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PubMed1979

Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg.

Two hundred and twenty-one representative samples of chicken eggs of native and commercial strains of Gallus domesticus were collected during January 1975 to August 1977 throughout the Tehran area and the Northern province of Mazandarane. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. The insecticides [1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethanel] (DDT), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl) ethane] (TDE), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE), isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC), Aldrin/Dieldrin, Heptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, and endrin were detected in varying concentration in the eggs. The eggs of native bred chickens, mainly as a result of their food sources, showed greater concentration of all pesticides except BHC isomers than those of commercial types. Though concentration of DDT compounds in 22% of native bred and 5% of commercial eggs exceeded WHO tolerance limit, the mean concentrations of pesticides residues were not exceeding these limits. There was no correlation between concentrations of pesticides and egg shell thinning.

Aldrin↗
PubMed2004

[Pesticide exposure and reproductive and birth defects. Critical analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence].

Several epidemiological studies link pesticide exposure to reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, additional studies have shown little or no evidence to support such relationship. On the other hand, experimental data show that some pesticides may indeed alter the reproductive function or produce birth defects (as evidenced by intrauterine death, in utero growth retardation, visceral and skeletal malformations or functional deficits) in laboratory animals. This review is a critical analysis of the epidemiological and experimental evidence available to date, that links pesticide exposure with induction of reproductive or developmental defects. Factors that must be considered when establishing a cause-effect relationship are also discussed, including the shape of the dose-response curve, exposure to pesticides in chemical mixtures and the influence of genetic background.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1993

Solvents in pesticides.

Solvents are extensively used in pesticide formulations. This study concerns the solvents notified to the Italian Registry of Pesticides, which has information on approximately 8000 pesticide formulations. Solvents with evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or animals, including benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dioxane, and 2-nitropropane, have been notified for use in pesticides. Exposure to such solvents could partly explain some of the reported excesses of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among farmers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Chromosome aberrations in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of subtoxic exposure to pesticides causing chromosome aberrations in greenhouse workers. METHODS: In a cross-sectional and prospective study design chromosome aberration frequencies in cultured lymphocytes were examined for 116 greenhouse workers exposed to a complex mixture of almost 50 insecticides, fungicides, and growth regulators and also for 29 nonsmoking, nonpesticide-exposed referents. RESULTS: The preseason frequencies of chromosome aberrations were slightly but not statistically significantly elevated for the greenhouse workers when they were compared with the referents. After a summer season of pesticide spraying in the greenhouses, the total frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations were significantly higher than in the preseason samples (P=0.02) and also higher than for the referents (P=0.05). This finding was especially due to an increased number of cells with chromatid gaps between the first and second samples (P=0.001). The results may reflect an additive genotoxic effect of the spraying season, for which the use of insecticides and growth regulators (but not fungicides) culminates. The highest elevation in the risk of chromatid gaps was observed for persons who did not use gloves during re-entry activities such as nipping, cutting, pricking, and potting (risk ratio 2.88, 95% confidence interval 1.63-5.11). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest a genotoxic effect from a complex subtoxic occupational pesticide exposure. In general, the findings indicate the importance of personal protection, during high-exposure re-entry activities, in preventing pesticide uptake and genetic damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Occupation, pesticide exposure and risk of multiple myeloma.

OBJECTIVES: This population-based case-control study examined the relationship between occupation, living or working on a farm, pesticide exposure, and the risk of multiple myeloma. METHODS: The study included 573 persons newly diagnosed with myeloma and 2131 controls. Information was obtained on sociodemographic factors, occupational history, and history of living and working on a farm. Occupational and industrial titles were coded by standardized classification systems. A job-exposure matrix was developed for occupational pesticide exposure. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Farmers and farm workers had odds ratios of 1.9 (95% CI 0.8-4.6) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8-2.3), respectively. An odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-2.7) was observed for sheep farm residents or workers, whereas no increased risks were found for cattle, beef, pig, or chicken farm residents or workers. A modestly increased risk was observed for pesticides (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9-1.8). Significantly increased risks were found for pharmacists, dieticians and therapists (OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.7-22.5), service occupations (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.02-1.7), roofers (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-9.8), precision printing occupations (OR 10.1, 95% CI 1.03-99.8), heating equipment operators (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.4-15.8), and hand molders and casters (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0-8.4). CONCLUSIONS: A modest increased risk of multiple myeloma is suggested for occupational pesticide exposure. The increased risk for sheep farm residents or workers indicates that certain animal viruses may be involved in myeloma risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Pesticide poisoning events in wild birds in Korea from 1998 to 2002.

