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PubMed1995

[Clinical analysis of anaerobic septicemia in 26 patients with extensive burn].

To understand the incidence and importance of anaerobic infection, the aerobic and anaerobic blood culture were carried out simultaneously in 127 patients with extensive burns (TBSA > 50%). Among 39 patients with positive culture, 26 had anaerob growth in blood culture. The total incidence rate of anaerobic septicemia was 20.4%. 61 strains (9 species) of anaerobes were isolated from blood specimens. The predominant anaerobes were Peptococcus (37.7%) and B. fragilis (36.1%). 20 (76.9%) were mixed infection of aerobes and anaerobes. The others thers suffered from combined infection of B. Fragilis and peptococcus combined infection. Finally, 19 patients survived and 7 died (26.9%). The sensitive tests showed that the effective drugs were metronidazot, chloramycin, and lincomycin. These data suggested that the septicemia of extensive burn patients is often caused by anaerobes. Therefore, anaerobe plays an important role in burn infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Comparative analysis of factors promoting optimal production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 (classical & E1Tor biotypes) & O139.

Various culture media [AKI, Brain heart infusion broth (BHI), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth (CAYE), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth supplemented with 90 micrograms/ml of lincomycin (CAYE-L), Tryptic soy broth (TSB) and Yeast extract peptone (YEP)], cultural conditions (stationary and shaking) and incubation temperatures (30 degrees C and 37 degrees C) were evaluated to determine optimal conditions for production of cholera toxin (CT) by different biotypes (classical and E1Tor) and serogroups (O1 and O139) of V. cholerae. It was found that V. cholerae O1 E1Tor grown in CAYE-L and incubated at 30 degrees C with constant shaking was optimal for production of CT, while for the classical biotype and for the O139 serogroup, CT was maximally produced when grown in YEP and incubated at 30 degrees C in a shaker. Temperature appeared to be a prominent factor affecting the production of CT by the O1 E1Tor biotype when the media used were AKI, CAYE-L and YEP and also for the classical biotype when the media used were the AKI, BHI, CAYE and YEP. In the case of the O1 E1Tor biotype, CAYE-L was the best medium for CT production whereas for the classical biotype, CAYE-L was a poor medium as far as CT production was concerned. Irrespective of the media used, 30 degrees C shake culture condition seemed to be more favourable for supporting CT production except in CAYE medium for the O1 E1Tor biotype where incubation at 37 degrees C in a shaker was as good as incubation at 30 degrees C.

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMed1977

[Sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology].

Sensitivity of Citrobacter isolated from the patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections of unknown etiology in Volgograd was studied. The antibiotic sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by the method of dilution in nutrient agar. Most of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and polymyxin. All strains were resistant to ristomycin. The sensitivity of the local strains differed from that described in the literature. Among sero groups 05, 08 and 023 all strains were resistant to oleandomycin, lincomycin and ristomycin. Polyresistant strains of Citrobacter were registered in Volgograd. The greater part (79 per cent) of the strains were simultaneously resistant to 4-6 antibiotics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Staph. aureus strains isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of healthy carriers].

Sensitivity of 1004 cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of the staff of a maternity hospital was studied by the method of serial dilutions in agar with respect to 11 antibiotics. It was found that 61.9, 39.5 and 16.5 per cent of the isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline and levomycetin respectively. Most of the cultures were sensitive to streptomycin and oleandomycin. The cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the staff were sensitive to low doses of kanamycin, oxacillin and lincomycin. Most of the isolates were inhibited only by high doses of methicillin, ampicillin, ristomycin and cephaloridin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Drug resistance of staphylococci to chemotherapeutic preparations].

A total of 640 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from patients in Kiev in 1971--1975 were studied. High percentage of strains resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin was registered. Strains resistant to erythromycin and oleandomycin amounted to 34.4 and 21.5 per cent respectively. Most of the strains proved to be sensitive to neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, methicillin, oxacillin, lincomycin,rifampicin, ceporin and novobiocin. Strains resistant to ristomycin or oxychinolinic and nitrofuranic drugs were not found among pathogenic staphylococci.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of "Streptococcus mutans" from endocarditis and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (author's transl)].

