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PubMedDate not supplied

[Synanthropic fleas (Siphonaptera) biting people in Moscow and control of their size].

The species composition of fleas attacking man in Moscow, the time course of changes in their size, and the efficiency of disinfecting measures against them have been studied. The basement premises are the commonest habitat of fleas. The absolute predominant species in these biotopes are Cetenocephalides felis (Boushe) whose feeders are dogs, synanthropic rodents, and humans, other than cats. Micropopulations of the fleas have been existed in some structures for more than 5 years (a follow-up period). A mathematical analysis of the factors that influence the efficiency of disinfestation has established that the most influential factors were the factors associated with the poor state of basement premises (the presence of a substrate for the breeding and shelter of fleas, the possibility of homeless animals and rodents, the feeders of fleas, to penetrate there) that reduce the residual effect of insecticides. Out of 15 applied insecticides, those based on chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate showed the highest efficacy. The combined use of liquid and powered insecticides is most effective in disinfestation. The treatments made in the periods when the number of fleas is small in the basements (April-May and August-September) provide the most prolonged residual effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mapping African Animal Trypanosomosis risk from the sky.

In Burkina Faso, African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is still a major hindrance to cattle breeding, especially in the Mouhoun river basin, which was identified as a priority area for tsetse control. The attempt of the present work was to assess the abundance of tsetse flies and AAT risk using remote sensing coupled to field environmental data, along a Mouhoun river section of 234 km long, harbouring an open riverine forest where G. tachinoides Westwood is the predominant tsetse species. The water course was classified into three epidemiological landscapes, corresponding to a "disturbed", "natural" and finally "border" vegetal formation at the interface of the two formers. Using the mean number of infected flies by trap and by day as a risk indicator, the border landscape was found to be 5.4 (1.3-12.0) and 15.8 (4.7-41.6) times more risky than the natural and disturbed ones respectively. These results led to propose that a campaign against tsetse, undertaken by a development project called PAEOB (Projet d'Appui à l'Elevage dans l'Ouest du Burkina Faso), should be focussed on only 34% of the hydrographic network.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health education for triatomine control in an area under epidemiological surveillance in Paraná State, Brazil].

This paper describes a health education project targeting a rural community and health professionals from counties undergoing epidemiological surveillance for Chagas disease vectors in the State of Paraná, Brazil. A group of technicians from the Brazilian National Health Foundation (FUNASA) was trained, together with teachers, workers, and students from the State University of Maringá, who prepared an instructions manual and drew up guidelines for reporting presence of triatomines or suspected cases of Trypanosoma cruziinfection. From June 1996 through February 2000, the activities reached 742 families, 2,300 schoolchildren, and 27 teachers from 18 elementary schools, and included a meeting between FUNASA members and 40 participants, 21 meetings in health centers, and provision of a set of preserved triatomine specimens for use in vector surveillance and identification. After three years of health education activities and insecticide treatment (cipermetrina 125 mg i.a./m2), there was a reduction of 80.6% in households infested with triatomines and increased awareness among rural residents and health workers. The authors discuss the need to train professionals committed to changing Brazil's prevailing health model.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Chagas infection transmission control: situation of transfusional transmission in Brazil and other countries of Latin America.

The transmission of the transfusion-associated Chagas disease is an important mechanism of its dissemination in several Latin American countries. The transmission risk depends on five factors: prevalence of infection in blood donors, degree of serological coverage, sensibility of used tests, safety of obtained results and infection risk. The Southern Cone Iniciative set off by the Pan-American Health Organization, in 1991, is contributing to the implementation of blood law in each endemic country, and to reduce the risk of transfusional transmission of this horrible disease. Despite the clear improvement of Brasilian hemotherapy after 1980 (with the creation of the Blood National Program - Pró-Sangue) and the significant reduction of the chagasic infection among its blood donors; socio-economic, politic and cultural unlevels, prevent it from reaching the necessary universality and security. In order to assure both, the Brazilian Ministry of Health decided to restructure its blood system. In May, 1998, a great program was launched, to reach a specific goal: Blood - 100% with quality safety in all its process until 2003. It was divided in 12 projects, intends to guarantee the quality and self sufficiency in blood and hemoderivates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Entomological surveillance for Chagas disease in the mid-western region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from 2000 to 2003].

