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PubMedDate not supplied

Dentinal dysplasia type I: review of the literature and report of a family.

A family is reported with dentinal dysplasia type I affecting both dentitions. Presenting features included unusual mobility of the teeth, followed by early exfoliation; normal clinical shape of the crowns of the teeth, but with an amber color without any sign of attrition or abnormal loss of enamel. Radiographic findings showed pulp-chamber and root-canal obliteration, poor root formation, radiolucent linear appearance of the pulp chamber parallel to the cementoenamel junction and frequent periapical radiolucencies. Histological studies have reported large masses of calcified tubular dentin, atypical osteodentin, and also true denticle.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta. I. Oral health in children.

An epidemiological study of hereditary enamel defects comprising more than 400 000 children, 3-19 years of age, was performed in 1982-1983 in the middle of Sweden. 105 children were diagnosed as having Hereditary Amelogenesis Imperfecta (HAI). Based on clinical and genetic data a classification of HAI could be carried out based on the hypoplastic and the hypomineralized type. 99 out of the 105 children were available for a thorough clinical and radiographical examination concerning oral health and these children were analysed in terms of carious lesions, restorations, dental plaque, calculus, gingival health and the occurrence of pulpal calcifications and taurodontism. A low number of carious lesions were particularly seen in children characterized by severe hypoplastic and hypomineralized enamel defects. A high number of restored proximal and buccal/lingual tooth surfaces could be recorded predominantly in children age 13-16 years associated to the hypomineralized type of HAI, where the number of decayed and filled proximal surfaces was 3.7 in the hypoplastic type and 17.1 in the hypomineralized type of HAI, respectively. In the age-group 6-19 years, 36 out of 91 children had totally 265 crowns and/or veneers. Crowns, anterior as well as posterior, were more common in children associated to the hypomineralized type compared to the hypoplastic type. Cosmetic treatment with composite materials was preferrably the choice of treatment in children with the hypoplastic type of HAI. Plaque and gingivitis were predominantly recorded in children with severe hypomineralized enamel defects. Excessive amounts of supracalculus deposition were also recorded in these children. Pulpal calcification and taurodontism could be scarcely diagnosed in the material and the findings could not be related to any specific type of HAI. The oral health data indicated a need for early therapy planning in children with HAI.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microanatomy of the dental enamel in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED): report of three cases.

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an autosomal recessive disease composed of failure of various endocrine glands, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and an ectodermal dystrophy complex including hypoplasia of the dental enamel. To characterize the enamel defect further, we studied enamel microanatomy by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in clinically affected permanent teeth from three APECED patients. In all three cases, the enamel was partially hypoplastic and morphologically aberrant. Hypoplasia was evident as a horizontal band or as rows of pits. The incremental pattern in the abnormal enamel was obscure, and the prisms were either barely detectable or accentuated and disoriented. In scanning electron microscopy, imprints of the Tomes processes were seen on the enamel surface, but the perikymata were poorly contoured. The distribution pattern of the defective enamel corresponded to the sequence of tooth development and was suggestive of a transient insult. In the enamel affected with a hypoplastic pitted from of amelogenesis imperfecta, studied for comparison, only local hypoplastic defects were seen. Together with normal parathyroid function in one patient and normal calcification of dentin in one of the two patients with hypoparathyroidism, morphology of the enamel in APECED appears to preclude calcium deficiency as the primary cause of the enamel dystrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Stiffening the stingray skeleton - an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, batoidea, myliobatidae).

The stingray family Myliobatidae contains five durophagous (hard prey specialist) genera and two planktivorous genera. A suite of morphological features makes it possible for the hard prey specialists to crush mollusks and crustaceans in their cartilaginous jaws. These include: 1) flat, pavement-like tooth plates set in an elastic dental ligament; 2) multiple layers of calcified cartilage on the surface of the jaws; 3) calcified struts running through the jaws; and 4) a lever system that amplifies the force of the jaw adductors. Examination of a range of taxa reveals that the presence of multiple layers of calcified cartilage, previously described from just a few species, is a plesiomorphy of Chondrichthyes. Calcified struts within the jaw, called "trabecular cartilage," are found only in the myliobatid genera, including the planktivorous Manta birostris. In the durophagous taxa, the struts are concentrated under the area where prey is crushed, thereby preventing local buckling of the jaws. Trabecular cartilage develops early in ontogeny, and does not appear to develop as a direct result of the stresses associated with feeding on hard prey. A "nutcracker" model of jaw function is proposed. In this model, the restricted gape, fused mandibular and palatoquadrate symphyses, and asynchronous contraction of the jaw adductors function to amplify the closing force by 2-4 times.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bi-directional distraction osteogenesis of the alveolar bone using an extraosseous device.

