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PubMed2001

Comparison of culture media, simplate, and petrifilm for enumeration of yeasts and molds in food.

The efficacy of three culture media, dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC), dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18), and potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with two antibiotics, were compared with the Simplate and Petrifilm techniques for mold and yeast enumeration. The following foods were analyzed: corn meal, wheat flour, cassava flour, bread crumbs, whole meal, sliced bread, ground peanuts, mozzarella cheese, grated parmesan cheese, cheese rolls, orange juice, pineapple pulp, pineapple cake, and mushroom in conserve. Correlation coefficients of DRBC versus PDA and DG18 for recovering total mold and yeast counts from the composite of 14 foods indicated that the three media were generally equivalent. Correlation coefficients for Petrifilm versus culture media were acceptable, although not as good as between culture media. Correlation coefficients of Simplate versus DRBC, DG18, PDA, and Petrifilm for recovering total yeasts and molds from a composite of 11 foods demonstrated that there was no equivalence between the counts obtained by Simplate and other culture media and Petrifilm, with significant differences observed for the most foods analyzed.

Agar↗
PubMed1977

Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin.

Postprandila glycaemia and rise in serum insulin after carbohydrate-containing meals were reduced by the addition of guar flour or pectin, or both. After a liquid test meal (four subjects) the 30-min blood glucose was reduced from 6.33 +/- 0.19 mmol/litre (114 +/- mg/dl), mean +/- SEM, in the control subjects of 4.77 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (86 +/- 3 mg/dl) by addition of guar gum (P less than 0.05). The mean insulin level was also significantly lower at 15 min. A breakfast test meal (bread, butter, marmalade, and tea) resulted in a mean 15-min blood glucose of 6.18 +/- 0.21 mmol/litre (111 +/- 4 mg/dl) in eight subjects; 10 g of pectin added to the marmalade reduced this level to 5.64 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (102 +/- 3 mg/dl) (P less than 0.01). The insulin levels were significantly lower at 15, 30, and 45 min. A similar meal in which guar was added to the bread and pectin to the marmalade resulted in significant reductions of blood glucose at 15 min (P less than 0.002) and 30 min (P less than 0.01). The insulin values were also significantly lower throughout the first 90 min of the test. This action of unavailable carbohydrate may prove useful in the dietary control of diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The role of energy and fat in cancers of the breast and colon-rectum in a southern European population.

BACKGROUND: Several uncertainties remain with respect to the role of intake of fat and/or total energy in the etiology of cancer of the breast and colon-rectum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1991 and 1996, 2569 women with incident breast cancer (median age: 55 years), 1953 subjects with cancer of the colon-rectum (median age = 62), and 5155 hospital controls were interviewed in six Italian areas. The validated food frequency questionnaire included questions on 78 foods and recipes and specific questions on individual fat intake pattern. RESULTS: Significant trends of increasing breast and colorectal cancer risk with increasing intake emerged for bread and pasta, pork and processed meats and potatoes (breast cancer only), cakes and desserts (colon-rectum cancers only), and refined sugar. Most vegetables were inversely associated with cancer of the colon and rectum, whereas only carrots and raw vegetables seemed to lower breast cancer risk. High fruit intake was associated only with a reduction of rectal cancer. Total energy intake was directly associated with all cancer sites. Among macronutrients, high intake of starch and saturated fat seemed to lead to an increase of cancer risk. High intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (chiefly derived from olive oil and seed oils) were protective. Among micronutrients, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and calcium showed inverse associations with breast and colorectal cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: An excess of energy intake, particularly from refined bread and pasta, can be an unfavourable feature of the Mediterranean diet, in the presence of a sedentary lifestyle.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Nutrients and food groups and large bowel cancer in Europe.