In Minas Gerais State, Brazil, after the elimination of Triatoma infestans by the Brazilian Chagas Disease Control Program, some triatomine species, such as Panstrongylus megistus, have merited the attention of entomological surveillance authorities. After the decentralization of the Brazilian health system, certain administrative and operational difficulties have been observed in some municipalities (counties). This study aims to evaluate entomological surveillance for Chagas disease in the 54 municipalities supervised by the Division of Decentralized Health Activities in Divinopolis, Minas Gerais, from 2000 to 2003. In 46 municipalities, 1,531 triatomines were captured, of which 94.1% were P. megistus. The infection rate for T. cruzi in the vectors was 1.3%. A total of 850 reports were received and 835 site visits were conducted, showing that the program is active and efficient in the majority of the municipalities analyzed. The importance of the maintenance and improvement of entomological surveillance in the region was demonstrated, since triatomine bugs continue to invade (and can colonize) the domiciliary environment, although with low density.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Formulation of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control.

A topical dose, in 1 microliter acetone, of 0.02 microgram-2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen (S-31183, Sumitomo Chemical Co.), caused an adult female tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, to produce non-viable offspring for the whole of her life. Using 14C labelled pyriproxyfen it was determined that as little as 0.001 microgram transferred to the in utero larva was sufficient to arrest development in the pupal stage. A formulation in vegetable oil was prepared for treating black cotton cloth targets which caused females to pick up 0.1 microgram active ingredient (a.i.) by tarsal contact during 1 min of exposure. Males exposed similarly for between 1 and 5 min transferred up to 0.016 microgram a.i. to females if they mated immediately after treatment. Doses as low as 0.01 micrograms in 10 microliters oil cm-2 on black cotton cloth targets caused females to produce non-viable offspring for at least two reproductive cycles following exposure. However, a dose of 0.1 microgram in 10 microliters oil cm-2 was necessary for an exposed male to cause disruption of the reproductive potential of his mate. This juvenile hormone mimic has potential to induce sterility via both sexes of tsetse using treated targets or traps under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Localized onchocerciasis vector control in the Bahr el Ghazal Region of South-Western Sudan. I. Precontrol.

Over a two year period, onchocerciasis vector biting and transmission rates were recorded from 11 sites within a 40 km radius of Wau, in the Bahr El Ghazal Region of South-Western Sudan. These data provide the baseline on which the efficacy of localized vector control in the third year of the study, has been assessed (Baker and Abdelnur 1986). During 1018 collection days, 59,660 Simulium damnosum s.l. vectors were attracted to man, 41,548 of which were dissected. 2.8% of the dissected flies were infective with head L3 Onchocerca with a mean of 2.4 head L3s per fly and a maximum of 19. Larval collections revealed that only Simulium sirbanum and S. damnosum s.str. were breeding in the study area. The results were analyzed to show the hourly, seasonal and annual patterns of biting and transmission. These patterns were found to be remarkably similar in both years even though vector biting and transmission was 24-28% lower in the second year. The sites could be divided into two groups. Those with Annual Transmission Potentials (ATPs) over 1000 lay beside fast flowing, well wooded stretches of river and those with ATPs below 500 lay near rivers flowing slowly in a wide grassy plain. Blinding onchocerciasis had been recorded only from the first group.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control.

In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying has declined substantially over the past 30years, but this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles, due to excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6 months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT production declines. At the same time, the prices of pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs, including operations (labour), transportation and human safety may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern. However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect local costs or effective application dosages at the country level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health ministries of individual countries showed that prices of particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide in any given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health insecticides could improve access to affordable products.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Typhaea stercorea (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae), a carrier of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis in a Danish broiler house.