We describe cases of pesticide poisoning of wild birds diagnosed at the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (Kyunggi, Korea) from 1998 to 2002. Forty-one mortality events (759 birds) of 87 incidents (2,464 birds) investigated were associated with pesticide poisoning, and six organophosphates or carbamates were identified as being responsible for the poisoning. Phosphamidon was most frequently identified as the cause of poisoning, accounting for 23 mortality events. Other pesticides identified as poisons for birds were organophosphates monocrotophus, fenthion, parathion, EPN, and diazinon, and the carbamate carbofuran. Pesticide poisoning is a problem in wild birds in Korea.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and milk by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A method for detection, quantitation, and confirmation of more than 100 pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) with ion trap mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been developed. The sensitivity of this method for many analytes is equal to or lower than those of selective GC detectors such as flame photometric detectors and electrolytic conductivity detectors. Using MS/MS, very low detection limits and good confirmation (1 precursor ion and 2 or more product ions) are achieved simultaneously. The entire list of pesticides is screened with 2 injections per sample. Samples are introduced onto the column by a temperature-programmed cold injection to maximize response. Each pesticide is run with its own unique set of parameters, which fragment the compound, retaining only the precursor ion. This ion is then refragmented to create a product spectrum. The selectivity of MS/MS gives a very clean spectrum, making compound identification and confirmation clear, even with a relatively dirty food matrix. If care is taken to maintain the injection port and guard column, this method can reliably identify and confirm more than 100 pesticides at the low parts-per-billion range.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Accreditation of analytical laboratories and proficiency testing: experiences from Thailand on the issues of pesticide analysis.

Thailand, the economic growth of which largely depends on agriculture-based industry, recognizes the importance of international standards for harmonization of international food trade and for protection of human health from chemicals used as food additives or those present as contaminants. Pesticides which are widely used in Thailand are the anticholinesterase pesticides, pyrethroids, coumarin derivatives, bipyridinium salts, and to some extent organochlorine compounds such as DDT in malaria control. Proficiency testing and accreditation of laboratories are recognized as effective means to ensure quality and validity of data and to enable adequate risk assessment of pesticide residues in food, work environment and environment in general. The paper is a synthesis of relevant local reviews and in-depth interviews with experts in the area of pesticide laboratory accreditation and proficiency testing. The paper refers to other schemes for quality assurance such as ISO guide 25, ISO 9000, and ISO 14000, and addresses future prospects of ongoing activities such as accreditation of inspection bodies in the area of industrial chemicals and occupational safety and health.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1999

Environmental health in the east Baltic region--pesticides and persistent organic compounds.

Exposure to, and the potential effects of, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the East Baltic region are reviewed. Exposure of the average population to chlorinated compounds seems lower than in most of western Europe, and current pesticide use is very low. However, due to infrastructure failures and poor management controls, industrial hot spots and inadequate storage sites exist that cause high risks to small population fractions. The low exposure of the general population is indicated by low concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in milk fat. Chlorophenol concentrations are also generally lower than in Scandinavia. Some organic pesticides have been found at higher concentrations in Baltic countries and the St. Petersburg area than in Norway, but the range is roughly similar to that in central Europe. Thus the overall risk caused by pesticide residues and persistent organic compounds in the Baltic countries and northwestern Russia is low, but local sites of concern exist.

Baltic States↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biotransformation enzyme polymorphism and pesticide susceptibility.

Numerous specific genetic polymorphisms (PM) in the multi-gene families of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been described in the human population in the past decade. For example, one or more PM have been identified in human CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1. Recent studies using cDNA expressed human CYPs have suggested that CYP3A4 is the principal human CYP involved in the oxidation of parathion and probably other organo(thio)phosphate (OP) insecticides and thus PM in this CYP might influence susceptibility to OP. However, although large (> 10-fold) variability in CYP3A4 activity in human liver has been found, thus far no genetic basis for differences in activity or expression of CYP3A4 have been identified. Three GSTs are also polymorphic in the human population. Approximately 50% of the Caucasian population are homozygous for a gene deletion of the mu class GSTM1, and approximately 20% of Caucasians and over 60% of certain Asian populations are homozygous for a partial deletion of the theta-class GSTT1. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms in human GSTP1 have also been described, and have altered activity toward several substrates. No studies have yet determined the relative activities of human GSTM1, T1 or PI towards methylparathion or other pesticides, and thus the potential significance of the common polymorphisms of these genes on pesticide susceptibility is unknown. Numerous studies have demonstrated that resistance of a variety of insects to several different insecticides, including DDT, has been attributed to the overexpression of theta-class GSTs as well as certain CYPs. Thus, it remains possible that genetic PM in human GSTs and/or CYP enzymes could increase or decrease sensitivity to certain pesticides. Few epidemiological studies have examined whether any of the known CYP or GST PMs are associated with adverse outcomes in populations occupationally-exposed to pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of 2 pesticides indoors on the respiratory function of a Mexican population].

