reduction in the incidence of gingival inflammations (table VII, fig. 8) -reduction of the supra- and subgingival calculus deposits. It is deduced from the discussion that supervised toothbrushing with fluorides, the spread of fluoridated toothpastes, and in a lesser degree--the fluoridation of table salt are a certain cause for the massive improvement of juvenile dentitions. It is still uncertain whether the avoidance of sugar containing snacks have also contributed to the favourable result. The reduction of gingival inflammations can only be explained by the improved home care. It cannot be proven if this has also an influence upon caries incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Odontogenic bacteremia following tooth cleaning procedures in children.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of odontogenic bacteremia from tooth cleaning procedures in children and adolescents. METHODS: One hundred and fifty five children receiving dental treatment under general anesthesia at The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and Guy's Hospital were recruited. Each child was randomly allocated to one of three tooth cleaning groups. These were (1) toothbrushing, (2) professional cleaning with a rubber cup and (3) scaling. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of positive blood cultures or intensity of bacteremia between the three groups. The bacterial species isolated were similar to those reported by other workers. These were S. mitis, S. sanguis and Coagulase--negative staphylococci, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of Bacterial Endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients at risk are as likely to develop odontogenic bacteremia from toothbrushing at home as from professional scaling and polishing of the teeth at dental surgery.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An investigation of the transverse technique of dentifrice application to reduce the amount of fluoride dentifrice for young children.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have shown an increase in the prevalence of fluorosis. Consequently, recommendations for the use of a small quantity of fluoride dentifrice, 0.25 to 0.5 g or the equivalent of a "pea size" amount for children, have been made. This study evaluated a method of placing dentifrice in a transverse relation to the bristles (TT) and compares it to the standard technique used (ST) and to the "pea size" recommendation (PS). METHODS: The study was conducted in three phases: the first was in a laboratory setting using 22 commercial brands of children's toothbrushes; the second evaluated various recommendations with 240 mothers (Brazilian and Peruvian); and the third evaluated these recommendations in 135 Peruvian children (ages 4 to 6). RESULTS: The results showed that the mean quantity of dentifrice used with ST, PS, and TT was 0.58 g, 0.34 g, and 0.27 g for the mothers and 0.46 g, 0.29 g, and 0.24 g for the children, respectively. The average TT obtained through multiple weighing of 22 children's toothbrushes was 0.22 g. Both recommendations (PS and TT) reduced the amount of dentifrice used. However, TT also yielded a smaller variation range. Mothers and children learn easily and prefer TT. CONCLUSION: This technique could be recommended for young children in order to decrease the amount of fluoride dentifrice used, hence minimizing the potential inadvertent ingestion of fluoride dentifrice.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge of dental health and diseases among dental patients, a multicentre study in Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of dental patients about dental health and diseases. A questionnaire was developed with three sets of questions, 1-general knowledge of dental conditions, 2-use of alternate methods in prevention and treatment of dental diseases, 3-awareness about personal oral health. Six hundred questionnaires were distributed in 6 cities from 4 different regions (i.e. Makkah, Riyadh, Tabuk, Gizan). 367 respondents (61% response rate) constituted 233 (63.5%) male and 134 (36.5%) female with the age range 11-70 years (mean 30 +/- 11.9). The data were analyzed by SPSS version 9.0 and results presented in frequency distributions. 99% male and 96% female considered their teeth for chewing food, 97% male and 96% female knew that increased carbohydrate intake and poor oral hygiene are related to tooth decay, 89% male and 96% female used toothbrush and paste to prevent dental diseases and 75% male and 66% female were regular user of miswak (chewing sticks.) 67% male and 59% female visit dentist, only in pain. 46% used miswak after their meals, only 14% of the subjects used miswak on their lingual and palatal surfaces of teeth, while 38% of the subjects used clove as remedy for toothache, 25.6% used saline and 10% used lemon for bleaching their teeth. 15% considered honey important for their good oral health. Regarding personal oral health, 35% had pain in gums, 36.8% were with bad breath, 28% had tooth hypersensitivity, and almost 50% used toothbrush twice daily while 42% had bleeding gums. It is important to note that knowledge and awareness about dental health and disease conditions are better in male subjects, dietary habits and oral hygiene methods need to be addressed in future investigations. There is a need to provide more health education to female subjects to improve their oral health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The efficacy of the Philips-Jordan 2-Action plaque remover regarding interproximal access.

A laboratory study was performed to assess the interproximal access efficacy of the Philips-Jordan 2-Action plaque remover. This electric toothbrush combines a pressure-control system, and a newly designed brush head with an oscillatory rotary brush and a smaller interproximal brush (the "Active Tip"). The pressure control system is designed to alert the user when too much brushing force is being exerted. The Active Tip brushing head is designed to increase access to the interproximal areas between the teeth. To investigate the added value of the Active Tip, this laboratory investigation measured interproximal access efficacy both with the Active Tip and without it, under identical conditions. The results demonstrated that the interproximal access of the toothbrush was significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced by the presence of the Active Tip.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed1994

[Oral hygiene aids].

Different dental hygiene aids are discussed, such as floss, tape, superfloss, gauze, flat shoelace, toothpick, interproximal brush, single-tufted brush, electric toothbrush, manual toothbrush and oral irrigation. Research shows that not one specific aid is superior to another if effectiveness is taken into consideration. Other factors which can influence oral hygiene efficacy are discussed as well.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of evidence-based dental prophylaxis education in postdoctoral pediatric dentistry programs.

