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PubMed2003

Telephone versus in-person interviews for alcohol use: results of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey.

This study assesses differences in reports of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms using telephone and in-person interviews in a subsample of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey (NAS) (N = 411). Respondents were given a brief telephone interview which assessed their alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in the last 12 months followed by an in-person interview 2 months later that obtained the same data. Approximately 90% (n = 371) reported their drinking status consistently between interviews (277 current drinkers; 94 non-drinkers). Approximately 7% (n = 29) became current drinkers and 2.7% (n = 11) became non-drinkers at the second interview. The majority of respondents who changed their drinking status in either direction were low level drinkers. Using logistic regression modeling, no significant associations were found between demographic factors and consistency of reported drinking status. Further, there were no differences by mode for the two alcohol consumption measures (mean daily volume and mean number of days drank five or more drinks in the last 12 months) and alcohol-related harms in the last 12 months for current drinkers (n = 277). In conjunction with other mode studies, these findings support the use of telephone interviewing in large national surveys to obtain alcohol use and alcohol-related harms data.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychopathological correlates of anxiety sensitivity: evidence from clinical interviews and self-report measures.

Most research on anxiety sensitivity (AS) and its relation to psychopathology has examined the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) in various clinical samples. The present study was the first to investigate psychopathological correlates of AS using self-report measures, the anxiety, somatoform, and substance use disorders sections of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID), and open-ended interview questions about the subjective meaning and origins of AS. A college student sample (N=317) was used for the correlational analysis, and subsamples of high-AS (n=44) and low-AS (n=41) participants completed the interviews. Despite having an ASI score (Mean=35.0) that was equivalent to that observed in panic disorder samples, the screening questions in the clinical interview indicated that only 55% of high-AS participants had panic attacks and the diagnostic assessment indicated that only 30% met criteria for an anxiety disorder. Several findings suggested that AS, at least as measured by the ASI, was strongly related to anxiety disorder symptoms and diagnoses, although there was substantial variation within the anxiety disorder classifications. There was also evidence that AS might extend to a broader catastrophic style concerning bodily symptoms and health that go beyond anxiety symptoms per se. The subjective meaning of AS derived from the interview data stressed the need for a formal, structured interview of AS.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interviewing techniques with adolescents in primary care.

PURPOSE: Privacy is of utmost concern to adolescents seeking advice regarding life-style and behavior choices. Lack of privacy and confidential health services are barriers to adolescents' access to health care. This study describes primary care physicians' practices with regard to inviting parent(s) to leave the room in order to interview the teen alone, and the factors associated with use of this technique. METHOD: A cross-sectional random survey of 1,630 pediatricians, internists, and family practitioners in a large metropolitan area was performed using a confidential mailed questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the physicians were in private practice, male, board certified, Caucasian, and did not have a subspecialty. Forty-nine percent of the respondents "almost always" or "always" invite parent(s) to leave the room in order to interview the teen alone. Physicians who were female, board certified, and completed residency from 1974-94 were most likely to use this technique. Among physicians who frequently employ this strategy, the decision to interview the teen alone varied according to the clinical scenario. Using logistic regression analysis, only gender and board certification were significantly related to use of this interviewing method. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of physicians do not interview their adolescent patients alone, therefore, not affording them privacy to discuss confidential health concerns. Future research should focus on developing and validating methods to teach physicians skills to interview adolescents privately.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications.

BACKGROUND: We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders. METHOD: The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured, psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization and patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format. RESULTS: The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2-11 weeks apart to determine test-retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0.8-1.0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as 'gold standard': in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders, as well as in smaller studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.

Demography↗
PubMed2007

The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Personality disorders (PDs) as assessed by questionnaires and personal interviews are heritable. However, we know neither how much unreliability of measurement impacts on heritability estimates nor whether the genetic and environmental risk factors assessed by these two methods are the same. We wish to know whether the same set of PD vulnerability factors are assessed by these two methods. METHOD: A total of 3334 young adult twin pairs from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel (NIPHTP) completed a questionnaire containing 91 PD items. One to 6 years later, 1386 of these pairs were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV). Self-report items predicting interview results were selected by regression. Measurement models were fitted using Mx. RESULTS: In the best-fit models, the latent liabilities to paranoid personality disorder (PPD), schizoid personality disorder (SPD) and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) were all highly heritable with no evidence of shared environmental effects. For PPD and STPD, only unique environmental effects were specific to the interview measure whereas both environmental and genetic effects were found to be specific to the questionnaire assessment. For SPD, the best-fit model contained genetic and environmental effects specific to both forms of assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The latent liabilities to the cluster A PDs are highly heritable but are assessed by current methods with only moderate reliability. The personal interviews assessed the genetic risk for the latent trait with excellent specificity for PPD and STPD and good specificity for SPD. However, for all three PDs, the questionnaires were less specific, also indexing an independent set of genetic risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Agreement of self-reported medical history: comparison of an in-person interview with a self-administered questionnaire.