Several uncertainties remain with respect to the role of intake of fat and/or total energy in the aetiology of cancer of the colon-rectum. Between 1992 and 1996, 1953 subjects with cancer of the colon-rectum (median age = 62 years) and 4154 hospital controls were interviewed in six Italian areas. The validated food-frequency questionnaire included questions on 78 foods and recipes, and specific questions on individual fat intake pattern. Significant trends of increasing colorectal cancer risk with increasing intake emerged for bread and pasta, cakes and desserts, and refined sugar. Most vegetables, including pulses, were inversely associated with cancer of the colon and rectum. High fruit intake was associated only with a reduction of rectal cancer. Total energy intake was directly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Among macronutrients, a high intake of starch and saturated fat seemed to lead to an increased risk of cancer. High intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (chiefly derived from olive oil and seed oils) showed a marginal inverse association with colorectal cancer risk. Among micronutrients, beta-carotene, vitamin E and calcium showed the most consistent inverse associations. An excess of energy intake, particularly from refined bread and pasta, can be an unfavourable feature of the Mediterranean diet with respect to colorectal cancer risk, especially in the presence of sedentary life.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of Mexican foods high in complex carbohydrates.

For the purpose of enriching the knowledge on the glycaemic (GI) and insulinaemic (InIn) indices of indigenous foods, 3 single foods and 3 realistic high complex carbohydrate meals (bread=100) were studied in 8 healthy subjects. Observed GI (mean+/-SEM) were: beans (B) 19.3+/-3.4, wheat tortilla (WT) 42.5+/-6.9, corn tortilla (CT) 73.8+/-6.5, wheat tortilla beans taco (BWT) 39.9+/-12.8, corn tortilla beans taco (BCT) 56.2+/-8.2 and corn tortilla potato taco (PT) 111.0+/-11.5. The glycaemic index of all foods was lower than white bread (WB) (p<0.01) except for PT. B represented the lowest GI. InIn indices of B (41.7+/-4.5), WT (62.4+/-6.7) and CT (85.5+/-7.8) were lower than WB (p<0.01), whereas PT (171.3+/-11.4) was higher. B InIn was the lowest except for WT, and the highest InIn was for PT. B, WT and CBT might be included in a regular diet for weight maintenance and control of hunger. It is suggested to moderate the ingestion of CT and PT in subjects with obesity and hyperglycaemia complications. It is important to study single and realistic foods with varied composition in diabetic subjects, whose glycaemic responses in reference to their insulinaemic responses might be different to those reported in the present study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The inheritance of the traits of resistance to fungal diseases by distant hybrids of wheat with amphiploids].

The inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust and septorios of hybrids from crosses of wheat--rye and two wheat--Elymus amphiploids with durum and bread wheat was studied. Spontaneous hybridization was revealed to be a determining factor of the new available trait formation in the wide crosses. Control of the leaf rust and heary leaf traits by the same alien chromosome of Elytricum fertile is confirmed. While in the wheat--Aegilops amphiploid H74/90-258 these traits are not linked and controlled by one and two genes, respectively. The alien resistance is easier introgessed into wheat genome in the cross of 8x-amphiploid with durum wheat, than with bread wheat. Constant homozygous strains with group resistance to the studied diseases have been revealed.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2000

An evaluation of the effectiveness of nutrition advisers in three rural areas of northern province.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a nutrition education intervention programme undertaken by trained local women (nutrition advisers) in rural villages in Northern Province. The programme was aimed at the caregivers of infants living in those villages. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey design undertaken in 1989 and again in 1992. STUDY POPULATION: Female caregivers of infants living in three study villages (study area (SA)) and three control villages (control area (CA)) in Northern Province. Households were randomly selected. The response rate of households in the SA and CA was 70% (N = 1,040) at baseline and 84% (N = 1,263) after intervention. METHODS: A baseline study was undertaken in the SA and CA in 1989. A questionnaire eliciting sociodemographic data and information on dietary practices and nutritional knowledge was developed and used in the baseline study and after intervention. A nutrition education programme was undertaken by 6 trained local women (nutrition advisers) in the SA. After 2 years the survey was repeated using the same questionnaire in both the SA and CA. The SA and CA were compared with regard to breast-feeding and infant feeding practices; use of milk, brown bread, legumes and nuts; and use of school lunch boxes by older children. RESULTS: The percentage of women who initiated breast-feeding on the day of birth improved significantly in the SA from 60% to 90%. The frequency of feeding infants at 6 months improved significantly in the SA (P < 0.01). The introduction of solid foods to infants on the first day of life decreased from 26.5% to 6.3% in the SA. There were no significant differences in the SA only with regard to use of milk, brown bread, legumes, nuts, and school lunch boxes. However, some positive findings were a greater increase in the use of these items in the SA compared with the CA. CONCLUSION: A nutrition education programme undertaken by trained local women can significantly improve breast-feeding and infant feeding practices in rural areas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The detection of nonallelic to known genes of resistance to Tilletia caries (DC) Tul. in wheat strains from interspecific hybridization (Triticum aestivum x Aegilops cylindrica)].