The objective of the study was to investigate various aspects of evidence-based dental prophylaxis education in postdoctoral pediatric dentistry training programs in the United States. An anonymous nationwide postal survey of fifty-two postdoctoral pediatric dentistry program directors was conducted in September 2001. The survey had a response rate of 75 percent with all geographic regions of the nation represented and with a preponderance of university-based programs (62 percent). Most of the training programs (74 percent) routinely recommended dental prophylaxis for all recall patients. The proportion of programs that recommended dental prophylaxis for the following indications were: plaque, stain and/or calculus removal--97 percent; caries prevention--59 percent; prior to topical fluoride application--67 percent; prior to sealant application--62 percent; and for behavioral modification--77 percent. Most training programs (77 percent) defined dental prophylaxis as both rubber cup pumice prophylaxis and toothbrush prophylaxis. However, only one-half of the training programs (51 percent) had modified their teaching to substitute toothbrush prophylaxis in lieu of rubber cup pumice prophylaxis. In conclusion, only one half of postdoctoral pediatric dentistry training programs in the United States teach evidence-based practice of dental prophylaxis for recall patients.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Dental caries and fluorosis in low- and high-fluoride areas in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the caries prevalence of children living in either low- or high-fluoride areas and to relate caries experience to the severity of dental fluorosis. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A total of 278 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren, 149 in a low-fluoride area (LFA) and 129 in a high-fluoride area (HFA), were included in the study. The naturally occurring fluoride concentrations in the drinking water were 0.30 to 0.40 ppm in the LFA, 1.42 to 1.54 ppm in the HFA1, and 1.55 to 1.66 ppm in the HFA2. Dental caries was recorded with the World Health Organization criteria, and dental fluorosis was measured using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis. RESULTS: The percentages of children who had an average TSIF > or = 1 were 0%, 29%, and 77% in the LFA, HFA1, and HFA2, respectively. The mean decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, and filled permanent surfaces (DMFS) were 0.84 +/- 0.98 and 1.58 +/- 2.24 in LFA, 1.30 +/- 1.46 and 1.78 +/- 2.52 in HFA1, and 1.26 +/- 1.42 and 1.97 +/- 2.60 in HFA2, respectively. There was no significant difference in caries prevalence among children living in low- and high-fluoride areas when evaluated with an analysis of covariance model, including the frequency of toothbrushing. Toothbrushing frequency had a significant effect on the decayed teeth, decayed surfaces, DMFT, and DMFS. In high-fluoride areas, there was no relationship between caries prevalence and severity of fluorosis. CONCLUSION: Increasing water fluoride levels were associated with higher prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and had no influence on caries experience in children with poor oral hygiene.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Oral hygiene and periodontal treatment needs of urban school children compared with that of rural school children in Lagos State. Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the oral hygiene methods being used by the children in the urban and rural areas studied, the effect on their oral hygiene and the periodontal treatment needs of urban and rural school children. SETTING: An urban and a rural local government area in Lagos State, Southwest Nigeria. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and descriptive. METHOD: 1829 primary school children from primary one to six were selected from thirteen fee-paying and non fee-paying schools using a multistage random sampling. One thousand, and twenty-three (1023) children were examined in the urban area and eight hundred and six (806) children were examined in the rural area. The simplified oral hygiene index of Greene and Vermillion and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment needs (CPITN) were used to assess the oral hygiene status and Periodontal treatment needs respectively. RESULTS: 205 (20%) of the children in the urban area use the toothbrush and toothpaste only and 84 (10.4%) of those in the rural area use only the toothbrush and toothpaste. 255 (31.6%) of the children in the rural area use only the chewing stick compared with 5 (0.5%) of the children in the urban area. Majority of the children use a combination of methods based on what is available. Children in the urban area had significantly better oral hygiene than those in the rural area but children from low social class in the urban area had significantly poorer oral hygiene than those from the high social clans. Majority of the children from the rural area and the low class urban area needed scaling and polishing. It was concluded that there is a need for improvement in oral hygiene of the children via oral health education. There is a greater need for middle level oral health manpower as the majority required scaling and polishing with oral hygiene instructions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Oral health and oral health behaviour among 11-13-year-olds in Bhopal, India.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of dental caries, to describe the periodontal conditions, and to assess the level of attitude, knowledge and practice in relation to oral health and oral health behaviour among 11-13 year-old children in Bhopal, India. The data would aim to provide a baseline for planning and evaluation of oral health education programmes for children in the region. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: A cross sectional study of 599 children 11-13 years was conducted. Random sampling procedures were used to obtain representative samples of children in rural (n = 181) and urban areas (n = 277). In urban slum areas convenience sampling was applied (n = 141). The data were collected through clinical examinations by means of WHO standard method, and a sub-sample completed a self-administered questionnaire on oral health behaviour, knowledge, and attitude. RESULTS: The caries prevalence proportion in both dentitions was 57% with a mean DMFT+dmft of 1.6. The caries experience was 2.5 times higher among children in slum areas compared to children living in rural areas. Fifteen per cent of the children had healthy gingiva and 91% of rural children had maximum CPI score 2. Mean number of sextants with CPI score 0 was 3.5 among children in urban areas and 0.6 for children in slum areas. Seventy-five per cent of the children reported toothbrushing once a day, 31% used a plastic toothbrush and the general level of knowledge on oral health was low. Intake of sugary food and soft drinks were more frequent in the slum areas compared to rural areas. CONCLUSION: Implementation of community-oriented oral health promotion programmes is needed in order to increase the level of knowledge and to change attitudes and practices in relation to oral health among children. Essential care should be provided to control oral disease symptoms.

Adolescent↗