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PubMed2004

The motivating impact of informing women smokers of a link between smoking and cervical cancer: the role of coherence.

This research assessed the role of having a coherent explanation of the link between smoking and cervical cancer in motivating women to stop smoking. In the 1st study, women were given a leaflet with either a detailed or a minimal explanation of the link or no leaflet. The leaflets were similarly effective at providing a coherent explanation. In a cross-sectional analysis, having a coherent explanation moderated the relationship between perceived vulnerability and intention: Higher perceived vulnerability to cervical cancer was associated with greater intention to quit smoking only amongst women with a more coherent explanation of the link between smoking and cervical cancer. This finding was replicated in a 2nd study. These results are consistent with H. Leventhal et al.'s (1997) self-regulatory model, which suggests that motivation to change behavior depends not only on perceiving a threat but also on having a coherent model linking the behavior with the threat.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission do not alter somatic or motivational opiate withdrawal-induced symptoms in rats.

Opiate withdrawal has been correlated with decreased extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of morphine-dependent rats. The authors tested the hypothesis that DA transmission plays a critical role in the induction of motivational and somatic withdrawal symptoms. First, the authors used a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the NAC to chronically disrupt mesolimbic DA transmission. Second, global DA neurotransmission was acutely stimulated by the nonselective DA agonist (apomorphine) or inhibited by nonselective DA antagonists (droperidol or flupentixol). Morphine-dependent rats bearing 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions displayed naloxone-precipitated motivational and somatic withdrawal symptoms similar to those of sham-lesioned rats. Administration of apomorphine did not reduce naloxone-induced opiate withdrawal. Moreover, in total absence of naloxone, DA antagonists did not precipitate either conditioned place aversion or somatic abstinence signs in dependent rats. Taken together, these findings suggested that DA transmission is not critical for the induction of opiate withdrawal syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Neonatal amygdala lesions affect appetitive motivational and consummatory aspects of social behavior in the rat.

In the present study, rats received amygdala lesions (AMX) on either Postnatal Day 7 (PD 7; immature brain) or PD 21 (almost mature brain), and adult social activity was studied after short-term isolation housing. Sham-operated rats demonstrated increased following and approaching behavior after 7 days of isolation compared with after 4 days of isolation, an effect that was absent in AMX-PD 7 and AMX-PD 21 rats. Furthermore, AMX-PD 7 rats, but not AMX-PD 21 rats, displayed a reduction in investigatory behavior after prolonged isolation. This indicates that in AMX-PD 21 rats, mainly appetitive motivational aspects of social behavior were affected, whereas in AMX-PD 7 rats both motivational and consummatory aspects were disturbed. Finally, the reported deficits in AMX-PD 7 rats may reflect neurodevelopmental deficits of structures connected with the amygdala.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dissociating ventral and dorsal subicular dopamine D1 receptor involvement in instrumental learning, spontaneous motor behavior, and motivation.

A series of experiments investigating the role of dopamine D1 receptors in the ventral subiculum (vSUB) and dorsal subiculum (dSUB), 2 subregions of the hippocampal formation, found that D1 receptor antagonism (3.0 nmol/0.5 microl SCH-23390 bilaterally) in the vSUB impaired instrumental learning and performance, reduced break point in progressive ratio (PR) tests, and produced an intrasession decline in responding during test sessions, but had no effect on spontaneous motor or food-directed behavior. In contrast, D1 receptor blockade in the dSUB had no effect on instrumental learning, performance, PR break point, or food-directed behavior, but reduced spontaneous motor behavior. These results suggest a dissociation between the vSUB and dSUB with respect to the role of dopamine in various aspects of motivated and motor behavior. Further, D1 activation in the vSUB may be a critical component of motivational arousal associated with learned contextual cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Motivational subtypes and continuous measures of readiness for change: concurrent and predictive validity.