Strains of Streptococcus mutans were isolated from blood cultures of ten patients with endocarditis. Nine of these patients had a typical clinical picture of subacute bacterial endocarditis, with fever, weakness, heart murmur and multiple positive blood cultures. All the patients had previous valvular heart diseases; only in three cases the initiating event involved some type of dental manipulations which where supposed as the source of infection. The major criteria for recognizing S. mutans were colony morphology on blood agar, characteristic extracellular polysaccharide production in 5% sucrose broth, acid formation in mannitol and sorbitol broth, and the failure of antigenic extracts of S. mutans to react with streptococcal group antisera. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was tested by the diffusimetric method with susceptibility disks. All the strains were susceptible to penicillin G, erythromycin, pristinamycin, lincomycin and tetracycline, and resistant to streptomycin and gentamicine.

Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of serum aminoglycoside and vancomycin concentrations by the microbiological method in the presence of other antimicrobials].

The determination of serum concentrations of antimicrobials with a narrow therapeutic range by microbiological method requires some modifications when the patient is under combined antimicrobial therapy. The methodological conditions for the appraisal of aminoglycosides and vancomycin in the presence of other drugs were evaluated by using strains with selective sensitivity to the antimicrobial to be tested or by the adding crude extracts of beta-lactamases for the inactivation of the beta-lactam antimicrobials. These beta-lactamases were obtained from Enterobacter cloacae P99 (derepressed mutant) cultures for the inactivation of penicillins and first, second and third generation cephalosporins, as well as from Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia M 1484 cultures for the hydrolysis of imipenem. The strains allowing vancomycin appraisal and indifferent to the synergic activity of other drugs in the mixture were S. aureus M 2120, when the accompanying antimicrobials were gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or rifampicin, and E. faecalis M 2113, E. avium M 2091 and S. aureus M 2101 when the drugs in the mixture were amikacin, lincomycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. For the appraisal of gentamicin in the presence of vancomycin or fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin), E. coli M 1376 was the most suitable strain, while the use of K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 was required for the appraisal of amikacin or netilmicin. When rifampicin was the accompanying antimicrobial, E. coli M 1495 turned out more adequate. E. coli M 1462 proved to be more satisfactory for gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin dosages in samples also containing chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or tetracycline.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1977

[Br. ovis sensitivity to antibiotics].

Irrespective of their geographical origin the cultures of Br. ovis are highly sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin. The bactericidal concentrations of tetracycline for 86.6 per cent of the strains and streptomycin for 93.20 per cent of the strains were 0.02--0.04 and 0.1--0.4 gamma/ml respectively. The bactericidal effect of morphocycline, kanamycin, benzyl-penicillin, lincomycin and monomycin was less pronounced. Polymyxin M had no bactericidal effect on the Brucella even in concentrations of 200 gamma/ml. Antibiotic sensitivity of S-subcultures of Br. ovis and the initial R-variants was studied comparatively. It was found that genetically related S-subcultures of Br. ovis were more resistant to the antibiotics than the initial R-strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Community acquired bacterial infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility in Nairobi, Kenya.

The purpose of the study was to determine the pattern and antimicrobial sensitivity on community acquired bacterial strains in Nairobi, Kenya. Clinical specimens collected from out-patient clinics at the Kenyatta National Hospital were cultured on appropriate media and identified according to Cowen and Steel's manual. The antimicrobial sensitivity was determined using comparative disc diffusion techniques. Between 1991 and 1995, there were a total of 1659 positive cultures comprising 30 different bacterial species. Out of the overall gram negative isolates (61.9%), E.coli and Klebsiella spp formed over 70%. Among the gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and coagulase negative staphylococcus spp constituting 41%, 26% and 18% respectively were the most common. Most organisms showed multiple resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobials similar to hospital acquired infections. The gram negative isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and sulphamethoxazole. However, the sensitivity of these organisms to gentamicin and kanamycin was between 60 and 90%. Among the gram positive isolates, there was a high resistance to penicillin and tetracyclines (60-90%) while the resistance to lincomycin, minocycline and chloramphenicol was low (5-50%). All isolates were, however, highly sensitive to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Beta-lactamase production among, E.coli, Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus aureus was 48.9%, 76.7%, 76.1% respectively. Methicillin resistance for Staphylococcus aureus was 59.2%. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the community may have selected for resistant strains. This calls for urgent need to review policies on prescription practices.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1977

[Antibacterial combination therapy].

