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PubMed1983

Cardiovascular effects of acetaldehyde accumulation after ethanol ingestion: their modification by beta-adrenergic blockade and alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition.

Left ventricular function was examined by echocardiography and systolic time intervals in nine healthy male volunteers, who ingested ethanol 0.35 g/kg 4 hr after a 50-mg peroral dose of calcium cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. Accumulation of acetaldehyde in blood was accompanied by marked increases in heart rate (53%) and cardiac output (78%) as well as by decreases in diastolic arterial blood pressure (19%) and peripheral vascular resistance (46%). Ejection fraction and maximum circumferential fibre shortening velocity increased by 25 and 47%, respectively; the preejection period/ejection time ratio decreased by 31%. 4-Methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, efficiently reduced blood acetaldehyde levels when injected intravenously (7 mg/kg) at the height of the reaction. It was as effective as intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) in attenuating the hyperdynamic circulation and stabilized arterial blood pressure better than propranolol. We conclude that even a very mild alcohol intoxication (30-50 mg/100 ml) causes a marked enhancement of cardiac function, in addition to vasodilation, in subjects with impaired acetaldehyde oxidation. These changes are reversed by preventing acetaldehyde formation through alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1991

[Diagnosis of myocardial infarct with fatal outcome within the framework of multifactorial prevention of ischemic heart disease in Moscow].

The death diagnosis of myocardial infarction (including acute heart failure) was recorded and verified on the basis of standard criteria during a 5-year implementation of the Program on Multifactorial Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease among males aged 40-59 years. The analysis demonstrated that the hyperdiagnosis of acute heart failure as a death cause was observed in 29.0% of cases, death being due to acute alcohol intoxication in 43% of all the inconsistent diagnoses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Compartment syndrome in a young male caused by acute alcoholic rhabdomyolysis].

We report a case of young male who developed compartment syndrome of his left leg caused by rhabdomyolysis following a heavy binge of alcohol. The laboratory data on his admission revealed extremely elevated serum levels of CPK (108,021 IU.l-1). The serum levels of potassium and creatinine were within normal ranges. He also had myoglobinuria. He required fasciotomy after admission. Diuretics and a large volume of fluids were given to prevent the renal failure. His postoperative course was uneventful. The direct toxic effects of alcohol and the prolonged ischemia of his lower leg induced by acute alcoholic intoxication, are thought to have played a major role in the triggering of the acute rhabdomyolysis. Acute alcoholic rhabdomyolysis should be considered in any intoxicated patient who presents muscle tenderness and weakness. The early recognition and prompt treatment are essential to prevent serious complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Neonatal responsiveness to alcohol odor and infant alcohol intake as a function of alcohol experience during late gestation.

It has been previously suggested that maternal alcohol intoxication during the last days of pregnancy promotes fetal experiences that include chemosensory processing of the drug. In this study pregnant Wistar-derived rats were administered saline or one of two alcohol doses (1 or 2 g/kg) during gestational days 17-20. Immediately after birth, pups were tested in regard to motor-eliciting properties of the odor of amniotic fluid or alcohol, or of these stimuli presented as a configuration. Saline controls showed significantly shorter duration of overall motor activity and head movements when stimulated with the biological cue (amniotic fluid) than when exposed to a novel stimulus (ethanol alone or configured with the amniotic fluid). The opposite pattern was found in pups with prenatal experience with the higher alcohol dose. In a second experiment, the impact of similar alcohol treatments on infant consumption of different tastants, including alcohol and a configuration of sucrose and quinine, was tested. This configuration appears to mimic psychophysical properties of ethanol. Consumption of water, sucrose, or quinine was unaffected by the prenatal status of the subjects. Antenatal alcohol experience with the lower alcohol dose (1 g/kg) increased both alcohol and sucrose-quinine consumption. The 2 g/kg alcohol animals also ingested more sucrose-quinine relative to saline controls. As a whole, the results confirm the hypothesis that an intrauterine alcohol sensory memory selectively affects neonatal recognition of the alcohol's olfactory attributes and infant intake of either alcohol or solutions that share certain sensory equivalence with this psychopharmacological agent.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Cycling and alcohol.

