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PubMed1985

Sex-education needs and interests of high school students in a rural New York county.

Seventy-five boys and 88 girls from three high schools in a rural county of New York state took a sex-education quiz and were asked to describe their sexual and contraceptive experiences and sex-education interests. Consistent with most previous research, nonvirgin teenagers who earned better grades on the sex-education quiz failed to use more effective contraceptives than nonvirgins who had performed poorly on the quiz. There was a striking similarity among students' descriptions of sex-education interests, regardless of their gender, previous enrollment in a health course, or experience with sexual intercourse. Very few teenagers (9%) were completely satisfied with their high school's current sex-education program. The majority (57%) wanted to learn more about contraceptives and venereal disease prevention, either as the primary focus of their sex-education curriculum or in combination with other topics such as sexual values, the biology of reproduction, and information about the human body. Many adolescents (19%) seemed confused about their sex-education needs and described a vague interest in everything sexual. Only 2% of the students thought sex education should provide them with erotic information or techniques for increasing sexual pleasure. The remaining students wished that their sex-education courses would give them additional information solely about sexual values (5%) or the biology of reproduction and knowledge about the body (8%).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacological studies of a contraceptive drug anordrin.

A new oral contraceptive--Anordrin has been discovered. It is an A-Nor-steroid with some estrogenic activity and possessing a significant anti-fertility activity in mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters and dogs. In rats, AF-53, administrated repeatedly, led to sterility but did not alter mating behaviour, and the fertility of the animals recovered soon after cessation of the medication. In sub-minimal antifertility doses it has no teratogenic effect. Acute and chronic toxicity tests in animals showed that this drug did not cause any apparent abnormality in the blood picture, liver and renal functions, as well as in the histological examinations of organs. Experiments with 14C-labelled Anordrin showed that this drug could be absorbed rapidly but not completely in the gastrointestinal tract. The peak blood level was usually attained at 9 hours after administration. The drug excreted in the urine reached a maximum in 10--12 hours. Higher radio-activity was found in bile and gastrointestinal tract and was also excreted in large amounts in the feces. In clinical trials it is administrated only once post-coitally. The time for taking the drug is not limited by the menstrual cycle and it is unnecessary to be taken successively. Thus Anordrin is a convenient, safe and effective oral contraceptive drug.

Alkynes↗
PubMed1998

Assessing condom use practices. Implications for evaluating method and user effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Consistent and correct condom use remains important to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. Although many studies evaluate consistent condom use, few examine how condoms are used during intercourse. GOALS: Assess how user practices affect exposure to risks of pregnancy and infection during condom use. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey on condom behaviors in the past month was conducted among 98 male students attending two Georgia universities. RESULTS: Altogether, 35 of 270 total condom uses (13.0%, 95% confidence interval, 7.4-18.5) resulted in potential exposure to sexually transmitted disease and/or HIV infection or pregnancy. Both consistent and inconsistent users were similarly likely to report potential exposures during condom use. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest condom problems occur among both consistent and inconsistent users. Future studies of condom effectiveness must distinguish whether condoms were used both consistently and correctly.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning services in adolescent pregnancy prevention: the views of key informants in four countries.

CONTEXT: Rates of adolescent pregnancy vary widely in the developed world. The prevention of adolescent pregnancy in the United States might be improved by comparing the provision of family planning services in the United States with that in some other developed countries. METHODS: Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 75 key informants (clinicians, politicians, public health administrators, social and behavioral scientists, and antiabortion activists) in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States. Inductive, systematic qualitative analysis was performed on verbatim transcripts of these interviews. RESULTS: Across all four countries, interviewees described optimal family planning services for adolescents as those that include accessible, comprehensive and multidisciplinary care provided in confidence by nonjudgmental staff with good counseling and communication skills. Interviewees in Sweden and the Netherlands described a close liaison between family planning services and local schools, while key informants in the United States reported parental resistance to such coordination. Interviewees in the Netherlands and Sweden observed that family planning staffs in their countries have a clear sense of "ownership" of family planning services and better job-related prestige than did interviewees in Great Britain. Respondents in all countries except Sweden reported that providers are not always comfortable providing confidential care to teenagers. This was a particular concern for family planning providers in Great Britain who have patients younger than 16. Respondents in all countries except the United States thought that a "user-friendly" procedure for contraceptive provision should not require a pelvic examination. Finally, interviewees felt that governmental support in the Netherlands and Sweden seems to have led to adequate financing of family planning services, while in the United States, interviewees reported that there seems to be little governmental, medical or familial support for preventive health care, including family planning services. CONCLUSIONS: As described by key informants, the family planning services available to teenagers in the Netherlands and Sweden have many of the features identified by respondents from all four countries as those that would characterize ideal family planning services for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of androgens on social behavior and morphology of alternative reproductive males of the Azorean rock-pool blenny.

In the Azorean rock-pool blenny Parablennius sanguinolentus parvicornis two sequential reproductive tactics occur. Larger and older males establish breeding territories, while some of the smaller males become attached to nest-holder territories, acting as satellites on these territories, which they help to defend while trying parasitic fertilizations when females go in the nests to spawn. In the present paper we tested the effects of the androgens 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) in the expression of male secondary sex characters and bourgeois behavior in satellite males. One week after satellites were implanted with Silastic tubes containing MT, KT, or castor oil (control), androgen-treated satellites had developed male secondary sex traits such as longer and wider male-type genital papilla and anal glands that secrete a sex pheromone, both traits being less expressed or absent, respectively, in satellite males. Androgen treatment had no effect on the gonadosomatic index or on the development of the testicular gland. KT treatment had a positive effect on relative liver weight. In terms of behavior, androgen-implanted individuals were less aggressive both in a mirror test and toward females when these were introduced into their tanks. MT-treated individuals spend more time inside the provided nests. Only androgen-implanted satellites managed to have the females entering their nests. When given a chance in a group tank either to try to attract females to their own nest or to act as satellites of an already established nest-holder's nest, MT-implanted males spent significantly more time in their own nest than near the nest-holder nest. These data suggest that androgens, particularly testosterone, may be involved in mating tactic switching in this species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Time to talk condoms.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Are adolescents accurate in self-report of frequencies of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancies?