In December 1994, Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) was accidentally introduced into a Danish broiler house by stocking an S. Infantis-infected broiler flock of 39,900 day-old chicks. At the time of the study, the infection had persisted through 6 broiler cycles. Typhaea stercorea (L.), the hairy fungus beetle, was found in large quantities inside and around the broiler house. Various attempts to control the beetle had failed; T. stercorea had been uncontrollable on the farm since Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), the lesser mealworm, was eradicated approximately 10 yr earlier. We investigated the ability of T. stercorea to act as a carrier of S. Infantis in the broiler house between 2 broiler cycles. We examined the empty, cleaned, and disinfected broiler house for S. Infantis 3 d before stocking the 7th broiler flock, and S. Infantis was isolated from the beetles only. Of 20 singly examined T. stercorea, 9 (45%) were S. Infantis positive. A rapid spread of the infection was seen in the 7th broiler flock; 100% of the culled chicks were S. Infantis positive 3 d after stocking. Under experimental conditions chicks were observed eating beetles, and when 5 d-old, specified pathogen-free chicks were fed with S. Infantis-positive T. stercorea collected from the broiler house, all 5 chicks became infected in 4 d. We conclude that T. stercorea may act as a potential carrier of S. Infantis between successive broiler cycles.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) action thresholds for controlling the spread of potato leafroll virus in Idaho.

Arbitrary green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), action thresholds (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 aphids per 100 leaves) were tested in 3 yr of field experimentation to determine if they could be maintained and if they would significantly impact aphid densities and limit the incidence of potato leafroll virus (PLRV). In 1997 and 1998, significant linear relationships between thresholds and final percentage of PLRV (expressed as the percentage of tubers infected with PLRV) were observed: there was a trend toward lower PLRV incidence with decreasing action threshold in 1999. There were significant relationships between thresholds and mean number of apterous aphids in 1998 and 1999, indicating that reduction of PLRV resulted from reduced within-field spread by apterae. In almost all cases, aphid densities exceeded threshold levels from one week to the next, clearly showing that the thresholds could not be maintained. Over all experiments, four to nine seasonal applications of methamidophos were warranted by the magnitude of the threshold. Imidacloprid applied at planting to the zero aphid threshold reduced the number of methamidophos applications from nine in the insecticide-at-detection treatment to five. A revised within-field green peach aphid management plan is recommended that includes systemic insecticide applied at planting, aphid sampling every 3-4 d, and foliar insecticide application following aphid detection.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of Bt maize-fed prey on the generalist predator Poecilus cupreus L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

We investigated the effects of transgenic maize (Zea mays) expressing Bacillus thuringienses toxin (Bt maize) on larval and adult Poecilus cupreus carabid beetles in laboratory studies. In no-choice trials, neonate P. cupreus larvae were fed exclusively with Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, which had been raised on Bt maize. S. littoralis raised on conventional maize or "high quality" Calliphora sp. pupae were fed to the beetle larvae in two control treatments. Bt-maize-fed caterpillar prey increased mortality to 100% within 40 days. The experiment was repeated with 10-day-old beetle larvae. Bt treatment resulted in fewer pupae than in both controls, and in a higher mortality than in the Calliphora control. S. littoralis was suitable as exclusive prey in no-choice tests, at least for 40 days, although prey quality seemed to be low compared to Calliphora pupae. The observed effects are most likely indirect effects due to further reduced nutritional prey quality. However, direct effects cannot be excluded. In the second part of the study, exposure of P. cupreus to Bt intoxicated prey was examined in paired-choice tests. Adult beetles were offered a choice between different prey conditions (frozen and thawed, freshly killed or living), prey types (S. littoralis caterpillars, Calliphora sp. pupae, cereal aphids) and prey treatments (raised on Bt or conventional maize). Living prey was preferred to frozen and dead prey. Caterpillars were only preferred to fly pupae and aphids when living. Prey treatment seemed to be least important for prey selection. The tests showed that P. cupreus ingested caterpillars readily and there was no evidence of them avoiding Bt containing prey, which means exposure in the field could occur. The presented protocols are a first step towards ecological risk assessment for carabid beetles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Malarial vectors in French Guiana: study in an epidemic focus near Cayenne (1989-1998)].