Reasons for the use of antibacterial combinations are synergistic effects and delayed development of bacterial resistance. On the basis of numerous experiments in vitro the opinion is supported that a clinically useful synergism depends on the addition of an aminoglycoside, the second compound being either one of the penicillins or cephalosporins, or a polymyxin, or a bacteriostatic agent like tetracycline, macrolide, and lincomycine. The decrease of MBC and MIC values varies according to the species and strains of bacteria and in dependence on the components of antibiotic combinations. Combination therapy with antibacterial synergism is indicated in life-threatening infections and in order to suppress bacterial persistences. Combinations with antagonistic effects should be avoided. The use of multiple antibiotics for broader spectrum only is not supported.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1977

A comparison of various Haemophilus somnus strains.

Sixty-eight Haemophilus somnus strains isolated from the bovine in Canada and the U.S.A. were compared. In media enriched with 5% ovine serum, 5% bovine serum and 10% yeast extract, H. somnus fermented glucose, levulose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose, but failed to ferment arabinose, dulcitol, galactose, inositol, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin and sucrose. The organisms acidified litmus milk, produced cytochrome oxidase, indole and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The motility, methyl-red, acetylmethyl-carbinol urease catalase, citrate, malonate, lysine, ornithine and arginine tests were negative. Haemophilus somnus was resistant to lincomycin, neomycin and triple sulfa, but susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. No antigenic differences were noted between strains when tested against rabbit antisera of eight strains using agglutination, complement-fixation, immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Low titre cross-reactions were found in the agglutination tests with some of the anti-H. somnus rabbit sera with Actinobacillus lignieresi and Moraxella bovis. No distinct antigenic similarities to nine other species of pathogenic bacteria of animal origin were found. No difference was observed between H. somnus isolates from Ontario and those from western Canada and the U.S.A.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1976

[Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics].

Six cases of pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics are presented. The endoscopic, radiological and clinical picture and the aetiopathogenesis of this unusual disease are discussed. Lincomycin was incriminated in one case only. In the remainder, various antibiotics of different chemical structure were responsible. Carcinoma of the colon was a common feature and it is suggested that a full examination of the large intestine should be made whenever this syndrome appears. While radiological suspicion may be forthcoming, pseudomembranous colitis is diagnosed only by endoscopy and biopsy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Genus identification and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from cows with acute mastitis in a practice population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens from cows with mastitis treated at a private practice during a 2-year period. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: Lactating dairy cows from 47 herds of 40 to 600 cows each. PROCEDURE: Bacteria isolated from milk samples were identified as coliforms, Staphylococcus spp, or Streptococcus spp, using selective media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, using the disk diffusion method with the following antibiotics: gentamicin, amikacin sulfate, penicillin G, penicillin G-novobiocin, ampicillin, cephalothin sodium, ticarcillin, ceftiofur, lincomycin, erythromycin, pirlimycin hydrochloride, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and polymyxin B. RESULTS: Of 354 samples tested, 82 (23.2%) yielded no growth. Of bacteria isolated, 54 (15.3%) were coliforms, 96 (27.1%) were Staphylococcus spp, and 94 (26.6%) were Streptococcus spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 62.4% of all samples cultured. For Staphylococcus isolates, cephalothin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for which a commercially available preparation exists. Penicillin G-novobiocin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for Streptococcus isolates. Commercial antibiotic preparations approved for intramammary use were not effective in vitro against coliforms that were found to cause mastitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Mastitis caused by coliform organisms does not respond to commercial preparations intended for intramammary use; however, it may respond to parenterally administered antibiotics. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp or Streptococcus spp should be treated first with a cephalothin or penicillin G-novobiocin preparation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[The choice of antibacterial preparations for the combined treatment of periodontitis in the exacerbation stage].