PURPOSE: To compare history of 22 different diseases reported during an in-person interview with that reported on a mailed self-administered questionnaire. METHODS: 7841 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Potsdam study. The interview at baseline and the questionnaire at follow-up approximately 2 years later included identical questions about whether the participant had ever had a physician diagnosis of each disease. Incident diagnoses occurring in the interval between the interview and questionnaire were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Agreement between self-report from the interview and from the questionnaire was highest (kappa = 0.83-0.88) for myocardial infarction, cancer and diabetes mellitus; it was lower (kappa = 0.68-0.77) for gout, hypertension, hay fever, asthma, osteoporosis, ulcer of the duodenum, thyroid disease, stroke, and kidney stones, and was lowest (kappa = 0.39-0.59) for chronic gastritis, ulcer of the stomach, cerebral ischemia, benign tumor, inflammatory bowel disease, angina pectoris, hyperlipidemia, rheumatism, colon polyps and skin disease. The poor agreement for less severe or more transient diseases was primarily a result of disease frequently being reported at the interview but not on the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Self-administered questionnaires do not generate same information particularly for less severe or transient diseases as personal interviews. For these diseases, self-administered questionnaires are not recommended. Pilot studies that test validity will be necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Targets of gazing and eye contact during interviews: effect on Japanese nonverbal behavior.

The gaze direction of both the subject and his interviewer were varied independently, such that either looked at the other's eyes or at the other's knees in a 2 X 2 design. A repeated measures design was used with nonverbal vehaviors of Japanese manes as dependent variables. When the interviewers gazed at the subjects' eyes, the response latencies of the subjects were shortened and their torso movements were reduced. Results from other studies of Japanese nonverbal behavior suggest that this pattern of response indicated greater subject invlovement in the interaction. The magnitude of these effects was unchanged whether the subject was reciprocating the interviewer's gaze and making eye contact or looking at the interviewer's knees. It was thus reasoned that effects produced by eye contact in other research may have resulted from subjects' knowledge that they were being gazed at and not from the unique properties of eye contact. When the subjects gazed at the interviewer's eyes, the hand self-manipulations of the subjects increased, reflecting the upsetting effects of monitoring the interviewer's face during interaction. The consequences of gazing at another's eyes thus appear to be different from having one's eyes gazed at by another.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Tests for the comparability of a causal model of depression under two conditions of interviewing.

Although many, if not most, surveys have an explanatory purpose, comparisons of the results obtained through telephone and in-person interviews have generally been focused on descriptive outcomes only. We assessed interview method effects on parameter estimates for a latent variable causal model of age, sex, socioeconomic status, illness, and depression. The data were derived from interviews with a community sample of adults randomly assigned to either telephone or in-person interviews. We found that the measurement model for five constructs was highly similar for the two groups. Differences appeared in the estimation of causal paths among these constructs, but were not statistically significant. In both groups, the largest single effect was the impact of illness on depression. A comparison of factor means also revealed only minor method effects. In general, the two interview methods appeared to yield highly comparable estimates of the causal model, which suggests that relations among variables are stable across methods of interviewing.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Interviewee coaching, preparation strategies, and response strategies in relation to performance in situational employment interviews: an extension of Maurer, Solamon, and Troxtel (1998).