It was established by hybridological analysis that winter bread wheat lines 1/74-91, 3/36-91, 5/55-91 possess single dominant gene of resistance to bunt (Tilletia caries (DC) Tul.), but lines 8/2-91, 5/43-91, 4/11-91 and 8/16-91 have two independent dominant genes for this character. These genes originated from Aegilops cylindrica are not identical to Bt1-Bt17 genes and are unknown to date. The lines were obtained from crosses between winter bread wheat variety Odeskaya polukarlikovaya and Aegilops cylindrica.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal metabolism of rye lignans in pigs.

To study the intestinal metabolism of lignans, the concentrations of plant and mammalian lignans in intestinal digesta sampled along the intestinal tract of pigs were determined by isotope dilution GC-MS. The pigs were fed rye-bread diets made from either whole rye-grains or rye-grain milling fractions enriched in pericarp-testa, aleurone or endosperm cells. The content and characteristics of dietary fibre varied between diets and had been shown to induce different colon fermentation patterns. As the metabolism of lignans depends on the action of the intestinal flora, we tested whether the rye-bread diets influence the metabolism of lignans. In the ileum, the lignans were mainly present as conjugated plant lignans, which were determined only when the analytical procedure included a hydrolysis step. High recovery of dietary lignans in the ileum may indicate that the lignans enter the enterohepatic circulation. In addition, two to three times the intake of lignans were recovered in the faeces when the diets had a high content of dietary fibre suggesting underestimation of plant lignans in the diet. Most of the plant lignans disappeared from the intestinal tract between the terminal ileum and the caecum. The intestinal concentrations and the disappearance of lignans correlated with the content of lignans in the diet, being highest on the pericarp-testa diet and lowest on the endosperm diet. No effect of fermentation pattern on the intestinal metabolism of lignans was observed. The lignans were liberated from the pericarp-testa diet although the plant cell walls remained largely undegraded.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Dietary trends among low socioeconomic status women of childbearing age in the United States from 1977 to 1996: a comparison among ethnic groups.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary trends among low socioeconomic status women of childbearing age from three ethnic groups from 1977 to 1996. METHODS: The sample consisted of 19- to 44-year-old women at 185% of poverty with 12 years of education or less (n = 4682) from three US Department of Agriculture surveys. The Revised Diet Quality Index (DQI-R) and level of folate were the main outcomes measured. Changes in food consumption for several food groups were also examined. RESULTS: Diet quality significantly improved between 1977 and 1996 for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. All groups had significant decreases in saturated fat intake by 1996, but only Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women significantly decreased their total fat and cholesterol intakes. Fruit and vegetable intakes remained stable. Mean intakes of calcium, iron, and folate were below recommendations at every time point for all ethnic groups. All three groups decreased their intakes of butter, margarine, egg items, bacon, high-fat red meats, and low-fiber/high-fat breads and increased their intakes of high-fiber cereals, all of which are positive. These trends were balanced, however, by decreases in medium-fiber vegetables, soy, and legumes and increases in high-fat/high-fiber breads, high-fat desserts, high-fat salty snacks, and high-fat grain-based mixed dishes. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights problem dietary habits that public health professionals need to address in order to reduce the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of Mexican foods high in complex carbohydrates in Type 2 diabetic subjects.