OBJECTIVES: In alveolar distraction, the bone segment tends to incline palatally or lingually, making rigid control of the segments difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed bi-directional extraosseous alveolar distractor (Medartis V2-Alveolar distractor) for pre- and perioperative vector management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven patients with segmental alveolar atrophy following traumatic tooth loss were treated using the distraction device. The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically. Preoperatively, the initial vector for distraction was determined using CT by measuring the cross-section of the bone. The morphology of the alveolar bone was also analyzed in relation to the planned implant position. Postoperatively, the rate of osteogenesis was monitored with plane radiographs and CT scan. RESULTS: All cases had bone deficit at the anterior surface of the alveolar ridge, showing a typical inclination of the long axis of the bone. Using the distractor, vertical distraction and positioning of the segments with labial orientation was possible. After a consolidation period of 12 weeks on average, sufficient bone formation for implant installation was radiologically observable. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of one bone biopsy showed very dense mineralized bone (area fraction=78%) with a multidirectional, complex architecture. Implant-supported prosthetic oral rehabilitation was successfully performed in all cases. CONCLUSION: All complications observed in this study were related to the bone deficiency at the anterior surface of the alveolar process. If the technique can be improved, this type of bi-directional distraction is a promising method for alveolar bone repair.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Closed-eruption surgical technique for impacted maxillary incisors: a postorthodontic periodontal evaluation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical appearance and pulpal and periodontal status of impacted maxillary central incisors that had been exposed and aligned after a closed-eruption surgical technique. Twenty-one patients were examined 4.5 years (median) postretention. The treated central incisors showed no significant differences in plaque and gingival indexes, widths of attached gingiva, and crown lengths, whereas a small, but statistically significant, increase was found in the mean pocket depth compared with the contralateral incisors. The bone support was reduced by 5% to 6% in the treated teeth, and, in one third of the cases, an abnormal gingival contour was recorded. The lateral incisors revealed similar plaque and gingival indexes and pocket depths on each side, but the lateral incisors immediately adjacent to the treated tooth showed decreased widths of keratinized gingiva and increased crown lengths. Even though statistically significant differences were found in some of the periodontal parameters measured, the overall clinical consequences of a conservative exposure and orthodontic alignment of impacted incisors by the closed-eruption technique are minimal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of various decalcification protocols on detection of DNA strand breaks by terminal dUTP nick end labelling.

To analyse DNA strand breaks by terminal deoxy(d)-UTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) in calcified tissues including bones and teeth, it is important to decalcify the tissues first. However, the effects of decalcifying reagents on the integrity of DNA are largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of various decalcifying reagents including 10% EDTA (pH 7.4), 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 5% formic acid, 5% HCl, 10% nitric acid, Plank-Rychlo's solution, Morse's solution and K-CX solution in TUNEL staining. Mouse maxilla was selected as the experimental system. Apoptotic cells naturally occurring in the epithelium were analysed. Tissues were assessed by soft X-ray imaging to confirm complete decalcification. The time required for decalcification of the tissue was 7 days with 10% EDTA and 2 days with other decalcifiers. Decalcified tissues were stained with Methyl/Green-Pyronine Y or 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for assessment of DNA integrity. Nuclei of epithelial cells were strongly positive for both dyes after decalcification with 10% EDTA, 5% TCA, Morse's solution and 5% formic acid. The other reagents failed to retain DNA. Our results demonstrated good TUNEL staining of the maxilla treated with 10% EDTA or 5% TCA. Based on the required time for processing and the signal-noise ratio, we recommend 5% TCA as the decalcifying reagent to analyse for DNA strand breaks.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Oral manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: report of case.

First described in the beginning of this century, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a hereditary connective tissue disorder. This case report describes an 11-year-old girl who had frequent unexplainable bruises. During an initial orthodontic evaluation, characteristic symptoms were spotted, and a subsequent diagnosis made.

Child↗