PURPOSE: To compare the accident and the psychosocial circumstances and the consequences of the injuries sustained by intoxicated (alcohol) and sober cyclists in road traffic accidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A telephone interview was conducted with 207 adults injured 3 years earlier. The group was selected from the list of 1278 cyclists registered at the hospitals in Göteborg in 1995 and 1996. Ninety-five of the 207 had been registered as under the influence of alcohol and 112, registered as sober, constituted a matched group. RESULTS: Compared with the sober group, the intoxicated cyclists more often sustained their injuries at night time (P<0.001), at the weekend (P<0.001), on their way to or from a party or a pub/restaurant (P<0.001) and in single accidents (P<0.001) with a greater risk of injury to the head or face (P<0.001). They cycled less during the year (P<0.001), were not so familiar with the route (P=0.045) or bicycle (P<0.001), had bicycles without a hand-brake or gears (P=0.045) and less often wore a helmet (P=0.003). Driving licences had been revoked only in the intoxicated group (P=0.02) and nine out of ten who were divorced were from this group (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention for cyclists should aim at altering the attitude towards cycling intoxicated and increasing the use of a helmet. The alternative is a change in the law in both cases.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1977

Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in fire victims and in cases of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.

The study comprises an eleven-year autopsy material of 141 cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Oslo. The fatal level of carboxyhemoglobin concentration is calculate from cases of pure carbon monoxide poisoning. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations below this level are found in approximately thirty percent of the fire victims. Alcohol intoxication, present in many fire victims, is not related to low corboxyhemoglobin concentrations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute effects of alcohol and food intake on cardiac performance.

Alcohol and food intake induce changes in LV performance which can be evaluated by radionuclide cardiographic methods. Alcohol probably exerts its effects by a direct action of ethanol in the blood on the myocardium, while the postprandial hemodynamic changes are related to the effects of food in the intestine. Alcohol intoxication causes a dose-dependent impairment of LV emptying at rest, whereas compensatory mechanisms other than an increased sympathetic nervous activity counterbalance this effect during exercise. In patients with coronary artery disease, alcohol induces only small changes in LV volumes at rest, possibly because of a concomitant vasodilation. Food intake seems to have a considerable influence on central hemodynamics leading to an increase in cardiac output both in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease. In healthy subjects an increase is recorded in the LVEDV and LVESV after a meal. The autonomic nervous system is probably responsible for most of the hemodynamic changes.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acute alcohol administration on object recognition learning in C57BL/6J mice.

The goal of the present study was to investigate effects of alcohol intoxication on the object recognition learning task. Male C57BL/6J mice habituated to saline injections and exploratory arena received different doses of ethanol (0, 1.6 or 2.4 g/kg) before or after a 10-min training session. During training, animals were exposed to a small object (a marble or a die). On the next day, during a 10-min testing session, animals were exposed to two objects: the familiar object from the previous day and a novel object. Analysis of behavior during testing showed that mice injected with 0 and 1.6 g/kg of ethanol before training spent more time exploring a novel than a familiar object during testing. In contrast, mice injected with 2.4 g/kg ethanol spent equal amounts of time exploring the novel and the familiar object. Mice injected with this dose of ethanol after training did not show a decreased ratio of object exploration during testing. Analysis of behavior during training showed that mice injected with this dose of ethanol spent less time exploring the object, although their locomotor activity was not decreased. Our results show that in C57BL/6J mice, ethanol intoxication interferes with exploratory activity during object exploration, but not with consolidation of memory.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2001

Saliva alcohol concentrations in accident and emergency attendances.

OBJECTIVES: Although alcohol is known to play a key part in accidents, no UK study has assessed alcohol concentrations in a comprehensive sample of accident and emergency (A&E) attenders. This study set out to do this, and examine the relation between alcohol concentrations and the severity, type and circumstances of presentation, and the sociodemographic characteristics of patients. METHODS: A survey was conducted of all new A&E attenders (aged 10 years or over). Two 24 hour periods for each day of the week were covered in 6, 7 or 11 hour sessions over a two month period. Alcohol concentrations were assessed from saliva samples using a disposable device. Data were collected from 638 attenders, of whom 544 provided saliva samples; the remainder refused or were unable to participate. RESULTS: Positive saliva alcohol readings were obtained in 22% of attenders (95%CI 19% to 26%); this increased to 25% if others were included (for example, those who refused to participate but were judged to be intoxicated). Alcohol was associated with 94% of incidents of self harm, 54% of non-specific/multiple complaints, 47% of collapses, 50% of assaults, and 50% of patients admitted to hospital. Higher concentrations of alcohol were found from Friday to Sunday, between midnight and 0900, and in patients aged 41 to 60. Among people with positive alcohol results, those attending with a companion had higher concentrations than those attending alone. There were no significant differences between men and women in alcohol concentrations. DISCUSSION: These findings show that alcohol use is an important factor in A&E attendance, but it should not be assumed that there is a causal relation between alcohol use and injury. Several accident related and sociodemographic variables were predictive of alcohol use before attending. The overall level of prediction was too weak to permit accurate identification of drinkers for screening purposes, but routine alcohol concentration assessments may be justified in the high risk groups identified in this study. A&E departments may be convenient and fruitful settings for brief interventions with early problem drinkers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Suicide attempts and suicides in India: cross-cultural aspects.