Malaria has long constituted a major public health problem for French Guyana, limiting its demographic and economic development. From 1949 to 1960, due to chemoprophylaxis and DDT spraying in houses, the number of malaria cases decreased markedly. After 1975, important migratory movements contributed to increasing the incidence of malaria. In 1989, numerous cases were observed when some 500 immigrants settled in a formerly uninhabited area, known as Cabassou BP 134. It is located 7 km (S-E) from the main city of Cayenne and bordered by secondary forest and swamps. The entomological study initiated in 1990 included weekly biting-landing catches (3 hours) on human bait in houses from dusk onwards as well as locating breeding places around the settlement to collect larvae by dipping. Anopheles specimens were identified and the females dissected to detect infections by Plasmodium and also to determine the rate of parous specimens. Control measures included deltamethrin (15 mg/m2) and DDT (2 g/m2) spraying, every four months, of interior walls and thermal fogging of naled around the houses. Cold ULV aerosol of fenitrothion (500 ml/ha) was also used to treat the swamp borders. In April 1990, a health education programme was begun and in June, 288 impregnated bednets (deltamethrin 15 mg/m2) were treated. From 1990 to 1998, 1,588 (498 larvae + 1090 adults) Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) were collected: An. aquasalis 797 (311 L + 486 A). An. braziliensis 139 (87 L + 52 A). An. darlingi 652 (100 L + 552 A). No infected female was found among the 710 dissected. The number of malaria cases decreased abruptly in the fall of 1990 when An. darlingi disappeared and only one case due to P. vivax was detected between 1995 and 1998. An. darlingi (parous rate = 72%) appears to be the main if not the sole vector of malaria in this locality. As in the past, a focus of malaria appears when immigrants from endemic countries settle in a formerly uninhabited place where An. darlingi are breeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Dengue in Puerto Rico, 1977: public health response to characterize and control an epidemic of multiple serotypes.

The largest and most extensive documented dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico struck an estimated 355,000 Puerto Rican residents from July-December 1977. The mixed epidemic of dengue types 2 and 3 coincided with a Caribbean pandemic of dengue type 1, first introduced into the western hemisphere in early 1977 and into Puerto Rico in the fall of that year. Health officials assembled a team to assess the epidemic and mounted a campaign to end it. Attempts to monitor the incidence and spread of dengue were confounded by simultaneous co-circulation of influenza virus, underscoring problems in formulating public health strategies dependent on nonspecific clinical and epidemiologic case criteria, and the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic capabilities. Despite co-circulation of multiple dengue serotypes, a risk factor associated with severe and fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Southeast Asia, hospital and death certificate surveillance disclosed no cases of DHF in Puerto Rico. The epidemic serves as a reminder that when preventive measures are impossible or infeasible, developed countries with high living standards may be susceptible to large scale epidemics of infectious diseases.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

Spatial and temporal patterns of human African trypanosomosis (HAT) transmission risk in the Bipindi focus, in the forest zone of southern Cameroon.

Vector control is an effective and cost-efficient way to disrupt the transmission of human African trypanosomosis (HAT); it has nonetheless been little used to date in the disease's foci. With the aim to target trapping more precisely and to develop an optimized vector control system, a transmission risk index was used in the HAT focus of Bipindi, in the forest zone of southern Cameroon. The authors used a simplified version of the index originally developed by Laveissière et al. in 1994. The calculation of this new index only requires knowledge of the proportion of teneral flies and the proportion of flies with human blood meals in samples caught in different biotopes. This makes it possible to identify the biotopes displaying permanent risk, such as riverbanks, as well as biotopes displaying seasonal risk, such as marshy hollows and encampmemts. In the villages, the domestic pig, with 49% of the identified blood meals, is the favorite host of the tsetse flies during the short rainy season. The proportion of blood meals taken on human beings does not significantly increase when domestic pigs are absent. Game animals, contributing to 46% and 64% of the blood meals during the short rainy season and the long dry season, respectively, are also favored as feeding hosts in this particular HAT focus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Operational aspects of Triatoma brasiliensis control].