The glycaemic (GI) and insulinaemic indices (InIn) of 3 indigenous single foods and 3 indigenous realistic high complex carbohydrate meals (bread=100) were determined in 7 Mexican type 2 diabetic subjects. Observed GI (mean+/-SEM) were: beans (B) 39.9+/-7.3, wheat tortilla (WT) 53.2+6.4, corn tortilla (CT) 84.8+/-6.0, wheat tortilla beans taco (BWT) 71.2+/-9.5, corn tortilla beans taco (BCT) 73.5+/-4.3 and corn tortilla potato taco (PT) 121.5+/-12.8. The GI of white bread (WB) was higher than B (p<0.01), WT (p<0.01), BWT (p<0.05) and BCT (p<0.05) and did not differ from CT and PT. Observed InIn were: B 36.2+/-7.0, WT 49+/-5.6, CT 83.4+/-17.6, BWT 66.1+/-5.9, BCT 80.3+/-7.9 and PT 164.2+/-26.5. InIn of B, WT and BWT were lower than WB (p<0.01), whereas PT was higher (p<0.05) and CT and BCT did not differ. Diabetic subjects do not have to eliminate WT, B or beans tacos, as suggested by some physicians. Nevertheless, they could lower the consumption of CT and PT. This information presents an alternative to diabetic subjects to live and eat more freely, by preventing the alteration of familiar and dining cultural habits.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in a home for the aged].

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), phagotype 1, reported at a senior citizen living facility in Burgos on November 15, 1999 is discussed. The objective of the research of this outbreak was that of ascertaining the source of infection, the mechanism by which it was transmitted and to propose the suitable measures for preventing any recurrence of this problem. METHODS: An observational retrospective cohort study has been made by surveying 106 of a total of 119 residents and 9 employees at the center in question. The Relative Risk of being affected by this disorder has been estimated in terms of the intake of different foods. Logic Regression was employed for calculating the odds ratio adjusted by age, sex and by the intake of foods and wine. The concordance of the clinical diagnosis with the coproculture diagnosis was studied using the Cohen's Kappa index of agreement. RESULTS: A total of 42 individuals reported symptoms (37 residents and 5 employees). The clinical attack rate was 36.5%. Forty-five (45) of the 91 coprocultures performed (82 on residents and 9 on employees) were positive (41 in residents and 4 in employees). The attack rate for cases confirmed by coproculture was 49.5% among those investigated. Fried breaded milk and flour batter sweets was the food product implicated epidemiologically with the onset of the outbreak: RR 3.25 (C.I at 95% 1.10-9.59). The protective effect of the wine (Odds Ratio: 0.68) was not high enough to be statistically significant (p = 0.36). The Kappa index was 0.43 (p < 0.001), which reveals very little agreement between the clinical diagnosis and the coproculture diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological evidence exists of the intake of fired breaded milk and flour batter sweets having been the mechanism for the transmission of the infection, and the food product in question having been stored at room temperature having been the determining contributing factor in the start of the outbreak. This reveals that the best way of preventing this type of outbreaks are clean habits and practices on the part of all those involved in the food-handling sector.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Isolation of a chromosomally engineered durum wheat line carrying the Aegilops ventricosa pchl gene for resistance to eyespot.

The chromosome 7Dv of Aegilops ventricosa (syn. Triticum ventricosum, 2n = 4x = 28, genome DvDvMvMv) carries the gene Pch1 for resistance to eyespot. This gene has previously been transferred to chromosome 7D of bread wheat, T. aestivum (2n = 6x = 42, genome AABBDD). To (1) enhance the level of resistance of bread wheat by increasing the copy number of Pch1, and (2) create eyespot-resistant triticales, meiotically stable Pch1-carrying durum lines were selected from the backcross progenies of a cross between Ae. ventricosa and T. durum cv. Creso ph1c (2n = 4x = 28, genome AABB). The Pch1 transfer, likely resulting from homoeologous recombination, was located at the distal position on the long arm of chromosome 7A. The 7A microsatellite marker Xgwm 698 was found closely linked in repulsion to the introgression in the resistant recombination lines, and the endopeptidase allele located on chromosome 7A of cv. Creso ph1c was lost.

Chromosome Segregation↗
PubMed2001

[Chromium content in foods and dietary intake estimation in the Northwest of Mexico].

Chromium is an indispensable nutrient for the carbohydrates and lipids metabolism. In this study the chromium content in the twenty main foods of the diet from Northwestern Mexico was determined, as well as the daily mean intake which was estimated based on the food intake basket of this region. Chromium content was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the graphite furnace technique and previous digestion of foods in microwave oven. The chromium mean intake was estimated considering the chromium daily mean intake for person per day and the chromium content of the foods analyzed in this study. The range chromium content in the foods analyzed was between 0.0004 and 0.1641 microgram/g dry weight. White cheese showed the highest chromium content followed by pasta soup, wheat tortilla, bread and meat. The main foods chromium contributors in the diet were: wheat tortilla (20%), white cheese (11%), corn tortilla (11%), pasta soup (10%), milk (10%), meat (9%) and white bread (8%). The daily chromium intake was 30.43 +/- 1.6 micrograms/d. Chromium values obtained in the food analyzed are considered low. Moreover, chromium intake obtained from the diet is not enough to meet the safety and adequate daily chromium intake. Therefore, the population from the Northwestern Mexico has a suboptimal dietary chromium intake.