PURPOSE: Many surveys of adolescent behavior are dependent on self-reported data. We sought to assess the accuracy of adolescent self-report of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pregnancies. METHODS: We randomly selected 149 (118 females, 31 males) adolescents to participate in this accuracy study. Follow-up questionnaires were administered to the 126 patients (99 females, 27 males) who returned after enrollment. Patients were asked about STDs and pregnancies during the follow-up period which ranged from 6 months to 1 year. All patient charts were reviewed to validate post-testing history. RESULTS: Return visits were made by 126 patients (84%). Fifty-one (40%) denied having had an STD at all during the follow-up period but were found to have had at least one STD. Another 11 (9%) admitted having had an STD but had multiple STDs in excess of what they reported. Only 46% of the patients provided accurate information on the follow-up questionnaire. Of the 99 girls who returned for follow-up, the inaccurate patients (10%) consisted of 9 who reported no visits for a pregnancy but had a pregnancy documented in their charts and 1 who underreported her number of pregnancies. Reliability analysis of the accuracy of STD and pregnancy self-report for our patients showed kappas ranging from 0.185 to 0.413 (slight and fair to moderate, respectively). Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.3107 and 0.4364 for STD and pregnancy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our patients' histories of visits for STDs and pregnancies are often not substantiated by review of their medical records. The reason for the inaccuracies in self-report of sexual behaviors is unclear. Further research in this area should be done. Physicians must confirm patient history concerning sexual practices through appropriate record review and medical evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The use of biodegradable norethisterone implants as a 6-month contraceptive system.

The effects of a 6-month contraceptive system of biodegradable norethisterone (NET) implants on the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels, the presence of side effects, its contraceptive effectiveness, and the NET levels achieved were studied in a group of nine women. There was practically no disruption of the menstrual cycle and no important side effects. Ovulation was inhibited in four subjects, and another four subjects remained ovulatory. In all the subjects a cyclic secretion of estradiol was maintained. No pregnancies occurred. The circulatory levels of NET were very stable throughout the 6-month period of implant use.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Contraceptive choices for behaviorally disordered women.

Women with psychologic disturbances of depression, anxiety, or thought disorganization pose a special management problem when providing a safe and effective means of contraception. The difficulty is compounded by the fact that many mentally disturbed women also abuse drugs. Therefore, providing contraception to the many types of behaviorally disturbed women requires the full range of contraceptive options and protection from sexually transmitted diseases. When compliance can be assured, oral contraceptives are the preferred method. When compliance is questionable, progestin implants or injections may be tried. However, progestin-only preparations are associated with several side effects, including worsening of mood in depressive patients.

Contraception↗
PubMed2001

Sleep quality, estradiol levels, and behavioral factors in late reproductive age women.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of perceived poor sleep in women aged 35-49 years and to correlate sleep quality with levels of gonadal steroids and predictors of poor sleep. METHODS: A cohort of 218 black and 218 white women aged 35-47 years at enrollment (aged 37-49 at final follow-up) with regular menstrual cycles was identified through random digit dialing for a longitudinal study of ovarian aging correlates. Data obtained at four assessment periods, including enrollment, over a 2-year interval were collected between days 1 and 6 (mean = 3.9) of the menstrual cycle. The primary outcome measure was subjects' rating of sleep quality at each assessment period. Associations of sleep quality with hormone levels (estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) and other clinical, behavioral, and demographic variables were examined in bivariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Approximately 17% of subjects reported poor sleep at each assessment period. Significant independent associations with poor sleep included greater incidence of hot flashes (odds ratio [OR] 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 2.12, P =.02), higher anxiety levels (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00, 1.06, P =.04), higher depression levels (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02, 1.07, P <.001), greater caffeine consumption (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04, 1.49, P =.02), and lower estradiol levels in women aged 45-49 (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.34, 0.84, P =.006), after adjustment for current use of sleep medications. CONCLUSION: Both hormonal and behavioral factors were associated with sleep quality. Estradiol levels are an important factor in poor sleep reported by women in the 45-49 age group. Further evaluation of estrogen treatment for poor sleep of women 45 years and older is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Short-term impact of safer choices: a multicomponent, school-based HIV, other STD, and pregnancy prevention program.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the first year of Safer Choices, a theoretically based, multicomponent HIV, STD, and pregnancy prevention program for high school youth. The study featured a randomized trial involving 20 schools in California and Texas, with a cohort of 3,869 ninth-grade students. Students who completed both the baseline and the first follow-up survey approximately seven months later were included in the analysis (n = 3,677). Safer Choices enhanced 9 of 13 psychosocial variables including knowledge, self efficacy for condom use, normative beliefs and attitudes regarding condom use, perceived barriers to condom use, risk perceptions, and parent-child communication. Safer Choices also reduced selected risk behaviors. Specifically, Safer Choices reduced the frequency of intercourse without a condom in the three months prior to the survey, increased use of condoms at last intercourse, and increased use of selected contraceptives at last intercourse.

Adolescent↗