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[Effect of lighting schedules on the ontogeny of gonad and adrenal endocrine function in female silver-black foxes Vulpes vulpes with two genetically determined types of behavior].

Additional illumination of animals nonselected for domesticative behaviour, results in the earlier increase of estradiol level in the blood and in higher production of this hormone by the gonads during pubertal period. Artificial illumination regimes do not significantly affect estradiol-producing activity of the ovaries in animals selected for domesticated behaviour. At the same time, additional illumination of the females with this type of behaviour increased progesteron-producing function of the adrenals during sexual maturation. Thus, selection of silver foxes for the domesticated type of behaviour affects the sensitivity of hormonal function of the ovaries and adrenals to photoperiodic factor of the environment.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

Selection for agonistic begavior in wild female Mus musculus.

Artificial selection was used to establish different levels of agonistic behavior in laboratory-reared wild female Mus musculus. A within-family selection design with replicated high and low lines and two nonselected control lines was employed. Females only were tested at 8 weeks of age on 2 consecutive days. Testing consisted of placing a C57BL/6 female mouse in the home cage of the isolation-reared wild mouse for 7 min or until an attack occurred. The wild females were rated on a 5-point scale for agonistic behavior, and the sum of the scores over the 2 test days was the criterion for selection. The six lines, each containing ten breeding pairs, were selected for four generations. By the fourth selected generation, the responses of the high and low lines had diverged in the expected directions. One-way analyses of variance indicated reliable differences among high, low, and control lines in the second, third, and fourth generations. It was concluded that female agonistic behavior is influenced by genotype and that the level of this behavior can be manipulated by means of artificial selection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Cholesky problems.

Behavioral geneticists commonly parameterize a genetic or environmental covariance matrix as the product of a lower diagonal matrix postmultiplied by its transpose-a technique commonly referred to as "fitting a Cholesky." Here, simulations demonstrate that this procedure is sometimes valid, but at other times: (1) may not produce fit statistics that are distributed as a chi2; or (2) if the distribution of the fit statistic is chi2, then the degrees of freedom (df) are not always the difference between the number of parameters in the general model less the number of parameters in a constrained model. It is hypothesized that the problem is related to the fact that the Cholesky parameterization requires that the covariance matrix formed by the product be either positive definite or singular. Even though a population covariance matrix may be positive definite, the combination of sampling error and the derived--as opposed to directly observed--nature of genetic and environmental matrices allow matrices that are negative (semi) definite. When this occurs, fitting a Cholesky constrains the numerical area of search and compromises the maximum likelihood theory currently used in behavioral genetics. Until the reasons for this phenomenon are understood and satisfactory solutions are developed, those who fit Cholesky matrices face the burden of demonstrating the validity of their fit statistics and the df for model comparisons. An interim remedy is proposed--fit an unconstrained model and a Cholesky model, and if the two differ, then report the difference in fit statistics and parameter estimates. Cholesky problems are a matter of degree, not of kind. Thus, some Cholesky solutions will differ trivially from the unconstrained solutions, and the importance of the problems must be assessed by how often the two lead to different substantive interpretation of the results. If followed, the proposed interim remedy will develop a body of empirical data to assess the extent to which Cholesky problems are important substantive issues versus statistical curiosities.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Is mitochondrial DNA involved in mouse behavioral laterality?

The genetic effect of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on behavioral laterality was investigated in a quartet of strains of laboratory mice congenic for mtDNA. The pattern of restriction of mtDNA differed in NZB/BINJ and CBA/H mice. Their respective congenics for mtDNA were developed until the 22nd generation. This quartet was tested under three independent conditions involving fore- and hind paw preference or performance (laterality tests) and body orientation. Evidence for the implication of mtDNA was observed on direction of laterality in two test conditions and on degree of laterality in the three test conditions.

Animals↗