Chromium↗
PubMed1994

[Nutrition education and oral health].

At present, reduction of the consumption of fat is the main issue in nutritional education. However, this can lead to an increased consumption of mono- and disaccharides and, as a result, to increased dental caries. Individual variations in the susceptibility of caries make it necessary to differentiate the advice for the consumption of snacks between meals. Generally, consumption of complex carbohydrates, such as bread or bread products, can be advised as an alternative for fat and sugar containing snacks. Sugar-free products can also be advised, but not unlimited because of the laxative effect of sorbitol. To prevent tooth erosion the frequent consumption of fruits and fruit juices should be discouraged.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed2001

Early puberty in African-American girls: nutrition past and present.

This study focused on nutrition and the changes in food intake over time to explain the onset of early pubertal signs in African-American girls. The daily nutritional intake of two diametrically opposite generations of African-American females was compared. The first group included 20 girls between the ages of 5 and 7 and the second group included 28 women between the ages of 70 and 85. The older African-American women were asked to remember the meals they had when they were young. Results revealed significant differences in terms of both quantity and quality of food consumed. Specifically, the women reported eating two meals a day when they were young while the girls reported eating at least three meals. Also, for breakfast, the girls consumed significantly more milk and fruits than did the women. For lunch, the girls consumed significantly more bread and grains, vegetables, meat, and milk than did the women. For dinner, the women consumed significantly more bread and grains. Thus, significant differences between the nutrition of African-American girls about 60 to 70 years ago and those of today were revealed. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Validity of dual-label stable isotopic protocols and urinary excretion ratios to determine folate bioavailability from food.

We tested the hypothesis that some cereal-product vehicles may reduce fortificant bioavailability below 85% and examined the feasibility of using single dose, dual-label, non-saturation protocols for studying bioavailability based on urinary excretion ratios (UER; % oral 13C6 isotope dose excreted in intact folate/% i.v. 2H4 isotope dose excreted). Fifteen females received 225 micrograms oral folate (capsules, fortified bran flakes, and fortified white bread), mainly as 13C6-PteGlu, followed by i.v. injection of 100 micrograms 2H4-PteGlu. UERs were used as the primary index of absorption. Urinary folate was cleaved to p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid, dervivatized and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The UER mean (95%CI) for folic acid was 2.18 (1.2-3.8) at 48 hours and as these were greater than 1.0, it was concluded that oral and i.v. isotopes of folic acid are handled differently by the body. Compared to the 48 hour UER for folic acid, UERs for white bread and bran flakes were 0.71 and 0.37, respectively, thus indicating some matrix inhibition of absorption. Consideration should be given to the choice of cereal-based fortification vehicles in order to maximize bioavailability. Plasma enrichment of folate can be measured using LC/MSMS (liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy) but seems unfeasible with the GC/MS method.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hybrids of Aegilops cylindrica Host with Triticum durum Desf. and T. aestivum L].

The hybrids of durum and bread wheat with Ae. cylindrica have been obtained without using an embryo rescue technique. The hybrid output (of pollinated flower number) in the field conditions scored 1.0, 15.3 and 10.0% in the crosses T. durum x Ae. cylindrica, Ae. cylindrica x T. durum and T. aestivum x Ae. cylindrica, respectively. A high level of meiotic chromosome pairing between homologous D genomes of bread wheat and Aegilops has been revealed (c = 80.0-83.7%). The possibility of homoeological pairing between wheat and Ae. cylindrica chromosomes has been shown. Herewith, the correlation between the levels of homological and homoeological pairing is absent. The possibilities of genetic material interchange, including between the tetraploid species, as well as the using of Ae. cylindrica cytoplasm for durum wheat breeding are discussed.

Chromosomes, Plant↗