Like everywhere else in the world suicide attempts in India have been increasing progressively. However, certain observations are diametrically opposite to those for the West. Males tend to predominate among attempters. The commonest agents used are organophosphates and other household poisons. More violent means for committing suicide are hanging, burning and drowning. More suicide attempters come from joint families. Only 5-10% of the male attempters are under the influence of alcohol at the time of attempt. None of the studies has reported alcohol intoxication among female attempters. Traditionally, Hindu religion has given sanction to certain altruistic suicides.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

Changes in the blood of Wistar rats in acute poisoning with ethanol and acetaldehyde.

1. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the erythrocyte and leucocyte system of Wistar rats. 2. Administration of the ethanol or acetaldehyde caused a considerable drop in the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin level and haematocrit value in rats. 3. The mean erythrocyte volume was smaller after only 0.5 hr of exposure to ethyl alcohol. 4. The solutions used caused changes in the leucocyte system expressed in distinct neutrophilic leucocytosis. 5. Changes in the leucogram were reflected in the increase in the leucocyte index. 6. The degree of intensity of changes in both the erythrocyte and leucocyte system point to the greater toxicity of ethyl alcohol intoxication than is the case of acetaldehyde in a toxically corresponding dose (i.e. 0.5 and 5 g/kg body wt respectively).

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1998

Role of hippocampus in alcohol-induced memory impairment: implications from behavioral and immediate early gene studies.

Acute alcohol intoxication disrupts memory acquisition in humans and laboratory animals. This review summarizes recent behavioral and immediate early gene expression studies addressing the mechanisms of this phenomenon. Most behavioral investigations agree that the amnestic effect of alcohol is due to its preferential detrimental effect on hippocampus-dependent than on hippocampus-independent forms of learning. However, some hippocampal lesion studies contradict these results. Learning in behavioral paradigms is accompanied by induction of c-fos and other immediate early genes in many brain regions of the animal. In contrast, studies on alcohol-mediated changes in expression of this gene confirm selective hippocampal suppression of basal and experience-induced expression of c-fos after acute and repeated administration of alcohol. This hippocampal suppression is in marked contrast with alcohol-mediated induction of c-fos expression in other brain areas. However, the selective suppression of hippocampal gene expression and memory by alcohol is most likely mediated by a number of interacting neurotransmitter systems. Thus, effects of lower doses of alcohol (0.5 g/kg or lower in rats) seem to be preferentially mediated through GABAergic systems. At intermediate doses (0.75-2 g/kg), several other neurotransmitter systems are affected besides GABA. Higher doses lead to none-specific effects, probably involving even more neurotransmitter systems. Elucidation of these neurotransmitter systems will be highly important for developing rational approaches for correction of alcohol-related cognitive disorders.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Simple reaction time event-related potentials: effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation.

The effects of two levels of alcohol intoxication and 30 hr of sleep deprivation on visual event-related potential (ERP) waveforms concomitant to simple reaction time (RT) were examined in 54 normal male subjects. In a previous study, we reported that alcohol and sleep deprivation each increased RT. At a 0.05 breath alcohol concentration (BAC), the combined treatments produced an additive increase in RT, whereas at a 0.08 BAC the combined treatments produced no increase beyond that seen with each alone. In this study we present the ERP findings. Sleep deprivation alone increased the latency of a 150 msec negative component (N1) of the ERP. Alcohol increased the latency of a 250 msec negative component (N2), but only in the absence of sleep deprivation. Furthermore, this increased latency of N2 was correlated with RT measures. These results suggested that sleep deprivation slowed initial stimulus detection, whereas alcohol slowed later processing and response activation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The effect of altered tryptophan levels on mood and behavior in normal human males.

