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PubMed1991

Cognitive development in kittens (Felis catus): an observational study of object permanence and sensorimotor intelligence.

Spontaneous behavior of kittens (Felis catus) was filmed from birth until the end of Month 5 and coded according to Piagetian criteria of sensorimotor intelligence (SI) and object permanence (OP). Data revealed that Stages 2, 3, and 4 of SI were reached at Days 10, 26, and 45, respectively, whereas Stages 2, 3, and 4 of OP were reached at Days 31, 37, and 41, respectively. Spontaneous search behavior was exhibited both in searching for an object that disappeared and in hiding while moving toward a target object. From Day 45 on, search behavior was integrated into a playful social interaction in the form of hide-and-seek. Hence, kittens' spontaneous activity provided them with contexts in which OP was necessary for activity. Lastly, it is proposed that the mobility of both social and physical objects triggered circular activity in this species.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age: what can older adults achieve by themselves?

Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia.

A sample of 473 male patients with pedophilia (assessed by the patients' sexual history and penile response in the laboratory to standardized, erotic stimuli) or other problematic sexual interests or behaviors received brief neuropsychological assessments. Neuropsychological measures included a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (D. Wechsler, 1981), the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test--Revised (R. H. B. Benedict, D. Schretlen. L. Groninger. & J. Brandt, 1998), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test--Revised (R. H. B. Benedict, 1997), and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (S. M. Williams, 1986). Pedophilia showed significant negative correlations with IQ and immediate and delayed recall memory. Pedophilia was also related to non-right-handedness even after covarying age and IQ. These results suggest that pedophilia is linked to early neurodevelopmental perturbations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Education-stratified base-rate information on discrepancy scores within and between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale--Third Edition.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition (WAIS-III; D. Wechsler, 1997a) and the Wechsler Memory Scale--Third Edition (WMS-III; D. Wechsler, 1997b) are 2 of the most frequently used measures in psychology and neuropsychology. To facilitate the diagnostic use of these measures in the clinical decision-making process, this article provides information on education-stratified, directional prevalence rates (i.e., base rates) of discrepancy scores between the major index scores for the WAIS-III, the WMS-III, and between the WAIS-III and WMS-III. To illustrate how such base-rate data can be clinically used, this article reviews the relative risk (i.e., odds ratio) of empirically defined "rare" cognitive deficits in 2 of the clinical samples presented in the WAIS-III--WMS-III Technical Manual (The Psychological Corporation, 1997).

Educational Status↗
PubMed2006

Emotional intelligence, personality, and task-induced stress.

Emotional intelligence (EI) may predict stress responses and coping strategies in a variety of applied settings. This study compares EI and the personality factors of the Five Factor Model (FFM) as predictors of task-induced stress responses. Participants (N = 200) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 task conditions, 3 of which were designed to be stressful. Results confirmed that low EI was related to worry states and avoidance coping, even with the FFM statistically controlled. However, EI was not specifically related to task-induced changes in stress state. Results also confirmed that Neuroticism related to distress, worry, and emotion-focused coping, and Conscientiousness predicted use of task-focused coping. The applied utility of EI and personality measures is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intelligence, guesswork, language.

A satisfactory definition of intelligence has never been found, and as a result it means different things to different people. What it is may remain too complex for a succinct definition, but the theory and practice of information handling have clarified what it does for us: it enables us to guess better, and the discovery of unexpected orderliness is the chief means of doing this.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2004

Emotional intelligence and stress coping in dental undergraduates--a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how dental undergraduates with different levels of emotional intelligence (EI) cope with stress. DESIGN: Qualitative unstructured depth interviews. SETTING: A dental teaching hospital in the UK, 2002. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects selected from the undergraduate population of a 5-year dental degree course. A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the EI scores of the subjects. In each year of study, subjects were divided into low and high EI groups at the median score. From each EI group in each year, one male and one female subject were recruited. DATA COLLECTION: Unstructured face-to-face interviews. DATA ANALYSIS: Transcribing, sifting, indexing and charting data according to key themes. RESULTS: 10 males and 10 females with low and high EI, representing all 5 years of study were interviewed. The experience of stress, expressed in emotional terms, ranged from anger and frustration to hatred. Four sets of coping strategies, adopted at varying degrees according to EI, were identified. High EI students were more likely to adopt reflection and appraisal, social and interpersonal, and organisation and time-management skills. Low EI students were more likely to engage in health-damaging behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Future research needs to establish whether the enhancement of EI in dental students would lead to improved stress-coping, and better physical and psychological health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

An artificial-intelligence technique for qualitatively deriving enzyme kinetic mechanisms from initial-velocity measurements and its application to hexokinase.

