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PubMed1998

Multiple kinship in two Spanish regions: new model relating multiple and simple consanguinity.

The structure of the different categories of multiple consanguineous marriages (MCMs) and their historical variation patterns are analyzed in the Spanish dioceses of Alava (Basque Country) and Sigüenza-Guadalajara (Castile). Consanguineous marriages, up to third cousins, were taken from ecclesiastical dispensations, and the periods studied were 1831-1980 for Alava and 1861-1980 for Sigüenza-Guadalajara. Significant differences exist in the MCM rates in the two Spanish areas. In this study a model is proposed to prove that in a general population there may be dependence between MCM rates for specific relationships and the frequencies of those types of relationships in the form of simple consanguineous marriages (SCMs). The effects of avoidance and preferentiality and of underreporting are discussed to explain the deviations between observed and expected consanguineous marriage frequencies. A limit to the weight of remote consanguinity on the population inbreeding coefficient F is determined. The relationship between FT/FS and ms values from our two Spanish populations are fitted to curvilinear regressions. FT is the total population inbreeding coefficient, FS is the contribution to FT from SCMs, and ms is the relative observed frequency of SCMs in the general population.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1997

Men's career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality.

Based on data from 1979-1990 NLSY interviews, we investigate the implications of rising economic inequality for young men's marriage timing. Our approach is to relate marriage formation to the ease or difficulty of the career-entry process and to show that large race/schooling differences in career development lead to substantial variations in marriage timing. We develop measures of current career "maturity" and of long-term labor-market position. Employing discrete-time event-history methods, we show that these variables have a substantial impact on marriage formation for both blacks and whites. Applying our regression results to models based on observed race/schooling patterns of career development, we then estimate cumulative proportions ever married in a difficult versus an easy career-entry process. We find major differences in the pace of marriage formation, depending on the difficulty of the career transition. We also find considerable differences in these marriage timing patterns across race/schooling groups corresponding to the large observed differences in the speed and difficulty of career transition between and within these groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Consanguinity and demography in some Chilean populations.

Spatial and temporal changes in the rates and the patterns of consanguinity are studied in some (indigenous as well as admixed) populations of Chile. Relationship between the variation of infant mortality and late fetal death rates with the degree of inbreeding is also explored. The need of a temporal study of these demographic variables is also emphasized to elucidate the influence of marriage structure or determined reproductive patterns on the genetic and demographic aspects within these populations.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1998

Consanguineous marriage in an urban area of Saudi Arabia: rates and adverse health effects on the offspring.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the pattern and time trend of consanguineous marriage and its adverse health effects on the offspring in Dammam city, Eastern Province, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This city is known to attract Saudis from different parts of the country because it is in the heart of this industrial region. Five primary health care centers were randomly selected from different sectors of the city in addition to the city's only Maternity and Children's Hospital. For inclusion in the study a wife must have at least one pregnancy that terminated in either full term liveborn baby, still birth, or abortion. A total of 1307 ever-married Saudis completed a pre-structured questionnaire during an interview. The rate of consanguineous marriage was 52.0% with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.0312. First-cousin marriages were the commonest (39.3%) of all matings. The consanguineous groups had a significantly higher number of pregnancies. The mean birth weight of the offspring of consanguineous couples was not statistically significant being less than that of the non-consanguineous. However, within the consanguineous groups the more closely related couples had smaller babies on average. No significant differences were noted for the rates of inherited diseases and reproductive wastage. The rate of consanguineous marriage in this city was high and so was the inbreeding coefficient. These figures place this nation among the countries with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. A nationwide study to determine accurately the relationship between consanguinity and inherited diseases has much to commend it.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1984

[Children as a burden, children as a joy: theses on family formation and number of children].

"This article surveys significant changes in fertility and nuptiality in Central and Western Europe since the middle of the 19th century. In this context the secular decline in birth rates is understood as a consequence of changes in the social structure as well as of diffusion of social norms." It is noted that for the period after 1920, and especially after 1950, no "determinants" exist that can completely explain fluctuations in marriages and births. "Hence, the central thesis of this article is the following: There is no stable pattern of family formation in a modern industrial society and the number of children is not directly linked to mortality conditions or economic constraints. Subsequently, the article develops several hypotheses concerning the significance of marriage and parenting in the late 20th century, and points out that ups and downs in marriages, divorces, and births may be seen in analogy to other fashion-like processes (such as consumer behavior or social behavior)." (summary in ENG)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proximate determinants of fertility in Nigeria.

Data from the 1981-82 Nigeria Fertility Survey (NFS) are used to identify the key proximate determinants of fertility in Nigeria. The patterns of their individual and collective effects are analyzed in a search for possible sources of fertility change. Exposure to the risk of childbearing through first marriage is found to be the most important proximate determinant of Nigerian fertility. Subsequent to marriage, fertility is determined mainly by breastfeeding and postpartum sexual abstinence. Where fertility shows significant socioeconomic variations, there are equally identifiable patterns of the impact of the proximate determinants which explain these differentials to a large extent. On a national scale, the observed patterns of the impact of the measured proximate determinants do not appear to suggest that Nigerian fertility is soon to experience a large decline.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Does an effect of marriage duration on pre-transition fertility signal parity-dependent control? An empirical test in nineteenth-century Leuven, Belgium.

