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PubMed2002

[Role of modern absorbable suture materials in decreasing the occurrence of early complications after laparotomy].

UNLABELLED: Uncomplicated healing of surgical wounds is one of the most important factors which contribute to the success of operations. In particular dehiscence of laparotomy is an important complication associated with considerable morbidity and lethality. A number of factors which contribute to the healing of the surgical wound at the time of operation cannot be influenced, it is however possible to influence the technique of wound closure and the material used. The authors compare in their study early postoperative and long-term results of closure of laparotomy in three groups of patients where for closure of laparatomy PDSII loop suture was used, continuous suture with Vicryl and classical suture by individual silone stitches. The investigation revealed a significantly lower incidence of early postoperative complications in patients where modern absorbable materials were used, in particular early infections. The incidence of dehiscence of laparotomy or hernia in the scar did not differ significantly although in the group with absorbable materials, contrary to the group with silone, there was no dehiscence of laparotomy without an infectious complication of wound healing. CONCLUSION: Empirical experience and the conclusions of some major investigations indicate that the best method of closure of laparotomy is continuous suture using absorbable material.

Absorption↗
PubMed2002

[Modern views on rheumatic fever].

Submitted in the paper are modern conceptions on etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute inflammatory rheumatism (IR). Some aspects of IR course in different age groups are highlighted, high informative value of new laboratory methods of diagnosis of its latent forms are validated. The place of interferons and selective inhibitors of COG-2 in the treatment of IR is determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Semen analysis: its place in modern reproductive medical practice.

Semen analysis is the most important laboratory investigation for men when assessing the infertile couple. Advances in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques, particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involving the direct injection of a single spermatozoon into an egg, have not diminished the role of semen analysis in modern reproductive practice. Semen analysis is the most basic laboratory investigation undertaken and is descriptive in terms of semen volume, appearance, viscosity, sperm concentration, sperm motility and morphology. Since the results are used by clinicians to choose appropriate treatment options, a reliable service is imperative. It is crucial that the laboratory is experienced in the performance of semen analyses to ensure an accurate result. To ensure a quality semen analysis service, laboratories must participate in internal and external quality assurance activities, incorporate rigorous training protocols for technical staff and use reliable procedures. The World Health Organization laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm cervical mucous interaction, clearly describes the variables that need to be assessed and the methods of analysis and quality assurance to be used.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[Criminal responsibility and confinement of the insane from antiquity to early modern Japan].

ANTIQUITY: The third Japanese legal code, Youro Ritsuryo, was compiled in 718. The code classified the insane people as severely handicapped, exempted them from taxes and reduced their punishments when they committed a crime. MEDIEVAL: We cannot find any description on criminal responsibility of the insane in the legal documents of this age. EARLY MODERN: In 1742, the Tokugawa government enacted a criminal code named Osadamegaki-hyakkajyo, which contained a clause on the criminal responsibility of the people suffering from insanity or alcoholism. In principle, even if the criminal who committed homicide had been insane, he or she was sentenced to death. However, when the criminal had been obviously insane and the master or relatives of the victim appealed for mercy the judge could spare his/her life. The case of killing under the influence of simple alcohol intoxication was considered to be fully responsible. However, the case of pathological intoxication was treated in the same way as the case of insanity. There was a strict rule for confinement of the insane. When people thought that confinement was inevitable, a petition for confinement was submitted to the court under the joint signature of the family, the members of goningumi (a mutual responsibility unit), and the head of the town or village. In big cities like Edo (now Tokyo), a medical certificate of a doctor was attached to the petition. After receiving the petition, the court dispatched officials to inspect the case. When the court could confirm the necessity of confinement, they gave the permission and sealed the lock of a private cell where the insane was confined. People had to appeal to the court again when they wanted to free the insane from the cell.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Modern methods of treatment of autoimmune myocarditis.

An updated version of the autoimmunity theory and the recent achievements in the investigation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders have created new opportunities for the development and clinical application of a new generation of methods of treatment of the immune system dysfunctions. The present review is focused on questions related to modern and future developments in the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis. We discuss well-known drugs like corticosteroids and azathioprine, and some new and up-to-date methods of treatment of the autoimmune inflammation. Some of these methods are at the experimental stage of development and hopefully will be used to treat patients in the near future.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modern day psychosurgery: a new approach to neurosurgery in psychiatric disease].