This study compared the concurrent and predictive validity of motivational subtypes versus a continuous measure of readiness for change as measured by the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA; E. A. McConnaughy, J. O. Prochaska, & W. F. Velicer, 1983) in 252 individuals participating in a substance abuse treatment study (38% female; mean age = 36). Hierachical cluster analysis identified a 2-cluster solution. Consistent with previous research, both the motivational subtypes and the continuous readiness measure exhibited good concurrent validity with both baseline characteristics and change process variables. Neither readiness-for-change measure predicted end treatment outcomes. Measures of readiness for change based on the URICA exhibit limited clinical utility, because they are not able to predict future behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment to measure motivational readiness to change in psychiatric and dually diagnosed individuals.

In this report, the original 4-factor structure of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA; C. C. DiClemente & S. O. Hughes, 1990) was replicated, and the scale's internal consistency was found to be acceptable in a sample of 120 psychiatric and dually diagnosed inpatient participants, who had participated in a randomized clinical trial comparing standard treatment (ST) and ST plus motivational interviewing. Contrary to the authors' hypotheses, participants classified as having low motivational readiness to change, based on their URICA scores, demonstrated greater treatment adherence than high-readiness participants, in that they attended a greater proportion of therapy groups while hospitalized (54% vs. 39%; p < .05) and clinic appointments during their 1st month postdischarge (77% vs. 53%; p < .05). Low-readiness participants were also more likely to attend all of their scheduled clinic appointments (26%) than were high-readiness participants (10%; p < .05).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reactivity to alcohol-related cues: relationship among cue type, motivational processes, and personality.

This study examined the relationship between personality traits implicated in the drinking literature (i.e., sensation seeking and anxiety) and reactivity to 2 different alcohol cues. The opportunity to consume alcohol was manipulated, and differences in urge and affective reactivity were assessed. Gray's (1987) model of impulsive sensation seeking and anxiety was adopted to investigate relationships between personality and responses to the appetitive (consumption) and aversive (no consumption, nonrewarding) alcohol cues in 40 regular social drinkers. The consumption cue produced increases in appetitive motivation and positive correlations with sensation-seeking traits. The no-consumption cue produced increases in aversive motivation and positive correlations with anxiety-related traits. It was concluded that Gray's model of impulsive sensation seeking and anxiety may provide a useful framework for examining the personality correlates of cue reactivity to different cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Brief motivational treatment for problem gambling: a 24-month follow-up.

A 24-month follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of 2 brief treatments for problem gambling (N = 67) revealed an advantage for participants who received a motivational telephone intervention plus a self-help workbook compared with participants who received only the workbook. Although the 2 groups did not differ in the number of participants reporting 6 months of abstinence, the motivational intervention group gambled fewer days, lost less money, and had lower South Oaks Gambling Screen scores. They were more likely to be categorized as improved compared with the self-help workbook only group. Overall, the results support the effectiveness of a brief telephone- and mail-based treatment for problem gamblers.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Husbands' influence on wives' drinking: testing a relationship motivation model in the early years of marriage.

Previous research indicates that husbands' drinking before marriage is predictive of wives' drinking after marriage. A relationship motivation model was tested in which this influence was moderated by wives' dependence, relationship satisfaction, peer group size, and the belief that alcohol positively impacts relationships. Newlyweds were assessed at the time of marriage and were reassessed at their 1st and 2nd anniversaries. Results supported a relationship motivation model. Husband-to-wife drinking influence was moderated by wives' interpersonal dependence, number of peers, and positive relationship alcohol expectancies. The direction of the spousal influence changed in the 2nd year of marriage, with wives' drinking over the 1st year predicting husbands' drinking in the 2nd. Implications with respect to marriage and the drinking partnership are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motivational interventions for heavy drinking college students: examining the role of discrepancy-related psychological processes.