Voluntary attendance at an interview coaching session was positively related to situational interview performance, controlling for job knowledge, motivation to do well, race, and sex of 213 candidates applying for promotion into several police and fire department jobs in a large city. Discrete preparation strategies (e.g., participation in study groups, participation in role-playing) were related to participation in coaching and also were related to interview performance beyond what could be accounted for by coaching participation, shedding some light on the potential efficacy of specific preparation strategies for enhancing success in situational interviews. Most notably, coaching attendance and preparation by interviewees were positively associated with a tendency to use strategies in the interview that enhanced the organization of interviewees' answers, and this organization was positively associated with performance in the interview.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of telephone vs face-to-face interviews in the assessment of dietary intake by the 24 h recall EPIC SOFT program--the Norwegian calibration study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare food group intakes in grams, total energy and energy contribution from macronutrients between two random samples of women, using a standardized computer program (EPIC SOFT) with either a face-to-face or a telephone 24 h recall interview design. METHODS: Two groups of Norwegian women living in Tromsø were drawn at random from the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC) cohort. The EPIC SOFT computer program was used to conduct single 24 h dietary recalls either by telephone or face to face. For the latter, 160 women were invited, of whom 111 responded positively (crude response rate=69.4%) and 102 were interviewed. For the telephone option, 180 were invited to participate, 109 responded positively (crude response rate=60.6%) and 103 were interviewed. RESULTS: The two groups of women were similar with respect to age, body mass index, basal metabolic rate, smoking, education, physical activity and special diet status. No statistically significant difference in dietary intake was found between interviews conducted by telephone and face-to-face, except for 'egg and egg products' (P<0.01), for which intake was higher in the telephone group. Total energy intake differed, but the difference was attributable to one interviewer. The distribution of energy-contributing nutrients was not significantly different between groups, except for reported energy percentage from protein (P=0.02), which was significantly higher in the face-to-face group. CONCLUSION: The telephone vs face-to-face interview design did not influence recalled diet when using the EPIC SOFT program.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a motivational interview for substance use within psychiatric in-patient services.

AIMS: To assess the effectiveness of a motivational interview among hospitalized psychiatric patients with comorbid substance use disorder in reducing alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. DESIGN: Subjects were assigned randomly to receive an individual motivational interview (n=79) or a self-help booklet (control condition; n=81). SETTING: Subjects were volunteers recruited from a major public psychiatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects met abuse or dependence criteria on the structured clinical interview for diagnosis (SCID) for alcohol, cannabis or amphetamine or they reported hazardous use during the last month of one or more of these drug types on the opiate treatment index (OTI). INTERVENTION: Either one 30-45-minute motivational interview or brief advice. MEASUREMENTS: The SCID and OTI were the main measures. FINDINGS: There was a modest short-term effect of the motivational interview on an aggregate index of alcohol and other drug use (polydrug use on the OTI). Cannabis use remained high among the sample over the 12-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Although motivational interviewing appears feasible among in-patients in psychiatric hospital with comorbid substance use disorders, more extensive interventions are recommended, continuing on an out-patient basis, particularly for cannabis use.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Unstructured interviews: challenges when participants have a major depressive illness.

BACKGROUND: There is debate about undertaking sensitive research with vulnerable populations. Primarily, the literature has focused on informed consent, confidentiality and the principle of beneficence, with little discussion about data collection methods. AIM: This paper discusses the challenges of conducting unstructured interviews when participants have a major depressive illness. Issues arose during a phenomenological study that explored the meaning of being nurtured with seven people who were hospitalized for depression. FINDINGS: The depressive illness and treatment were found to impact on participants' articulation and recalling of their experience, and raised ethical concerns about their informed consent. Personal engagement with participants raised the ethical issue of research vs. therapy. Furthermore, participants being in a hospital complicated the necessity for privacy. The methodological issue of bracketing of assumptions was deemed to be important to 'see' the phenomenological relevance of patients' experiences. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and experience are required when conducting unstructured interviews. Debates about the challenges of unstructured interviewing needs to be highlighted in research texts to assist novice researchers. Support from an experienced research mentor would assist novice interviewers through the interview process and provide post-interview debriefing.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2000

Value of admission interviews in selecting of undergraduate nursing students.

METHODS: The attrition of students in the undergraduate nursing program was evaluated. The value of the admission interview and its preferred nature were assessed by questionnaires filled by candidates and faculty. FINDINGS: It was found that although interviewing was only partially effective in screening potential drop-outs, including those who left the programme on non-academic grounds, without interviews the attrition rate increased. Personal interviews accounted for a somewhat lower attrition rate than the unanimously preferred group interviews. CONCLUSION: The process of choosing candidates to nursing programmes requires new thinking, as high attrition rates are not prevented by interviews. More research into the proper mechanism of student selection is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Harnessing expertise: involving peer interviewers in qualitative research with hard-to-reach populations.

The use of peer interviewers with privileged access to a particular population group, which is difficult to reach via more conventional methods, has been acknowledged in recent research. This paper explores a number of key issues relating to the employment of peer interviewers by reflecting on a project designed to explore the views and experiences of parents who use illegal drugs. The project presented the research team with a number of challenges. These included the need to provide on-going support for the interviewers, a sense of distance felt by the researchers from the raw data they collected, and the difficulties of gaining from the skills and experiences of peer interviewers without exploiting their labour. The paper also explores the advantages of involving peer interviewers closely in research work and reflects on the nature and boundaries of expert knowledge that can become evident in such collaborations. The need for a certain amount of flexibility over the roles and domains of control that lay experts and researchers traditionally inhabit is suggested. In conclusion, it is argued that the involvement of peer interviewers in research can be a valuable means of enhancing our knowledge and understanding of a variety of population groups who tend to live beyond the gaze of more orthodox researchers.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed2002

Using an interpreter in qualitative interviews: does it threaten validity?