It has been demonstrated for many pre-industrial populations that the age at marriage, or marriage duration, influences age-specific marital fertility but the reason for this remains unclear. Among the several mechanisms that may be responsible, the following are often cited: secondary sterility or increased subfecundity associated with parity; declining coital frequency; the age difference between the spouses; and, importantly, parity-dependent fertility control. If the latter mechanism were partly responsible for the marriage-duration effect in pre-transition populations, it would contradict the concept of the modern fertility transition as the evolution (or revolution) from parity-independent to parity-dependent fertility. The study presented in this paper investigates the relative importance of these alternative explanations. The application of multivariate Poisson regression to the fertility data from two birth cohorts in the Belgian city of Leuven shows that a linearly declining or even concave age-specific fertility pattern, disaggregated by age at marriage, does not imply parity-dependent fertility limitation.

Belgium↗
PubMed1993

Marriage, age at last birth and fertility in a traditional Moroccan population.

A sample of 842 rural women from Morocco (Amizmiz, Marrakech) was used to examine the relationship between a number of biosocial variables and fertility patterns. For women still in their reproductive years there were significant correlations between family size and woman's age, age at marriage and years of marriage. Among women with completed families, those with early age at marriage ceased childbearing about 10 years before reaching menopause, while women who married later continued to bear children until the end of their fertile life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effects of the status of women on the first-birth interval in Indian urban society.

The status of women, which is relative and multidimensional, has an important bearing on any long-term reduction in fertility. In Indian society, where cohabitation and childbearing are socially sanctioned only after marriage, the length of the first-birth interval affects the completed family size by influencing the spacing and childbearing pattern of a family. This study examines the influence of certain aspects of the status of married women--education, employment, role in family decision making, and age at marriage--along with three socioeconomic variables--per capita income of the family, social position of the household, and the caste system--on the duration of the first-birth interval in an urban Hindu society of the north-east Indian state of Assam. The data were analysed by applying life table and hazard regression techniques. The results indicate that a female's age at marriage, education, current age, role in decision making, and the per capita income of the household are the main covariates that strongly influence the length of the first-birth interval of Hindu females of urban Assam. Of all the covariates studied, a female's education appears to be a key mediating factor, through its influence on her probability of employment outside the home and thereby an earned income and on her role in family decision making. Unlike other Indian communities, the effect of the caste system does not have a significant effect on first-birth timing in this urban Hindu society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cancers of the cervix uteri and breast: changes in incidence rates in Bombay over the last two decades.

The age-adjusted incidence rate of cervical cancer in Bombay has decreased over the last 20 years, whereas over the same period that of breast cancer increased slightly. Studies indicate that the incidence of cervical cancer is lower in successively later-born cohorts, but no cohort effect has been observed for breast cancer. Age at marriage is an important factor in the etiology of both these cancers, and it is plausible that the decrease in cervical cancer has resulted from the increase in age at marriage of women over the last 20 years in the city. The changing pattern of incidence of cancer for women in Bombay, among whom the incidence of breast cancer is the highest of all forms of cancer, indicates that, from a long-term perspective, cancer control programmes in India as a whole should aim at minimizing the risk of both cervical and breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Retirement and marital satisfaction.

This study examined the effects of retirement status, length of retirement, and spouse's retirement status on marital satisfaction. Although some previous research and theory suggest that retirement has salutary effects on the quality of marriage, we find no such pattern here. Instead, some small negative effects are observed, particularly involving effects of husbands' retirement on the marital satisfaction of employed wives. These results suggest an explanation in terms of the household division of labor, employing insights from equity theory. Overall, there is no indication of any beneficial impact of retirement on the marital satisfaction of either husbands or wives.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Voluntary surgical contraception: a study on level of satisfaction.