The authors examined the effects of a brief motivational intervention for heavy, episodic alcohol use on discrepancy-related psychological processes. Heavy-drinking college students (N=73) were randomly assigned to a motivationally based intervention (MBI) or an assessment-only control (AC) condition. Cognitive (actual-ideal discrepancy) and affective (2 forms of cognitive dissonance) discrepancy processes were assessed at baseline and immediately following the experimental manipulation. At 6-week follow-up, MBI participants demonstrated significantly greater reductions in problematic drinking than AC participants. Moreover, actual-ideal discrepancy and negative, self-focused dissonance were significantly increased following the intervention (discomfort-related dissonance was not) and were correlated with outcome alcohol involvement. These discrepancy processes did not, however, mediate the relationship between condition and outcome. The findings lend some support to the role of discrepancy enhancement in drinking-related behavior change among college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Motivational enhancement therapy and self-help treatment for binge eaters.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate whether a single session of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) would increase participant readiness to change, improve the efficacy of self-help treatment for binge eaters, and improve participant compliance with the self-help manual. METHOD: Participants with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder were randomly assigned either to attend a 1-hr MET session prior to receiving the self-help manual (n = 45) or to receive the self-help manual only (n = 45). Participants were followed for 4 months for assessment of self-reported eating disorder outcome and compliance. RESULTS: The MET intervention resulted in increased readiness to change for binge eating compared with the self-help-only (SH) condition. Few differences were found between the MET condition and the SH condition for changes in eating attitudes and frequency of binge eating and compensatory behaviors. No significant effects were found for compliance. DISCUSSION: This research adds to the literature regarding the use of brief motivational interventions to enhance readiness for change in populations with eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm in young adults: independent effects of risky alcohol use and drinking motives.

Perceived vulnerability to negative outcomes can motivate heavy drinkers to adopt health-protective behavior, but little is known about determinants of perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm. University students (N = 286) were assessed to determine epidemiological risk status on a standardized problem drinking measure, typical reasons for drinking and cutting down, and perceived risk of experiencing alcohol-related harm. Results showed a positive relationship between problem drinking status and perceived risk of experiencing harm. However, at-risk drinkers believed that they were less likely to personally experience harm than comparable peers (p < .001), whereas not-at-risk drinkers showed no self-other differences in perceived vulnerability. Drinking motives significantly improved the prediction of perceived vulnerability when epidemiological risk status was controlled. Perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm is affected by problem drinking status and (independently) by the psychological functions that drinking serves.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sensation seeking and the aversive motivational system.

Sensation seeking (SS) has traditionally been viewed as a phenomenon of the appetitive motivational system. The limited SS research exploring contributions from the aversive motivational system reveals greater anxious reactivity to dangerous activities among low sensation seekers. The present study extends this line of work by comparing levels of fear and anxiety during anticipation of predictable and unpredictable aversive stimuli across high- and low-SS groups. Low sensation seekers displayed greater fear-potentiated startle (FPS) to predictable aversive stimuli, and only those low on SS showed FPS and skin conductance response effects during experimental contexts in which aversive stimuli were delivered unpredictably. Findings implicate enhanced apprehensive anticipation among those low on SS as a potential deterrent for their participation in intense and threatening stimulus events.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Influence of inner-city environment and Head Start experience on effectance motivation.

Effectance motivation was examined in 26 inner-city children attending Head Start, 26 inner-city children with no preschool experience, and 26 middle-class children attending private preschool. Head Start children scored higher on measures of effectance motivation than did their non-Head Start counterparts; their levels were lower, however, than those of the middle-class children. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Eating motives and the controversy over dieting: eating less than needed versus less than wanted.

Anti-dieting sentiment has grown in recent years. Critics of restrained eating suggest that it evokes counter-regulatory responses that render it ineffective or even iatrogenic. However, restrained eaters are not in negative energy balance and overweight individuals show reduced eating problems when losing weight by dieting. A distinction is often drawn between physiological and psychological hunger, and neuroscience research has shown that there is a neurophysiological reality underlying this distinction. The brain has a homeostatic system (activated by energy deficits) and a hedonic system (activated by the presence of palatable food). The omnipresence of highly palatable food in the environment may chronically activate the hedonic appetite system, producing a need to actively restrain eating not just to lose weight but to avoid gaining it. Just as restricting energy intake below homeostatic needs produces physiological deprivation, restricting intake of palatable foods may produce "perceived deprivation" despite a state of energy balance. In summary, the motivation to eat more than one needs appears to be every bit as real, and perhaps every bit as powerful, as the motivation to eat when energy deprived.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Patient motivations surrounding participation in phase I and phase II clinical trials of cancer chemotherapy.