INTRODUCTION: The utilisation of pesticides in the large cities has been increased. Exist few studies that determine the damage in the respiratory appliance. OBJECTIVE: Determined on a healthy population of Mexico City with two known products used for the control of the insecticides in household, with the main objective to determine the clinical and functional manifestations that its use implies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: They were included 70 sound volunteers with residence in the City of Mexico that lived in apartments with 100 square meters of construction, tobacco negative and without previous antecedents of cardiovascular disease, without acute infectious process. They were split into 2 groups one that inhaled pesticides for combustion and the group b in electric form, In them I accomplished study espirometric to the beginning and during 3 exposed hours. The analysis by T Student. RESULTS: In group A was observed a meaningful difference of 0.01 in the first hour and of p < 0.028 in the second and third hours, with collateral effects as irritation eyes (74%) disnea (57%) cough (43%) and headaches (28%). Group B with a small difference of the VEF-1 in the first hour p < 0.03 and without differences on the following hours. We haven't observed secondary effects according to this group. The analysis en both group we have only differences in the first hours with p < 0.004. CONCLUSION: The exposition to pesticides our group for combustion produces a lot of clinical and functional alterations than the electric pesticides.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Studies on simultaneous determination of 17 organochlorine and 9 pyrethroid pesticides of agricultural products].

A method for simultaneous determination of 17 organochlorine and 9 pyrethroid pesticides in agricultural products by capillary GC with ECD detection was studies. The samples were extracted with acetone under acidic conditions followed by Florisil column clean-up and then injected into a GC-ECD. The organochlorine pesticides used in this study included unstable captan and captafol in the homogenized preparations of fruits and vegetables. Captan and captafol were also found to decompose in rice and wheat samples when the samples were allowed to stand after the addition of water. Addition of phosphoric acid to the samples was effective in preventing the decomposition of captan and captafol. Recovery of the pesticides investigated in this study was not decreased by the addition of phosphoric acid. Addition of phosphoric acid was also effective in removing interfering substances from onion extract. Recovery of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides from samples spiked at levels of 0.05-0.25 ppm by the proposed method was 51.4-100.8% for rice and wheat and 60.1-119.0% for vegetables.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1999

The effect of pesticide on the activity of serum cholinesterase and current perception threshold on the paddy farmers in the Muda agricultural development area, MADA, Kedah, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find out the indicator as a marker of person who are exposed to pesticides (organophospate). Up to now the serum cholinesterase is used as a marker. This new method will not taking blood vein since this be the obstacle in conducting research in a rural area. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the effect of pesticide exposure on the activity of serum cholinesterase (ChE) and current perception threshold (CPT). The samples are 60 paddy farmers (exposed group) and control group taken from the office of Muda agricultural area of Kedah in 19 do not expose to pesticide. The CPT values measured using a portable constant current electric nerve stimulator, Neurometer CPT/Eagle (Neurotron Incorporated, Baltimore, USA). Assessments carried out by one examiner on the index finger (median digital nerve) and the great toe (peroneal digital nerve). The current used are 3 neuroselective frequency range 2000 Hz, 250 Hz, and 5 Hz. The serum cholinesterase activity measured spectrophotometrically using cholinesterase inhibition test kit CHE MHE 1,144729. RESULT: It was significantly evident that the serum cholinesterase activity noted reduced among the paddy farmers (p = 0.014). The CPT values were significantly elevated for the 2000 Hz frequency range for both the measurement sites (index finger p < 0.0001 and great toe p < 0.0001). For the 250 Hz frequency range CPT values were significant only for the index finger (p = 0.012). However there was no significant difference for the 5 Hz frequency range. There was also a significant correlation (negative) between CPT values and serum cholinesterase activity more for the 2000 Hz frequency range (index finger r = 0.672, p < 0.0001 & for great toe r = 0.736, p < 0.0001). The results were suggestive of subclinical impairment of distal axonopathy considering the fact only 25% of the farmer showed clinical manifestation of numbness. CONCLUSION: The selective involvement of the large diameter sensory fibres (250 Hz and 2000 Hz) were reflective of toxic peripheral neuropathy. Neurometer CPT/Eagle used as indicator for detecting the effect of pesticide instead of using cholinesterase enzyme activity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of binary and ternary mixtures of pesticides in wetland waters by gas chromatography using partial least-squares analysis.

