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PubMedDate not supplied

Determining a one-tailed upper limit for future sample relative reproducibility standard deviations.

A formula was developed to determine a one-tailed 100p% upper limit for future sample percent relative reproducibility standard deviations (RSD(R),%= 100s(R)/y), where S(R) is the sample reproducibility standard deviation, which is the square root of a linear combination of the sample repeatability variance (s(r)2) plus the sample laboratory-to-laboratory variance (s(L)2), i.e., S(R) = s(L)2, and y is the sample mean. The future RSD(R),% is expected to arise from a population of potential RSD(R),% values whose true mean is zeta(R),% = 100sigmaR, where sigmaR and mu are the population reproducibility standard deviation and mean, respectively.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Best practices in NCLEX-RN readiness preparation for baccalaureate student success.

Success for first-time takers of the NCLEX-RN has implications for the students, faculty, and nursing programs. As the passing standard for the NCLEX-RN has risen, some programs have experienced a corresponding decrease in their graduates' first-time pass rates. This article describes one baccalaureate program's journey from low first-time NCLEX-RN pass rates in 2001 to greater student and program success using a data-based, analytical approach. Although passing an exit exam was a program requirement for 20 years, the change to computerized testing and more in-depth test preparation has enhanced opportunities for success for students and reduced stress.among faculty. The resulting best practices for preparing students for NCLEX-RN success are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Evaluation of [troponin-T] as a new biochemical marker for acute myocardial infarction].

Troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm) are located in the thin actin-containing filaments. Tn, a complex of three subunits (Tn-C, Tn-I and Tn-T), plays an important role in muscle contraction via calcium metabolism. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of a serum Tn-T assay in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method, based on the sandwich immunoassay, was developed for the determination of serum Tn-T. The analytical precision data were good enough for routine analysis (CVs of repeatability and day-to-day reproducibility were between 3.2 to 6.2%). The values obtained on 60 healthy adults were below 0.2 ng/ml. Physical activity (mountain climbing and golf) increased serum total CK and myoglobin, but did not increase Tn-T. In myocardial infarction, serum Tn-T was up to 20 times higher than the cut off value at admission, and had a large peak at around 14 hr and another small peak at 40 to 55 hr after the onset. The ratio of Tn-T at around 14 and 32 hr (14/32) was an excellent marker for successful reperfusion. All cases of successful PTCA, had a ratio higher than 1.0.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intrathecal therapy in tetanus. A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: --To assess the efficacy of intrathecal therapy with tetanus antibody (antitetanus equine serum or human tetanus immune globulin) in neonatal and adult tetanus using meta-analytical techniques. DATA SOURCES: --Clinical trials identified by searching MEDLINE and by reviewing bibliographies of published articles. STUDY SELECTION: --Studies in English with concurrent controls treated without intrathecal therapy. DATA EXTRACTION: --Data were extracted by one author and verified by the second; conflicts were resolved by discussion. DATA SYNTHESIS: --No major treatment effect was found in neonatal tetanus when all studies were considered. A benefit was suggested for antitetanus equine serum in adult disease, but this finding should be accepted with caution. Subgroup analyses were limited in power. Methodological difficulties in neonatal and adult trials were common and safety has not been established. CONCLUSIONS: --Intrathecal therapy for tetanus with either antitetanus equine serum or human tetanus immune globulin is not of proven benefit and should only be given in the context of well-designed, controlled trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Na,K-ATPase: radiation inactivation studies.

Na,K-ATPase from duck salt gland and ox brain in the membrane-bound or solubilized form was studied by the radiation inactivation technique using ATP, CTP, GTP or p-NPP as substrates. The values of radiation inactivation size (RIS) were compared with the target size (TS) for the alpha-subunit of the enzyme obtained by an independent method as well as with analytical centrifugation data obtained for C12E8-solubilized enzyme. It was concluded that during ATP (CTP) hydrolysis the enzyme operates as an oligomeric structure; the complex formation requires the presence of K+ and adenosine triphosphate binding to the sites with a low affinity for the nucleotide. Specially designed experiments revealed that the degree of enzyme oligomerization increases with an increase in the microviscosity of the membrane lipid environment.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

[The 3-phase reaction of cells of an MDCK culture to long-term exposure to antiviral chemical preparations].

A study was made of the effect of antiviral drugs remantadine and deitephorine on dynamics in the changes in structure-function parameters, mitotic activity, protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell culture. The application of methodical complex and regression analysis methods, the approximation of experimental data with analytical functions showed general regularity in the monolayer cell population response to the effect of drugs. In the response of cell populations three phases are distinguished: the first phase--transient inhibition; the second phase--relative compensation; the third phase--pathological cell destructive process.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Magnetic circular dichroism studies of succinate dehydrogenase. Evidence for [2Fe-2S], [3Fe-xS], and [4Fe-4S] centers in reconstitutively active enzyme.