AIMS: To obtain an up to date review of the different possible surgical approaches in the management of certain psychiatric disorders that are refractory to conservative treatment (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy). METHOD: In order to conduct this research we reviewed the work published by centres with the most experience in this type of surgery, mainly in North America and Europe, since its beginnings in the 1930s, with the controversy concerning prefrontal leucotomy, until the appearance of modern stereotactic techniques. We analyse the anatomophysiological bases, their main clinical indications, the surgical techniques used and their results, as well as perspectives for the future of this neurosurgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The most noteworthy progress in psychosurgery in recent years has been the combination of a more rigorous selection of patients and the higher degree of specificity with which treatment is performed on the brain structures involved in psychiatric disease. The most widely employed psychosurgical procedures at present are cingulotomy, anterior capsulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, limbic leucotomy and postero medial hypothalamotomy, with favourable responses in about 35 70% of cases. The psychiatric diagnoses where the best results are to be found are obsessive compulsive disorder, chronic anxiety states and major depression. Current progress in neuroimaging techniques, increased neurophysiological knowledge and the revolutionary neuromodulation techniques, especially deep brain stimulation, offer an even more promising future for psychiatric neurosurgery.

Brain↗
PubMed1976

Modernism and contraceptive use in Colombia.

This analysis addresses the question of whether fertility can be lowered without the prior occurrence of the social and economic changes that have come to be labeled modernization. The data show that there exists in Colombia a relatively high level of motivation to control fertility that, for many women, is not coupled with both knowledge of and access to a method of contraception. For the "traditional" woman, the problem may not be lack of motivation so much as lack of access to methods that she is aware of, such as the pill, and lack of knowledge of methods that require few resources of supplies, such as rhythm and withdrawal.

Colombia↗
PubMed2002

[The birth of modern hospital].

The modern hospital was born in France, at the end of the XVIII century. The article analyzes the debate promoted by the Académie des Sciences to ascertain what was necessary to rebuild the the hotel Dieu, destroyed by fire. This was the occasion to definitively condemn the medical conception of hospital.

France↗
PubMed2003

The role of the modern matron in a urology department.

The introduction of modern matrons--strong clinical leaders--is part of Government policy for the health service. In October 2001 the post of urology matron was set up in one London trust. This paper discusses her experience of the job, examines the key objectives for the matron role and describes the challenges faced.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficiency of modern perinatal technologies commissioned in a regional perinatal center].

An analysis, performed within the offered case study, showed that, beginning from 1995, the activity on reorganizing the obstetric and neonatological services as well as the outfit with modern diagnostic equipment and the application of new perinatal technologies essentially improved, as from 1998, the indices of the activity in the Regional Perinatal Center of the city of Krasnodar.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modern aspects in managing the quality of medical care provided to the male teenagers of the pre-conscription and conscription age].

A topical issue of medical care provided to the teenagers and an introduction of a new technology of rendering such care to them under the conditions of pediatric out-hospital clinical institutions are discussed. The establishment of a multi-level system of the medical care management, as described in the article, will enable to detect, timely, pathologies in teenagers for the purpose of improving their health and for the purpose of exempting the male teenagers with physical defects and with psychosomatic disorders from the military service in the army and fleet. The designing and successive implementation of the general scheme of promoting the management of medical care of teenagers with regard for a modern state-of-art of health care institutions and with regard for the health condition of the growing generation would insure a rational usage of the material-and-technical, personnel and financial resources of health care and military commissariats.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Highly repetitive work operations in a modern milking system. A case study of wrist positions and movements in a rotary system.

With the use of electrogoniometers wrist positions and movements were measured in 13 milkers while working in a modern rotary milking system. The rotary system put considerable demands on the wrists and hands regarding both velocities and repetitiveness. Values were found close to those described in other repetitive industrial work with high risk of wrist and hand disorders. For the right hand the repetitiveness was 0.57 Hz and 0.46 Hz for the left hand. In addition, the median value (50th percentile) of the angular velocity distribution was also high, being 36 degrees /s for the right hand and 26 degrees /s for the left, and with respect to the peak value (90th percentile) the corresponding values were 155 degrees /s and 135 degrees /s, respectively. Furthermore, when milking in the rotary system, there was less possibility to hold the hands still than in the other milking systems. The right hand rested only 1.4% of the milking time and the left only 1.0%. The hands were therefore moving throughout almost the entire milking procedure. High velocity, repetitiveness and fewer opportunities for rest are risk factors that might lead to disorders in the wrists and hands. Regarding wrist positions, the left wrist was held in a more dorsiflexed position than the right, 37 degrees and 29 degrees, respectively. Compared with tethering and loose-housing parlour milking, the wrist positions were, however, improved in the rotary system. When introducing new milking systems these negative effects on wrist and hand movements must be borne in mind in order to minimize the prevalence of wrist and hand disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Modern aspects of epilepsy treatment].