Successful advances in the treatment of advanced malignant diseases rely on recruitment of patients into clinical trials of novel agents. However, there is a genuine concern for the welfare of individual patients. The aim of this study was to examine motives of patients entering early clinical trials of novel cancer therapies. Questionnaire survey with both open- and close-ended questions. The patients were surveyed after they had given informed consent and before or during the first cycle of treatment. In all, 38 phase I/II trial patients participated and completed the survey. Obtaining possible health benefit was listed by 89% as being a 'very important' factor in their decision to participate, with only 17% giving reasons of helping future cancer patients and treatment. Other items cited as a 'very important' motivating factor were 'trust in the doctor' (66%), 'being treated by the latest treatment available' (66%), 'better standard of care and closer follow-up' (61%), and 'closer monitoring of patients in trials' (58%). Only 47% patients indicated that someone had explained to them about any 'reasonable' alternatives to the trial. In total, 71% strongly agreed that 'surviving for as long time as possible was the most important thing (for them)'. Nearly all (97%) indicated that they knew the purpose of the trial and had enough time to consider participation in the trial (100%). In this survey, most patients entering phase I and II clinical trials felt they understood the purpose of the research and had given truly informed consent. Despite this, most patients participated in the hope of therapeutic benefit, although this is known to be a rare outcome in this patient subset. Trialists should be aware, and take account of the expectations that participants place in trial drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motivational effects of cannabinoids and opioids on food reinforcement depend on simultaneous activation of cannabinoid and opioid systems.

Strong functional interactions exist between endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems. Here, we investigated whether cannabinoid-opioid interactions modulate motivational effects of food reinforcement. In rats responding for food under a progressive-ratio schedule, the maximal effort (break point) expended to obtain 45 mg pellets depended on the level of food deprivation, with free-feeding reducing break points and food-deprivation increasing break points. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.3-5.6 mg/kg intrapeitoneally (i.p.)) and morphine (1-10 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently increased break points for food reinforcement, while the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR-141716A; 0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) and the preferential mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently decreased break points. THC and morphine only increased break points when food was delivered during testing, suggesting that these treatments directly influenced reinforcing effects of food, rather than increasing behavior in a nonspecific manner. Effects of THC were blocked by rimonabant and effects of morphine were blocked by naloxone, demonstrating that THC's effects depended on cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation and morphine's effects depended on opioid-receptor activation. Furthermore, THC's effects were blocked by naloxone and morphine's effects were blocked by rimonabant, demonstrating that mu-opioid receptors were involved in the effects of THC and cannabinoid CB1 receptors were involved in the effects of morphine on food-reinforced behavior. Thus, activation of both endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems appears to jointly facilitate motivational effects of food measured under progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement and this facilitatory modulation appears to critically depend on interactions between these two systems. These findings support the proposed therapeutic utility of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists in eating disorders.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed2000

Continuing medical education by anaesthetists in scotland: activities, motivation and barriers.

A postal questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the activities, motivation and barriers to continuing medical education amongst career grade anaesthetists in Scotland. Four hundred and ten consultants and 49 non-consultant career grade anaesthetists were surveyed with a response rate of 84.5%. All respondents had taken part in some educational activities in the past two years. Over 80% had attended 10 or more departmental meetings and over 90% had attended meetings of a Regional society or National meetings. Less than 50% had attended for clinical experience with a colleague and only 20% had done so in another centre. There were trends of changing educational activity with increasing age. The most common motivation was to keep up to date for current clinical duties with keeping up to date for teaching second, but younger consultants were more likely to undertake continuing medical education activities in case their clinical duties changed. Perceived barriers to continuing medical education were similar for internal and external activities but funding was less of a limitation for those working in district general hospitals. There is scope for encouraging activities such as clinical experience with a colleague and a need to explore in greater detail the perception of barriers to continuing medical education and their influence on participation.

Adult↗