The effect of lowering or raising tryptophan levels was studied in normal males using amino acid mixtures that were tryptophan free or tryptophan supplemented. Tryptophan depletion caused a small but significant alteration in food selection in subjects allowed to select from a buffet. Although carbohydrate and total kilocalories selected were unchanged, significantly less protein was chosen. Tryptophan depletion also caused an acute lowering of mood, suggesting that low serotonin (5-HT) may be involved in the etiology of clinical depression in some patients. No effect of altered tryptophan levels was seen in a laboratory test of aggression. However, a study on vervet monkeys indicated that altered tryptophan levels can influence aggression when the animals are at a high level of arousal. High arousal is known to increase the firing rate of 5-HT neurons. In a preliminary study, tryptophan had a therapeutic effect in aggressive schizophrenic patients. The best effect was seen in impulsive patients, which may have been related to high arousal in these subjects. Although carbohydrate is capable of raising brain tryptophan, not all carbohydrate-induced behaviors are mediated by tryptophan. Thus, sucrose was capable of attenuating alcohol intoxication in normal human males without altering blood alcohol concentrations. However, tryptophan had no effect on ethanol intoxication. The challenge for the future is to define the conditions under which alterations in tryptophan levels can influence brain function.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

[Hyponatremia after very heavy beer drinking (author's transl)].

Severe water and electrolyte disturbances were observed in a patient after a bout of very heavy beer drinking (30 liters in 6 days). On admission she was found to have hypokalemia (2.2 mEq/I), metabolic alkalosis (pHa: 7.55-total CO2: 40 mEq/I), and more particularly hyponatremia (109 mEq/I), responsible for the typical neurological signs of water intoxication (hyponatremic encephalopathy). There was a positive cumulative return of sodium (570 mEq) and chloride (900 mEq) levels, and normal conditions were restored without significant modifications in water balance or weight. No other etiology, apart from the beer, was discovered. Heavy drinking of beer alone can therefore provoke chloride and sodium depletion, probably because beer, which is poor in NaCl, must produce urinary loss of these electrolytes. The high osmolarity of beer may explain this latter phenomenon. This particular cause of hyponatremia should be recognized, if only to avoid confusing the clinical signs of alcoholic intoxication with those due to water intoxication.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1996

Injured pedestrians in Cape Town--the role of alcohol.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a profile of injured adult pedestrians and attempt to define the role which alcohol plays in this regard. DESIGN: Prospective survey of injured pedestrians who presented consecutively over 9 weeks to Groote Schuur Hospital. Data on fatally injured pedestrians were retrospectively collected from the State Mortuary. SETTING: Hospital-based study conducted at the trauma unit, Groote Schuur Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 321 pedestrians--196 injured and 35 'dead on arrival'. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sociodemographics, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and injury severity. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male and, on average, 35.6 years old. They were most frequently injured at night and over weekends. The BAC was positive in 62.1% of pedestrians, and the mean BAC was 0.19 g/dl. Most pedestrians had at least one lower limb injury and nearly half had a head injury; however, BAC-positive pedestrians were 2.6 times more likely to have a head injury (P = 0.0009). Furthermore, BAC-positive pedestrians sustained more severe injuries, more frequently required admission to the ICU, had longer hospital admission and were more likely to die of their injuries. The overall case fatality rate was 19.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of alcohol intoxication among injured adult pedestrians in Cape Town is high, suggesting that alcohol plays a major role in these accidents. Consequently, there should be some degree of culpability in those who cross the road while in an intoxicated state. However, equal attention should be given to safe and convenient crossing points, good lighting and education with regard to the wearing of reflective clothing after dark.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1989

Preinjury psychopathology in trauma patients.

One hundred patients admitted to a Level I trauma center were interviewed using the Langner 22-item index of psychiatric symptoms to evaluate pre-existing psychological pathology. The medical chart was also examined for any type of note or evidence of psychiatric consultation efforts by the surgical attending staff. There were 74 males and 26 females in the sample, with a mean age of 33 years. Types of injuries included blunt trauma in 71% and penetrating trauma in 29% of the group, respectively. Eight per cent of these injuries were self inflicted. The mean Injury Severity Score was 17. Alcoholic intoxication was documented in 49%. We found that severe psychopathology as defined by the Langner Index was present in 88% of those admitted with penetrating trauma, in 47% of those admitted with blunt trauma, and in 75% of the intoxicated group. In only 14% of the sample was psychopathology documented in the chart by the attending staff. Preinjury psychopathology in trauma patients was commonly present and seemed to be most highly associated with penetrating trauma and alcohol use.

Adolescent↗