Voluntary surgical contraception (VSC) is said to be one of the most popular, safe, effective and long term methods of birth control not only in Nepal but also in the world One of the very frequently suspected complication or effect of voluntary sterilization (female) is "post tubal sterilization syndrome". The term post tubal sterilization syndrome has been used variously to include abnormal menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrahoea, premenstrual distress, hysterectomy and miscellaneous other conditions like need for recanalisation, feeling of regret and menopausal syndrome. Abnormal vaginal bleeding due to ovarian dysfunction has been a regular and common complaint of the female clients after their TS. This study was carried out in a clinic setting to find out the level of satisfaction among the cases of VS. Level of satisfaction was measured by whether the client regretted the procedure, whether their menstrual pattern was changed after the procedure, performed either by themselves or VSC by the husband and also by finding out how many of them needed hysterectomy and recanalisation procedure. Women who had undergone TS were taken as the cases (group A) and those women whose husband has VSC were taken as control group (group B). The result showed that there is almost no difference in the age group of both case and control at the time of their consultation. At the time of VS almost 60% (56.53%) of cases were <29 years of age and >70% (71.23%) of the women were <29 years of age when their husbands were vasectomised. 26.15% of the women in group A were in the age group of 30-40 whereas this age group comprised of only 15.38% in group B. Average age at menarche was 14 years and average age at marriage 17 years. The menstrual pattern was not found to have changed in both groups excepts for those who had organic condition. Hysterectomy had been performed in only 5 cases at the age of 30, 34, 40, 42 and 43 years in group-A and in two case in group-B. Indications of hysterectomy n these cases were (DUB) and fibroids. Two patients in group-A had to undergo recanalisation but the indication in both the cases were loss of previous children.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Estimation of mean age at first marriage: use of a simple mathematical model.

"The present paper is an attempt to introduce a simple mathematical model to describe the age pattern of proportion never married women. The underlying model was found to give fairly close fit to an observed set of data of some 17 WFS [World Fertility Survey] countries. A mathematical formulation was then suggested in terms of the parameters in the model to estimate the mean age at first marriage. The mean ages obtained under the approach agreed quite closely with those obtained by Hajnal's method. The agreement between the estimates of ever married proportions obtained by the suggested model and...Coale's nuptiality model appeared also to be satisfactory."

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thai family demography: a review and research prospects.

"This paper attempts to give an overview of demographic knowledge on the Thai family and to suggest directions for future research." Aspects considered include marriage, marital disruption, household size and structure, headship, flexibility of Thai family structure, the family life cycle and inheritance patterns, and the impact of social change. (SUMMARY IN THA)

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Sex differences in life cycle measures of widowhood.

Using formulas which measure life cycle characteristics of widowhood as a function of life table survivorship and age at marriage, we illustrate changes in patterns of widowhood and widowerhood since 1950, as well as differences by race, by age of bride and of groom, and by age differences between spouses. Although the current inequality in the risks of widowhood and widowerhood for the average couple is mostly due to sex differences in mortality, a one year age difference between spouses has about the same impact as does a one year difference in life expectancy. Calculations based on current distributions of age of groom by age of bride indicate that the older the age of groom, the greater the age difference between spouses and the higher the likelihood of a woman outliving her husband: the typical groom who marries in his fifties faces a 4 to 1 chance that he will be outlived by his spouse.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Hypoplastic synpolydactyly as a new clinical subgroup of synpolydactyly.

A large kindred which was first described in 1995 was investigated again. We present the clinical, radiological, genetic and surgical findings of the hand deformities found in homozygote individuals which we called "hypoplastic synpolydactyly". There were 125 affected (heterozygote or homozygote) people out of 245 subjects in the five last generations. We identified seven marriages of two affected people. Twelve offsprings, of these marriages had a homozygote genetic pattern and "hypoplastic synpolydactyly". From both the clinical and surgical perspectives, their hand deformity was distinctive from that of their parents. We surgically treated both hands of three individuals with this deformity. The hand deformity of these homozygotes was so complicated and distinctive that it can be evaluated as a new subgroup of synpolydactyly.

Bone Wires↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Divorce transition differences of midlife women.

Divorce transition experienced by and its influence upon midlife women's health is not fully understood. Interviews were conducted with 24 divorced women who self-classified into decider status groups: initiator (who first decided to end marriage), non-initiator (recipient of end of marriage decision), and mutual decider (shared decision to end marriage). Interpretive content analysis involving pattern coding was conducted. The divorce transition by initiators (n=8) included self-focused growth, optimism, and social support losses and opportunities, while the divorce transition by non-initiators (n=8) included being left, ruminating, vulnerability, and spiritual comfort. No profile emerged for the mutual-decider group (n=8). This study supports that differences in divorce transition exist for initiators and non-initiators.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Seasonal variation in the time to pregnancy: avoiding bias by using the date of onset.

To study seasonality in human fecundability, measured indirectly by time to the first pregnancy, we used data from 18,970 French-Canadian women who married for the first time during the 17th or 18th century. The time to pregnancy was approximated by the interval between marriage and first birth minus 38 weeks. We used the week of marriage and the week of conception as references to study seasonality. We found a minor seasonal pattern in time to pregnancy when using the week of marriage as a reference. The proportions of women with a short time to pregnancy were highest during December-January and June-July, indicating that these may be the most fecund periods. In contrast, we found an obvious seasonal pattern when using the date of conception as a reference. This pattern can be largely explained by a strong seasonal pattern in pregnancy planning (in this case, in marriages). When studying seasonal variation in the time to pregnancy, the date of onset of the time to pregnancy should be used as reference, not the date of conception. Otherwise, results will be biased owing to seasonality in pregnancy planning. The same is true for studies on seasonally bound exposures in relation to time to pregnancy.

Adolescent↗