There is an extensive literature on the problem of translating scales for use across cultures, but very little is published on the problems of conducting qualitative interviews in another language with assistance of an interpreter. The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss threats to validity that arise when conducting qualitative interviews using an interpreter. Ten female student nurses in two cities in Lithuania were interviewed about how they perceived their educational program. All interviews were conducted in English with an interpreter. When using an interpreter to conduct interviews, potential threats to validity arise at various points in the interview process. A threat arises when the researcher, whose first language is Swedish, addresses a question in English to the interpreter, another during the translation by the interpreter from English to Lithuanian, and again when the interpreter translates the interviewee's Lithuanian responses to English. In the last situation, the researcher may not know whether the interpreter has summarized and/or modified the responses. To mitigate these problems, the interpreter should not only have the required linguistic abilities, but also be trained in the research field. The researcher has to be aware of these threats to validity and make efforts to meet and limit their effects.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectra: comparison of interviews and self-report instruments.

The present report analyzes the agreement between the interview and the self-report formats of the instruments Structured Clinical Interview for Social Anxiety Spectrum (SCI-SHY) and Structured Clinical Interview for Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum (SCI-OBS), already validated, in three psychiatric patient samples and controls. Thirty patients (10 with obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD], 10 with social anxiety disorder [SAD], 10 with recurrent unipolar depression in remission) and 20 control subjects (10 university students, 10 ophthalmologic patients) were assessed using the SCI-SHY, the SCI-OBS, and the self report version of the two instruments. Agreement between the two versions was very good for the seven SCI-OBS domains (with intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ranging from 0.80 to 0.96) and the four SCI-SHY domains (ICCs from 0.74 to 0.90). When items were analyzed individually, subjects tended to under-report some phobia-related problems in the interview. The total number of items endorsed in the SCI-SHY, but not in the SCI-OBS, was affected by the order of administration: when the SCI-SHY interview was administered first, subjects reported a median of five more symptoms; when the self-report was administered first, there was no significant difference in the number of symptoms endorsed in the two formats. However, this difference is not clinically important, given the large number of items comprising the instruments, and might be explained by the fact that subjects are likely to overemphasize occasional symptoms or behaviors when they are asked by the interviewer to answer a long series of "new" questions as accurately as possible. Given the high agreement between domain scores in the two formats of the instruments and the fact that scores are virtually identical when the self-report is administered first, we recommend the use of the self-report versions in clinical and research settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Email-facilitated qualitative interviews with traumatic brain injury survivors: a new and accessible method.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To trial the method of email-facilitated qualitative interviewing with people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative semi-structured email-facilitated interviews. PROCEDURES: Nineteen people (17 severe diagnosis) with a TBI participated in email interviews. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Findings indicate that this method facilitates the participation of people with TBI in qualitative interviews. Advantages include increased time for reflection, composing answers and greater control of the interview setting. In addition, the data indicates that people with a TBI are capable of greater insight, reflection and humour than indicated by previous research. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that new technologies may advance data collection methods for people with cognitive-linguistic impairments who face participation barriers in face-to-face interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Functional capacity after hip arthroplasty: a comparison between evaluation with three standard instruments and a personal interview.

The aim of the present study was to compare the information obtained from three standard instruments used in physiotherapy and occupational therapy and with information acquired from an unstructured interview. Ten patients with osteoarthritis of the hip were consecutively picked from the waiting list at an orthopedic clinic. All were examined before and six months after arthroplasty. The study layout is a mixture of quantitative and qualitative evaluation. The three instruments used were SF-36 (self-reported health-related quality of life), FAS (an instrument for evaluation of lower extremity dysfunction), and the COPM (for evaluation of self-experienced activity level). All patients were also interviewed in a free, unstructured interview, and data were analyzed with a phenomenological approach. All methods could describe function and activity status of the patients very well, and they were also responsive to postoperative improvement. Together the three instruments gave such good information that almost no extra information was obtained through the interviews. On the other hand, the interviews served as powerful validation of the three instruments. The information in the three separate instruments is qualitatively different, and one instrument cannot replace another. They cannot be replaced by the interview either, because the instruments provide the therapist with specific and structured information that is important for further treatment planning and follow-up.

Activities of Daily Living↗