Reconstitutively active and inactive succinate dehydrogenase have been investigated by low temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and EPR spectroscopy and room temperature CD and absorption spectroscopy. Reconstitutively active succinate dehydrogenase is found to contain three spectroscopically distinct Fe-S clusters: S1, S2, and S3. In agreement with previous studies, MCD and CD spectroscopy confirm that center S1 is a succinate-reducible [2Fe-2S]2+,1+ center. The MCD characteristics of center S2 identify it as a dithionite-reducible [4Fe-4S]2+,1+ similar to those in bacterial ferredoxins. EPR power saturation studies and the weakness of the EPR signal from reduced S2 indicate that there is a weak magnetic interaction between centers S1 and S2 in their paramagnetic, S = 1/2, reduced states. Center S3 is identified both by the form of the MCD spectrum and the characteristic magnetization behavior as a reduced [3Fe-xS] center in both succinate- and dithionite-reduced reconstitutively active succinate dehydrogenase. Arguments are presented in favor of centers S2 and S3 being separate centers rather than interconversion products of the same cluster. Reconstitutively inactive succinate dehydrogenase is found to be deficient in center S3. These results resolve many of the controversies concerning the Fe-S cluster content of succinate dehydrogenase and reconcile published EPR data with analytical and core extrusion studies. Moreover, they indicate that center S3 is a necessary requirement for reconstitutive activity and suggest that it is able to sustain ubiquinone reductase activity as a [3Fe-xS] center.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Strides in the technology of systems physiology and the art of testing complex hypotheses.

Scientific understanding in physics or physiology is based on models or theories devised to describe what is known, within the limits imposed by observation error. Carefully integrated models can be used for prediction, and the inferences assessed via further experiments designed to test the adequacy of the theory summarizing the state of knowledge. This is the systems approach, the basis of theoretical physiology; the models, like those of theoretical physics, should be firmly based on fundamental reproducible observations of a physical or chemical nature, held together with the principles of mathematics, logic, and the conservation of mass and energy. Modern computing power is such that comprehensive models can now be constructed and tested. For this approach data sets should include as many simultaneously obtained items of information of differing sorts as possible to reduce the degrees of freedom in fitting models to data. By taking advantage of large memories and rapid computation, modular construction techniques permit the formulation of multimodels covering more than a single hierarchical level, and thereby allow the investigator to understand the effects of controllers at the molecular level on overall cell or organism behavior. How does this influence the research and teaching practices of physiology? Because the computer also allows a new type of collaboration involving the networking of ideas, data bases, analytical techniques, and experiment designing, investigators in geographically distributed individual laboratories can plan, work, and analyze in concert. The prediction from this socioscientific model is therefore that networked computer-based modeling will serve to coalesce the ideas and observations of enlarging groups of investigators.

Models, Biological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of the Food and Drug Administration's total diet study--1961 to 1987.

The Total Diet Study provides the Food and Drug Administration with baseline information on the levels of pesticide residues, contaminants, and nutrient elements in the food supply and in the diets of specific age-sex groups. The study also identifies trends and changes in the levels of these substances in the food supply and in diets over time and thereby assists in identifying potential public health problems. This paper describes the evolution of the Total Diet Study from 1961 to 1987. Food collections, sites of analysis, diets, food commodity groups, analytes, analytical methodologies, data transfer, publication of results, notable results, resources, and advantages of the study are discussed.

Diet↗
PubMed1988

[Physico-chemical and functional characteristics of a subfraction of low-density lipoproteins isolated by ion-exchange column chromatography].

Fractionation of human blood plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) was performed by ion-exchange chromatography, using a linear NaCl gradient. It was shown that the binding of LDL subfractions eluted with a low ionic strength buffer (i.e., containing the particles with a lower negative charge) to B, E-receptors of fibroblasts was more effective than that of subfractions eluted with a high ionic strength buffer (i.e., containing the particles with a higher negative charge). The LDL particles with a lower negative charge had lower values of flotation coefficients (according to analytical ultracentrifugation data), smaller dimensions (according to gradient gel electrophoresis data) and a lower phospholipid/protein ratio (w/w). The experimental results suggest that LDL subfractions having different electrical parameters of the particle surface also differ in other physicochemical properties and seem to play a different role in atherogenesis.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1974

[Menadione and its stimulant effect on the growth of animals].