We have developed a computer method based on artificial-intelligence techniques for qualitatively analysing steady-state initial-velocity enzyme kinetic data. We have applied our system to experiments on hexokinase from a variety of sources: yeast, ascites and muscle. Our system accepts qualitative stylized descriptions of experimental data, infers constraints from the observed data behaviour and then compares the experimentally inferred constraints with corresponding theoretical model-based constraints. It is desirable to have large data sets which include the results of a variety of experiments. Human intervention is needed to interpret non-kinetic information, differences in conditions, etc. Different strategies were used by the several experimenters whose data was studied to formulate mechanisms for their enzyme preparations, including different methods (product inhibitors or alternate substrates), different experimental protocols (monitoring enzyme activity differently), or different experimental conditions (temperature, pH or ionic strength). The different ordered and rapid-equilibrium mechanisms proposed by these experimenters were generally consistent with their data. On comparing the constraints derived from the several experimental data sets, they are found to be in much less disagreement than the mechanisms published, and some of the disagreement can be ascribed to different experimental conditions (especially ionic strength).

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2005

Quantifying the effect of compression hearing aid release time on speech acoustics and intelligibility.

Compression hearing aids have the inherent, and often adjustable, feature of release time from compression. Research to date does not provide a consensus on how to choose or set release time. The current study had 2 purposes: (a) a comprehensive evaluation of the acoustic effects of release time for a single-channel compression system in quiet and (b) an evaluation of the relation between the acoustic changes and speech recognition. The release times under study were 12, 100, and 800 ms. All of the stimuli were VC syllables from the Nonsense Syllable Task spoken by a female talker. The stimuli were processed through a hearing aid simulator at 3 input levels. Two acoustic measures were made on individual syllables: the envelope-difference index and CV ratio. These measurements allowed for quantification of the short-term amplitude characteristics of the speech signal and the changes to these amplitude characteristics caused by compression. The acoustic analyses revealed statistically significant effects among the 3 release times. The size of the effect was dependent on characteristics of the phoneme. Twelve listeners with moderate sensorineural hearing loss were tested for their speech recognition for the same stimuli. Although release time for this single-channel, 3:1 compression ratio system did not directly predict overall intelligibility for these nonsense syllables in quiet, the acoustic measurements reflecting the changes due to release time were significant predictors of phoneme recognition. Increased temporal-envelope distortion was predictive of reduced recognition for some individual phonemes, which is consistent with previous research on the importance of relative amplitude as a cue to syllable recognition for some phonemes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The oral speech intelligibility of hearing-impaired talkers.

Recordings were made of 10 hearing-impaired adolescents speaking sentences of systematically different phonologic and syntactic structure. Tapes containing these sentences were played to both experienced and inexperienced listeners in different conditions: in the absence versus in the presence of a verbal context; by auditory versus audio-visual presentation; with one versus two presentations of each sentence token. The responses of the listeners were scored and averaged for each subject, condition, and type of sentence. Significant differences were observed between (1) simple sentences and those which are complicated either by consonant clusters, polysyllabic words, or complex syntax; (2) experienced and inexperienced listeners; (3) sentences in and out of context, and (4) sentences heard and seen as opposed to merely heard. The results are discussed with reference to measurement of the intelligibility of the speech of hearing-impaired individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Normal language skills and normal intelligence in a child with de Lange syndrome.

The subject of this case report is a 2-year, 7-month-old girl with de Lange syndrome, normal intelligence, and age-appropriate language skills. She demonstrated initial delays in gross motor skills and in receptive and expressive language but responded well to intensive speech and language intervention, as well as to physical therapy. This favorable outcome provides an important example of the beneficial effects of therapy, even for clients with conditions generally believed to have a poor prognosis.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Intelligibility of synthetic speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

This study examined the perceived intelligibility of synthetic speech. Participants were adults aged 49-69, one group with normal hearing and one group with acquired sensorineural hearing impairment. Word lists were presented in two speech types: DECtalk (a high-quality speech synthesizer) and a natural male speaker. Results revealed differences between groups, with normal-hearing listeners scoring higher than hearing-impaired listeners, and between speech types, with higher scores for natural speech than for synthesized speech. There was no significant interaction of hearing level and speech type.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Intelligibility of time-compressed sentential stimuli.