It is a general rule today, after a relevant diagnostics of an epilepsy, to start a monotherapy treatment, depending on a kind of a seizure, a life age and a general health condition. First line of monotherapy epilepsy drugs remain carbamazapine and sodium valproat. New drugs that are being introduced are: felbamat, gabapentin, lamotrigin, oxcarbazepin, tiagabin, topiramat, vigabatin and zanisamid. These are commonly used as add-on therapy, or as an addition for previously used antiepileptic. Their indicated areas are complex resistant partial seizures with or without generalization. Attention should be paid on proper dosage, interactions and toxicity. Regardless on the new epileptic era, according to reports of International League against epilepsy, most of the patients do not receive the drug that is the most appropriate for them concerning the price (cost-benefit). Neurosurgical methods in epilepsy treatment are: selective amygdalo-hyppocampotomy, temporal lobotomy, subpial resection, hemispherectomy, corpus callosotomy, removal of lesions like tumors or cysts provide encouraging results in reduction of epileptic seizures that can be followed by reduction of drug therapy. N. vagus stimulation is being wider introduced in resident epileptics. Treatment of epilepsy in women requires an approach to sexuality, conception, pregnancy, introduction of medicaments, antiepileptic terratogenity, contraception, motherhood and menopause. A special significance of modern approach to epilepsy is in treatment of elderly who have cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease as a cause of seizures. A complex treatment of epilepsy using pharmacological and neurosurgical approach requires supportive psychotherapy, socio-therapy, the work with a family, education about epilepsy and living a life with more quality having one.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2003

History "lite" in modern American bioethics.

This article explores a disconcerting phenomenon. In recent years, in writing on the subject of assisted suicide, several bioethicists have made extraordinary historical claims. The history of Western moral theories that exhibit disapproval of all forms of suicide is well known. Nevertheless, the bioethicists have claimed that some of Europe's most prominent early modern moral philosophers never believed in the inalienable right to life. This claim is quite controversial because this right is an important basis for secular moral opposition to assisted suicide. Irrespective of whether or not opposition to assisted suicide is philosophically justified, the philosophers the bioethicists write about did in fact believe in the inalienable right to life. Bioethicists can only come to their conclusions concerning the philosophers by employing an improper historical methodology.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2002

[Modernization, medicine, disease, and public health in Caracas (1870-1877)].

Between 1870 and 1877, under German Antonio Guzmán Blanco's first period of government, a set of measures was inaugurated with the intent of modernizing Venezuelan society, government, and the State. The city of Caracus was a prime setting in which to undertake a series of reformist works and measures meant to transform the capital into an urban space boasting features similar to Europe's major cities. Standing among the years' main developments are the pactice and teaching of medicine, measures seeking to improve public health conditions, and the express desire to use legal norms and resolutions to attack the principle diseases afflicting Caracas residents. The government and its circle of professional elites sought to set the stage to attract capital and European immigrants.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2000

[Information technology of modern NIR spectral analysis].

The main points, flowdiagram and the levels of optimization and building models of modern NIRS analysis are described in this paper. The strategy of how to apply and develop the technology of Near-Infrared spectroscopy analysis in our country is also described. In order to develop the technology of NIRS, the Industrialization and Democratization should combined.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2003

[Modern etio-pathogenesis and diagnosis of mycobacterioses].

Over the last decades the incidence of infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has increased. It has been noted in various regions of the world and it seems to concern also our country. The aim of this review is to call attention to clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria of mycobacterioses. The environmental sources of NTM, predispositions to dissemination of NTM infection and current epidemiological data on mycobacterioses are discussed. Since the accuracy of mycobacterial strain identification is most important for microbiological diagnosis of disease, it is suggested to perform it according to modern requirements, exclusively in selected, well-equipped laboratories.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