This paper deals with the stimulatory effect of the compound 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, Menadione (vit. K3), in young chicken, during the growing period. That's the case of other products like Bacitracin, Actinomycin D and Terramycin, whose hormetic activity is supplanted by the referred Menadione. Authors present the experimental data with analytical discussion of the results.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Combining nursing quality assurance and research programs.

This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of combining nursing quality assurance and research programs in clinical settings. The intended audiences and scopes of quality assurance and research differ, causing potential conflicts in combined programs. Such conflicts include the methods of disseminating findings, action taken on data obtained, analytic methods used, and issues of territoriality. However, advantages of combining these programs are great. Nursing research can be introduced into the clinical setting via quality assurance; resultant studies are more likely to be of direct clinical relevance; and results are more likely to be integrated into practice when programs are combined rather than separate. Combined programs are also cost efficient.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Or↗
PubMed1983

Overproduction of a kinetic subclass of VLDL-apoB, and direct catabolism of VLDL-apoB in human endogenous hypertriglyceridemia: an analytical model solution of tracer data.

To investigate the participation of the major apoprotein involved in triglyceride transport in the pathogenesis of endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, five kinetic studies of apoprotein B were conducted in volunteer normolipidemic subjects and six studies in four patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. The transport of apoprotein B within four kinetic subclasses of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied by injection of [75Se]selenomethionine. A 24-fold increase in the entry of newly synthesized apoprotein B at the initial kinetic subclass of the four-compartment VLDL delipidation sequence characterized the hypertriglyceridemic studies relative to normal subjects. Moreover, approximately 75 mg/kg per day of VLDL-B turnover reflected direct catabolism independent of conversion to IDL and/or to LDL, in contrast to the 8 mg/kg per day observed in controls. IDL-B was derived from VLDL-B in both normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects, and was responsible for greater than 70% of all LDL-B synthesis. LDL-B pool size and turnover were indistinguishable in hypertriglyceridemic subjects from that observed in normal subjects. These studies suggest that two kinetic phenomena may characterize the pathophysiology of endogenous hypertriglyceridemia: a) over-production of apoB within a kinetic subclass of VLDL and b) preferential catabolism of hypertriglyceridemic VLDL without prior conversion to IDL/LDL.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Methodologic quality and relevance of references in pharmaceutical advertisements in a Canadian medical journal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methodologic quality and relevance of references in pharmaceutical advertisements in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). DESIGN: Analytic study. DATA SOURCE: All 114 references cited in the first 22 distinct pharmaceutical advertisements in volume 146 of CMAJ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean methodologic quality score (modified from the 6-point scale used to assess articles in the American College of Physicians' Journal Club) and mean relevance score (based on a new 5-point scale) for all references in each advertisement. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty of the 22 companies responded, sending 78 (90%) of the 87 references requested. The mean methodologic quality score was 58% (95% confidence limits [CL] 51% and 65%) and the mean relevance score 76% (95% CL 72% and 80%). The two mean scores were statistically lower than the acceptable score of 80% (p < 0.05), and the methodologic quality score was outside the preset clinically significant difference of 15%. The poor rating for methodologic quality was primarily because of the citation of references to low-quality review articles and "other" sources (i.e., other than reports of clinical trials). Half of the advertisements had a methodologic quality score of less than 65%, but only five had a relevance score of less than 65%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relevance of most of the references was within minimal acceptable limits, the methodologic quality was often unacceptable. Because advertisements are an important part of pharmaceutical marketing and education, we suggest that companies develop written standards for their advertisements and monitor their advertisements for adherence to these standards. We also suggest that the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board develop more stringent guidelines for advertising and that it enforce these guidelines in a consistent, rigorous fashion.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

Reanalysis of forensic urine specimens containing benzoylecgonine and THC-COOH.

Drug testing laboratories are often requested to retest specimens that have tested positive. The reproducibility of analytical retest data for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) and benzoylecgonine in specimens that had previously been analyzed and then frozen by the Navy Drug Screening Laboratory, Great Lakes is examined in this study. All specimens were tested by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Retest values generally showed a decrease in concentration but exhibited considerable variability. Eighty-five THC-COOH positive urine specimens stored frozen for 1 to 10 months (average 2.3 months) declined an average of 25% (range, +30% to -80%) and 61 benzoylecgonine positive urine specimens stored for 1 to 8 months (average 2.3 months) declined an average of 19% (ranged +20% to -100%) from initial GC/MS test results. Drugs were found to partition into strata when frozen in urine because of the thermodynamics of the freezing process. To assure a homogenous solution for repeat testing, specimens that have been frozen and thawed were gently mixed before analysis.

Bias↗