Antibiotic sensitivities of peptostreptococci, streptococci, Actinomyces, bacteroid, and fusobacterial strains pathogenic for the periodontium are analyzed. The sensitivities of these bacteria to broad-spectrum penicillins, cephalosporines, lincomycin, and macrolides, and to metronidasole and nitasole are assessed. New macrolide drugs macropen and rulide and gramicidine C, levomycetine, and rifampicin are highly active towards the above microflora. Microbiological indications for oral and local use of these antibiotics are validated. Some narrow-spectrum antibiotics, such as augmentine, cephalexin, and vancomicin are highly active, too; the latter drug is specifically active towards Actinomyces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Susceptibility of Corynebacteria isolated in St Petersburg to antibacterial drugs].

Susceptibility of 150 Corynebacterium isolates (91 strains of C.pseudodiphtheriticum and 59 strains of the ANF group corynebacteria) to 21 antibacterial drugs was determined by the method of serial dilutions in a solid medium. It was shown that the MIC of the drugs for the diphtheroids was within the ranges of < 0.015 to > 32.0 micrograms/ml. 66 per cent of the Corynebacterium strains circulating in St. Petersburg was resistant at least to 1 antibacterial drug. The Corynebacterium isolates with moderate resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin (57.3 per cent) and resistant to trimethoprime (16.7 per cent) were the most frequent. 8.0 per cent of the diphtheroids was resistant at least to 4 antibacterial drugs. No significant difference in the susceptibility of the ANF group corynebacteria and C.pseudodiphtheriticum to the drugs was observed. Gentamicin, rifampicin, tetracycline and doxycycline showed high activity against the corynebacteria at present circulating in St. Petersburg. When antibacterial therapy of the infection due to corynebacteria fails it is necessary to estimate antibioticograms of Corynebacterium pure cultures.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics and alternative drugs].

Antibiotic susceptibility of the circulating beta-hemolytic streptococci of serogroups A, B, C and G isolated from healthy and sick children and adults within 1987-1996 (more than 900 cultures) was studied. It was shown that the MICs of betalactam antibiotics did not change (within the susceptibility levels) with respect to the serogroup A, C and G streptococci. The number of the strains resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin increased the same as the frequency of the strains simultaneously resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and gentamicin. Tomicid and solkarmon, drugs alternative to antibiotics, were found to be active against the above streptococci groups and efficient in the treatment and prophylaxis of streptococcoses. A suggestion that betalactams are not safe in the treatment of the toxic shock syndrome due to the group A streptococci is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[A comparative evaluation of modern antibacterial preparations in the treatment of a severe degree of periodontitis at a stage of exacerbation].

Sensitivities of peptostreptococci, streptococci, Actinomyces, bacteroid, and fusobacterial strains pathogenic for the periodontium to wide-spectrum penicillines, cephalosporines, lincomycin, macrolides, metronidasole, and nitasole are compared. New macrolide antibiotics rulide. Macropene, gramicidin C, levomycetin, and rifampicin are highly effective. Some narrow-spectrum drugs, e.g. augmentin, cephalexin, and vancomycin (towards actinomycetes) were highly effective, too.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring of serum concentrations of antibiotics by microbiological method: a one-year experience.

By monitoring serum concentrations of antibiotics one may have an opportunity to make optimal adjustment of dosing regime for each individual patient, resulting in therapeutic concentrations in tissues and avoiding their cumulation and thus side effects in the organism. Concentrations of gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, ceftriaxone, benzylpenicillin, clindamycin and lincomycin were measured in serum of 110 patients by microbiological agar cup method. The measurements were made only after establishment of steady-state. Current dosing regime of gentamicin gave systematically subtherapeutic serum concentrations, while usual doses of amikacin and streptomycin achieved serum concentrations slightly lower than minimal toxic concentrations. Three patients actually had toxic serum concentrations of amikacin. Current dosing regime of penicillin produces therapeutic serum concentrations. The results of our study recommend monitoring of serum concentrations of antibiotics by a microbiological method in patients not responding to antibiotic therapy or having insufficiency of excretory organs.

Adult↗