Partial least-squares (PLS) analysis was applied for the first time to ternary and binary mixtures of pesticides producing overlapping peaks in gas chromatograms. Several preprocessing algorithms for pretreatment of data were tested for optimization of the PLS models, and the most advantageous were used in each case. Three different mixtures of pesticides were resolved with satisfactory results: parathion-methyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and vinclozolin; parathion-ethyl, chlorpyrifos, and triadimefon; and endosulfan sulfate and carbophenothion. The proposed models were applied to the determination of 3 mixtures of pesticides at levels of 0.02-1.00 ng/mL in wetland water samples after a preconcentration step with C18 cartridges, with recoveries ranging from 82.7 to 117.4%. The reported method is sufficiently sensitive to measure pesticide residues at the maximum allowable concentrations given in the European Union Drinking Water Directive.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Input pathways and river load of pesticides in Germany--a national scale modeling assessment.

A model has been developed which estimates the magnitude and the spatial distribution of pesticide losses from diffuse sources (surface run-off, tile drains and spraydrift) into surface waters for the entire area of Germany. The cumulative annual losses of 42 active ingredients applied to 11 field crops, orchards and vineyards are calculated for river basins in Germany based on grid maps with a resolution of 1 x 1 km2. The model validation showed a sufficient degree of accuracy of the model results compared to measured pesticide loads in 13 small catchments. According to the model results the pesticide input from diffuse sources into surface waters amounted to 13.8 t in 1994 aggregated for the entire area of Germany. Input via surface runoff contributed 9.1 t while tile drainage was 1.4 t and spraydrift 3.4 t respectively. Alongside the model calculations empirical data of the pesticide load of rivers in Germany are presented. A comparison of the measured river loads with the modeled inputs from non-point sources leads to the conclusion that in most regions of Germany the largest portion of the load is due to the input from farm effluents.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1975

Sampling and analysis of pesticides in the environment.

Environmental monitoring is now recognized as essential in areas of pesticide use in order to assess the impact of these pesticides on the environment. During the last two decades, advances in instrumentation in terms of detection limits and specificity, along with the growing expertise of residue chemists, have made reports of pesticide residue levels in the parts per billion range commonplace. Using this technical ability and carefully assessing the significance of the data obtained, pesticides can be used in a more efficacious manner with less possible damage to the environment.

Air Pollution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral and cellular immunity rates in chemical plant workers producing dust pesticides.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to pesticides may affect humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group was composed of 24 men employed in the production of dust pesticides and 23 females performing ancillary jobs under conditions of lower pesticide exposure. Chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 10 males (41.7%) and 13 females (56.5%). The workers were exposed to: triazines, carbamates and dithiocarbamates, carbendazim, captan, dodine, dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and cupric oxychloride. Silica, kaolin, chalk, and talc were used as carriers. The average workplace air concentrations of pesticides did not exceed the MAC. The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M, complement component C3, and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were estimated. The peripheral blood leukocyte count and percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 lymphocytes were evaluated. RESULTS: IgA and CIC concentrations in the female group were higher as compared to controls, whereas the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8 cells was significantly lower, as opposed to an increased percentage of CD19 cells. The male group showed lower CIC concentrations, and the C3 complement component level was significantly higher. The decreased percentage of CD3 cells was accompanied by a higher CD19 cells ratio. The white blood cell count was higher in the males. No significant changes were found in other immunity parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed changes in some components of humoral and cellular immunity, which may influence damage to the respiratory system.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Acute poisoning with methomyl and other pesticides in the province of Ragusa, Sicily].

In 1995-96, the Occupational Medicine Service of the province of Ragusa, Sicily, examined all cases of pesticide poisonings among persons seen in two local emergency departments, identifying 86 cases due to unintentional pesticide exposure. Methomyl, a highly toxic carbamate, was indicated for 51% of all cases. The most frequently reported symptoms included nausea and vomiting (48%), excessive perspiration (33%), and dyspnea (16%). Fifty-nine cases (69%) were hospitalized, 5 in intensive care. The methomyl cases occurred more frequently during summer months while the cases from all other pesticides showed no seasonal patterns. These observations point out the relevance of identifying acute pesticide poisonings in the province of Ragusa and suggest that ongoing registration of these events should be a public health priority.

Acute Disease↗