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PubMedDate not supplied

Population policy forum. Redefining survival.

Although I agree with most of the content and the essence of Marge Berer's excellent paper, I beg to differ with her on whether there is a need for a feminist population policy. If we advocate respect for women's needs and right, then we have to believe that women will want to regulate and limit their fertility when it is no longer an essential element in their survival: today, childbearing is a social or economic necessity for many women, even to the detriment of their health. No set numbers should be designated as the ideal family size, nor should any form of ideal family be posed in the 1st place. However, there is an issue of pragmatism or opportunity value that we have to consider. Women need contraceptives to regulate their fertility, among the many other things they need to empower themselves. Those who control economic resources at both the national and international levels are more interested in investing in family planning programs than in other health or development needs. We will not be able to change their motives to some abstract egalitarianism in which they never believed. Our challenge, as feminists, is to develop our own capabilities in 2 ways. One is to gain the technical and intellectual know-how to make a clearer argument that demonstrates the link between effective contraceptive use and addressing women's reproductive health and other economic and social needs. We must convince a reluctant establishment that without empowering women they will not achieve their goals. The 2nd is to create our own organizations and modes of operation that will allow resources to flow into programs and activities that will work for women and not get marginalized and impoverished into paralysis.

Contraception↗
PubMed1983

[Establishment of a rat strain with testicular hypoplasia and its morphological observations].

A testicular hypoplastic (T-H) rat strain, originating from the Wistar-Imamichi rat colony at the Institute for Animal Reproduction, has been maintained by full-sib matings since 1974 for eight filial generations. There were no abnormal signs in external features and growth patterns of the T-H strain. Testicular hypoplasia was detectable at about 8 weeks of age by palpation around the scrotum. Unilateral or bilateral testicular abnormalities were detected in 80 out of 391 males of this strain. The incidences were 32.5% for right side, 48.8% for left and 18.8% for both respectively. Reproductive performance of unilateral T-H males were not different from that of normal. While bilateral ones showed normal sexual behavior, they failed to produce their progenies. In adult T-H rats testicular weight was approximately two-fifth of the normal, and the accessory organs such as the seminal vesicles, epididymis and etc., especially located in the same side of the testicular hypoplasia, reduced their size and weight. Occasionally was seen lack or denaturation of the deferent duct or epididymis. At adult age, no spermatogenesis was observed in all hypoplastic testes with a few exception, and normal spermatogenesis in the testis of the normal side of unilateral T-H male.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of protein intake, energy intake and stage of gestation on growth, reproductive performance, nitrogen balance and carcass composition in gestating gilts.

Thirty-six crossbred gilts were fed three levels of protein (146, 255 and 364 g/d) and two levels of energy (6,200 and 7,440 kcal of digestible energy/d) throughout gestation in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five-day N balance studies were conducted in early (0 to 30 d), mid- (30 to 60 d) and late (60 to 90 d) gestation. At slaughter (90 d of gestation), reproductive tracts were weighed and evaluated for reproductive performance and samples of the reproductive tract, liver and semimembranosus muscle (SM) were analyzed for crude protein. The right half of the carcass was subjected to a physical separation of fat, lean and bone. Neither dietary protein nor energy level significantly affected weight gain or reproductive performance. Nitrogen retention increased as dietary protein level increased and stage of gestation progressed (linear effect, P less than .01), but efficiency of N utilization and dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing protein intakes (quadratic effect, P less than .05 and linear effect, P less than .01, respectively). Nitrogen retention (P less than .01), efficiency of N retention (P less than .05) and dry matter digestibility (P less than .01) were higher in gilts fed high (H) energy compared with gilts receiving moderate (M) energy diets. Increasing dietary protein increased total carcass separable lean tissue (quadratic effect, P less than .01), liver weight (linear effect P less than .01) SM weight (quadratic effect, P less than .05) and SM percentage M (linear effect P less than .10). Similarly, total carcass N and carcass lean N increased as protein level increased (quadratic effect, P less than .10, P less than .05, respectively). In contrast to the increase in muscle N, N in uterine tissue and fluids was not affected by dietary protein level. The results of this experiment suggest that 146 g of crude protein/d during gestation is just as effective as higher levels of crude protein for litter size or storage of N in reproductive tissue, but 255 to 364 g of protein/d are required to maximize muscle N.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes towards reproduction in Latin America. Teachings from the use of modern reproductive technologies.

The use of modern reproductive technology, such as in-vitro fertilization and its related procedures, has opened new areas of legal, religious and public concern. Thirty years ago, the development of effective methods to control procreation generated a debate on whether couples had the right to enjoy sex in the absence of its procreative effect. Today, assisted reproductive technology (ART) allows couples to have their own children in the absence of a direct intermediation of sex. The Catholic Church has reacted against both contraception and ART, and specific instructions have been directed to the public, the medical profession and legislators. In a recent survey, 88.4% of the population in Latin America claims to be Catholic; therefore, bioethical considerations and legal implications concerning intervention in reproduction are strongly permeated by the moral teachings of Catholicism. In 1996, 83 medical doctors and scientists, participating in the Latin American Network of Assisted Reproduction, produced a consensus document on ethical aspects and legal implications of ART. The document contains minimal ethical guidelines that Latin American professionals have decided to adhere to, even in the absence of legal regulations. This article examines how the medical profession, legislators and the public react to religious influence when confronted by difficult bioethical decisions such as the right to procreate.

Catholicism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights.

Since 1985, UNESCO studies ethical questions arising in genetics. In 1992, I established the International Bioethics Committee at UNESCO with the mission to draft the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, which was adopted by UNESCO in 1997 and the United Nations in 1998. The Declaration relates the human genome with human dignity, deals with the rights of the persons concerned by human genome research and provides a reference legal framework for both stimulating the ethical debate and the harmonization of the law worldwide, favouring useful developments that respect human dignity.

Codes of Ethics↗