Time-compressed monosyllables have been studied relative to the assessment of central auditory disorders. In certain instances, sentential stimuli may be more useful than word lists in central auditory testing, particularly when results may be contaminated by concomitant peripheral hearing losses. Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) and Revised CID sentence lists and a contrived sentential approximation task were presented to 96 normal hearing young adults at time-compression ratios of 0%, 40%, 60%, and 70%, under sensation levels of 24 and 40 dB. The CID and RCID stimuli were more intelligible than the sentential approximations. The results are presented and discussed as they pertain to central auditory testing and are compared to earlier data using consonant-nucleus-consonant monosyllabic stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Prosodic features and the intelligibility of accelerated speech: syntactic versus periodic segmentation.

An experiment is reported in which subjects heard paragraph-length samples of time-compressed speech which were interrupted for intermediate reports either on a simple periodic basis or at points corresponding to sentence and major clause boundaries. The passages were spoken in a normal prosodic pattern, in list intonation, or were electronically processed to produce otherwise normal speech specifically deprived of pitch variation. Decrease in intelligibility scores with increasing speech rate was accompanied by a significant effect of place of interruption for report and of the prosodic pattern in which the passages were heard. Interactions among these variables were interpreted to suggest ways in which prosody ordinarily facilitates the determination of syntactic structure in connected speech.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Scaling and transcription measures of intelligibility for populations with disordered speech.

Although Samar and Metz (1988) have addressed significant issues regarding the assessment of the intelligibility of hearing-impaired talkers, we cannot agree with their interpretation of their findings. Because the transcription and rating-scale measures were performed on different types of speech samples, the two sets of scores cannot be compared. Moreover, transcription and scaling measures may provide fundamentally different estimates of speech performance. Investigators should select which measure to use after considering the appropriate construct validity and the purpose of the measurement.

Hearing Disorders↗
PubMed1992

Intelligibility assessment in developmental phonological disorders: accuracy of caregiver gloss.

Fifteen caregivers each glossed a simultaneously videotaped and audiotaped sample of their child with speech delay engaged in conversation with a clinician. One of the authors generated a reference gloss for each sample, aided by (a) prior knowledge of the child's speech-language status and error patterns, (b) glosses from the child's clinician and the child's caregiver, (c) unlimited replays of the taped sample, and (d) the information gained from completing a narrow phonetic transcription of the sample. Caregivers glossed an average of 78% of the utterances and 81% of the words. A comparison of their glosses to the reference glosses suggested that they accurately understood an average of 58% of the utterances and 73% of the words. Discussion considers the implications of such findings for methodological and theoretical issues underlying children's moment-to-moment intelligibility breakdowns during speech-language processing.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1995

Voice intelligibility in patients who have undergone laryngectomies.

In this paper, we evaluate the speech intelligibility of two groups of Spanish-speaking people who have undergone laryngectomies: a group who used esophageal speech and a group who used tracheoesophageal (TES) prostheses. Audio recordings of 24 Spanish words produced by each talker were presented to a group of normal-hearing naive listeners who phonetically transcribed their responses. Listeners' responses were registered in confusion matrices. Results indicate that differences between these two groups of patients appear when we consider phoneme types. The difficulty in producing the voicing distinction appeared in both TES and esophageal talkers. This finding is consistent with studies of English-speaking laryngectomized patients. Considering manner of production, fricative consonants had the highest number of confusions with other phoneme class in the TES group, whereas in the esophageal group nasals resulted the highest number of confusions. However, ANOVA showed that differences between the two groups were not significant.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Reliability, criterion-related validity and qualitative comments of the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale with a young adult population with intellectual disability.

The test-retest reliability and concurrent, criterion-related validity of the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB-IV) were examined in a young adult population with intellectual disability. Forty adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability (mean age = 20.8 years; SD = 1.8 years) were administered the SB-IV and retested approximately 5 weeks later (mean = 33.4 days, SD = 1.2). The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale: Interview Edition (VABS) was completed by a reliable informant within one week of the SB-IV testing. The test-retest reliability coefficients for the four SB-IV area and composite scores were all significant (P < 0.00). Individual subtest correlations tended to be lower but consistent across the two administrations. Moderate correlations were observed between the VABS composite and SB-IV composite scores. The present results provide support for the temporal reliability of the SB-IV and its concurrent, criterion-related validity in an exceptional sample.

Adult↗