Vector control strategies against indigenous species is not easy, due to their capacity to reinvade treated premises from sylvatic ecotopes. Between August 1996 and December 1997 we conducted a study on reinfestation of houses after spraying in a county in the State of Ceará. Of 277 houses examined, 113 (40.8%) were infested (21.7% intradomiciliary and 35.4% peridomiciliary). Of the 433 Triatominae collected, 207 were Triatoma brasiliensis (49% of which intradomiciliary, with a mean of 1.8 insects/house) and 226 were Triatoma pseudomaculata (97% peridomiciliary). The age structure of the two indicated a univoltine development cycle for T. brasiliensis and two cycles per year for T. pseudomaculata. Four months after spraying with deltamethrin SC 25mg ia/m2, 9.7% of the houses were still positive, mainly with peridomestic infestations. Intradomiciliary wall bioassays showed persistence of the insecticide up to 9 months after spraying. Considering the high potential for recolonization of treated premises from sylvatic foci, we propose an operational strategy combining traditional evaluations and community-based surveillance with increased selective interventions and community education.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, south India--epidemiological impact of recovery of the vector population.

An Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategy was implemented from 1981 to 1985 in one part of Pondicherry, South India, for the control of the bancroftian filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus (the IVM area). The rest of the town (the comparison area) received the conventional larvicidal input. After 1985 both the areas were managed conventionally. The switch to conventional strategy resulted in an increase of vector density in both areas. The microfilaraemia prevalence in humans showed a general decline (P less than 0.05) from 1986 to 1989 only in the IVM area whereas its intensity did not change significantly in either area. While the age-specific rate of gain of infection was generally unchanged in the IVM area, an increase in all age classes was observed after 1985 in the comparison area, where the Annual Transmission Index was high during the previous years. In both areas the rate of loss of infection increased during 1986-9 compared to 1981-6. The results suggest that 3 years is too short a period to relate the changes in entomological parameters to those in the microfilaraemia status of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Dominance of Aedes aegypti over Aedes albopictus in the southeastern coast of Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To assess infestation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopiticus and describe their association with weather conditions and container colonization in urban areas. METHODS: The town of São Sebastião in the southeastern coast of Brazil was selected. It was used data from the Dengue and Yellow Fever Vector Control Program of the State of S o Paulo, Brazil, that encompasses entomological surveillance at strategic positions, traps and foci demarcation. Strategic positions sites are fixed sites with containers in adequate conditions for larvae growth. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligne test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There was found an annual growth of positive traps and strategic positions of Ae. aegypti and a drop in Ae. albopictus population. An increase in immature Ae. aegypti and a drop of the other species were also seen. A gradual increase of positive dwellings for Ae. aegypti was noticed outgrowing Ae. albopictus population. There was a weak correlation of the Aedes species with abiotic factors. Higher numbers of immature mosquitoes of both species were found in artificial containers which could be eliminated. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed Ae. aegypti was predominant in urban areas, indicating that its growth seems to have affected the coexistence with other species. Natural selection could be in place contributing to Aedes aegypti and albopictus species separation.

Aedes↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of the control of mosquitoes with insect growth regulators.

In this study, the effectiveness of eight insect growth regulators (IGRs) (chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, EL-494, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, juglone, plumbagin and methoprene) against five mosquito vectors (Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex quinquefasciatus) was investigated in the laboratory. The EC50s of chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, EL-494, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, and methoprene against the five mosquitoes ranged from 0.0001 to 0.3 ppm and those of juglone and plumbagin from 3-25 ppm. The five mosquito species had similar tolerances to the test IGRs. At pH 5 to 9, the effectiveness of the first five chemicals was very stable. After ultraviolet irradiation or heat management (45 degrees C-60 degrees C), diflubenzuron and flufenoxuron were very stable. EL-494 was not stable when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation or heat. Under 0.1 ppm, teflubenzuron was not stable upon exposure to heat and chlorfluazuron and methoprene were not stable when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Piperonyl butoxide reduces the effectiveness of the five IGRs. Administration of diflubenzuron (1-5 ppm), flufenoxuron (0.025 ppm), and teflubenzuron (1-5 ppm) reduced Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in ditches by 40-90%. The administration of diflubenzuron (0.5 ppm) to containers reduced 97% of the Aedes albopictus larvae.

Animals↗