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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Fluoroscopically guided insertion of self-expandable metal esophageal stents for palliative treatment of patients with malignant stenosis of esophagus and cardia: comparison of uncovered and covered stent types.

The aim of this retrospective study was to present and compare the results of using two different types of esophageal self-expanding stents (uncovered and covered) for palliative treatment of patients with inoperable malignant stenosis of the esophagus and cardia. Over a period of 8 years, 152 patients underwent fluoroscopically guided insertion of metal esophageal stents. We inserted uncovered esophageal nitinol Strecker stents in 54 patients (group I) and covered esophageal Ultraflex stents in the remaining 98 patients (group II). The stent insertion procedure was successively performed in all patients. Closure of esophageal fistula by covered stents was achieved in 8/8 patients. Mean dysphagia score was significantly decreased in both patient groups at 4 weeks follow-up: from 2.73 before stent insertion to 0.15 in group I, and from 2.67 to 0.05 in group II (on 0-4 scale). Eighty-eight per cent of patients with covered stents and 54% with uncovered type were free of symptoms during follow-up. Complications occurring during follow-up and their comparative frequency in the two groups of patients were as follows (group I: group II%): stent migration (0:10%); tumor or granulation tissue ingrowth (100:53%); overgrowth at the ends of stents (17:30%); restenosis causing recurrent dysphagia (37:8%); and appearance of esophageal fistulas (8:6%). In conclusion, fluoroscopically guided insertion of self-expandable esophageal stents is a safe and comfortable method of palliation for patients suffering with malignant dysphagia. In selection of a stent, covered types should be given priority for prevention of restenosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Pars plana insertion of glaucoma drainage devices for refractory glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma drainage devices are more commonly inserted into the anterior chamber because of the relative ease of this method of insertion. However, in certain cases, posterior placement of the tube may be necessary or may be more desirable. The outcome of a series of patients with glaucoma drainage devices inserted into the pars plana was examined. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent pars plana implantation of Molteno and Baerveldt glaucoma drainage devices at the Sydney Eye Hospital. RESULTS: There were 33 cases reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 30.2 months. The mean final postoperative intraocular pressure was reduced to 13.4 +/- 4.4 mmHg (SD) from 33.06 +/- 8.47 mmHg preoperatively. The mean number of intraocular pressure-lowering medications in use postoperatively was 0.6 +/- 0.8, reduced from 3.6 +/- 1.27 medications in use preoperatively. Sixteen (48.5%) eyes were classified as complete successes, 14 (42.4%) eyes as qualified successes and three eyes (9%) as failures. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for cumulative success (absence of failure) predicted 61.1% survival at 60 months. Complications included five cases of decompensation of corneas or corneal grafts, one case each of conjunctival wound dehiscence, large choroidal effusion, epiretinal membrane, Molteno plate extrusion and intraocular pressure unresponsive to medical therapy, and three cases of tube blockage. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of patients, pars plana insertion of glaucoma drainage devices has been shown to be an effective alternative for selected cases where anterior chamber tube insertion is not possible or is not ideal.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Percutaneous insertion of long-term venous access catheters via the external iliac vein.

Long-term venous access using Hickman catheters and implantable subcutaneous ports is a well established technique. These devices have customarily been inserted via the internal jugular, subclavian or cephalic veins. On occasions, these routes may be unavailable. This article reviews the outcome of 53 prolonged venous access catheters (39 Hickmans and 14 catheters attached to implantable ports) inserted percutaneously via the external iliac vein into 37 patients over a period of 5.7 years. The indications for insertion were chemotherapy (40%), total parenteral nutrition (36%), intravenous antibiotics (13%), poor venous access (7%) and bone marrow transplantation (4%). The main reasons for use of the external iliac vein were thrombosis of the subclavian veins or superior vena cava and subclavian central line sepsis. The only complication of insertion was one inadvertent puncture of the external iliac artery. Twenty-seven catheters (51%) remained complication free and functioning for the time for which they were required. Four catheters (7%) are still functioning in situ having been present for 1-5 years. Sixteen catheters (30%) became infected, with a 17% incidence of septicaemia. Venous thrombosis was associated with three catheters (6%). Catheters remained in situ for a median period of 30 days (range 5-569 days). The authors conclude that long-term venous access using percutaneous external iliac vein insertion is a useful technique when other routes are unavailable, but there is a relatively high incidence of catheter-related sepsis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Oral clonidine premedication reduces minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children.

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane is widely employed for inhalational induction in children. Clonidine deepens volatile anesthetics and reduces several types of MAC of sevoflurane. Laryngeal mask airway is a useful device for pediatric anesthesia. The aim of the current study was to determine whether oral clonidine premedication can reduce MAC of sevoflurane for an LMA insertion in children. METHODS: Fifty-six ASA physical status I patients (3-11 years) scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups of 28 patients each. One group (clonidine group) received clonidine 4 microg x kg(-1) approximately 100 min before anesthesia, and the other (control) group did not. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane. Each concentration of sevoflurane, at which an LMA insertion was attempted, was predetermined according to the modification of Dixon's up-and-down method with 0.25% as a step size and held constant for at least 20 min before the trial. All responses ('movement' or 'no movement') to an LMA insertion were assessed. RESULTS: Minimum alveolar concentration values of sevoflurane for an LMA insertion were lower in the clonidine group (1.31% +/- 0.18% [mean +/- sd]) than in the control group (2.00% +/- 0.16%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that sevoflurane EC95 values were 1.79% and 2.49% in the clonidine and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Oral clonidine premedication reduced the MAC (EC50) and EC95 values of sevoflurane for LMA insertion by 38% and 28%, respectively.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Efficient cloning of plant genomes into bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries with larger and more uniform insert size.

The construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries remains relatively complex and laborious, such that any technological improvement is considered to be highly advantageous. In this study, we addressed several aspects that improved the quality and efficiency of cloning of plant genomes into BACs. We set the 'single tube vector' preparation method with no precipitation or gel electrophoresis steps, which resulted in less vector DNA damage and a remarkable two- to threefold higher transformation efficiency compared with other known vector preparation methods. We used a reduced amount of DNA for partial digestion (up to 5 microg), which resulted in less BAC clones with small inserts. We performed electrophoresis in 0.25 x TBE (Tris, boric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) buffer instead of 0.5 x TBE, which resulted in larger and more uniformly sized BAC inserts and, surprisingly, a two- to threefold higher transformation efficiency, probably due to less contamination with borate ions. We adopted a triple size selection that resulted in an increased mean insert size of up to 70 kb and a transformation efficiency comparable with that of double size selection. Overall, the improved protocol presented in this study resulted in a five- to sixfold higher cloning efficiency and larger and more uniformly sized BAC inserts. BAC libraries with the desired mean insert size (up to 200 kb) were constructed from several plant species, including hexaploid wheat. The improved protocol will render the construction of BAC libraries more available in plants and will greatly enhance genome analysis, gene mapping and cloning.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Permanent pacing lead insertion through the cephalic vein using an hydrophilic guidewire.

The cephalic vein (CV) should be preferred to the subclavian vein for the insertion of permanent pacing leads because of better results. Unfortunately, the direct lead introduction using the standard CV cutdown is often unsuccessful. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a steerable hydrophilic guidewire (HGW) for lead insertion through the CV. An HGW was successfully introduced through the cephalic vein and into the subclavian vein. Over a 6-month period, 115 consecutive patients underwent pacemaker implantation. In nine (7.8%) patients, the cephalic vein did not allow lead or guidewire introduction. The direct introduction of the leads through the CV was successful in 55 (51.9%) of 106 patients. In 14 (12.2%) additional patients, a lead was inserted through the CV using a standard guidewire. The use of an HGW and of a split introducer allowed successful insertion of at least one lead in 35 (30.4%) additional patients. Overall, the HGW was successful in 35 (94.6%) of 37 of patients in which the technique was attempted. The CV approach was successful in 104 (90.4%) of 115 patients. In conclusion, the use of an HGW allows the insertion of a pacing lead through the CV in the great majority of patients in whom direct introduction and the use of a standard guidewire had failed. The technique significantly improves the success rate of the CV approach and may help to improve the acute and long-term results of permanent cardiac pacing.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Effect of amiodarone dose on the risk of permanent pacemaker insertion.

Bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker insertion has been associated with amiodarone use but the effect of amiodarone dose has not been investigated. In order to determine the effect of amiodarone dose on the risk of requiring permanent pacemaker insertion, a cohort of 15,824 subjects with atrial fibrillation (AF) and prior myocardial infarction was established. This study included 1,340 subjects who received a first prescription of amiodarone at > 65 years of age. Cox regression with daily dose and cumulative dose (weighted for recency of exposure) represented by time dependent covariates was performed, adjusting for baseline risk factors and time dependent exposure to other cardiac medications. The incidence of pacemaker insertion was 2.2% per person-year during a mean of 1.8 +/- 1.5 years of follow-up, and 5.2% per person-year during the first 90 days of amiodarone exposure. Amiodarone daily doses > 200 mg were associated with an increased risk during the entire follow-up HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.0 to 4.1) as well as during the first 90 days (HR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 9.0). Cumulative doses greater than the equivalent of continuous therapy with 200 mg per day were also associated with an increased risk (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4 to 5.5). Baseline conduction disorder or sinus node dysfunction was the only other significant predictor of pacemaker insertion. This study suggests that there is a dose dependent increased risk of permanent pacemaker insertion associated with amiodarone use that appears to be greatest during the initial months of treatment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Local ofloxacin delivery using a controlled-release insert (PT-01) in the human periodontal pocket.

PT-01, a controlled-release insert, was developed for topical chemotherapy in periodontal disease. It is a soluble insert that consists of fast-release and sustained-release parts containing ofloxacin (OFLX) as an antibacterial agent. In this study, the release profile of OFLX from PT-01 was investigated in vitro. Twelve adult volunteers were administered OFLX as PT-01 or as an aqueous solution into their periodontal pockets, OFLX concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were evaluated from the viewpoint of pharmacokinetics. The in vitro release profile of OFLX from PT-01 showed a biphasic pattern. The release rate of OFLX was relatively rapid in the early phase and slow thereafter. When OFLX aqueous solution was administered into periodontal pockets, the OFLX level in GCF rapidly decreased to be about 1/100 after 30 minutes. When PT-01 was inserted into the pockets, the OFLX level in GCF immediately reached a peak (about 12 mg/ml), and gradually decreased until the 3rd day, and maintained a constant level above 2 micrograms/ml, the effective minimum antibacterial concentration for periodontopathic microorganisms, from the 3rd to 7th day after insertion. No side-effects were observed in the volunteers who received the PT-01 insert. The above results suggest that PT-01 is a suitable pharmaceutical preparation for periodontal chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Automatic needle insertion diminishes pain during growth hormone injection.

Non-compliance in children receiving growth hormone (GH) treatment is often caused by pain on injection and difficulties in administration of GH. It has been suggested that automatic needle insertion diminishes pain perception. We quantitatively measured pain intensity on injection with two prototype pens for GH administration, providing either manual or automatic sc needle insertion, using a combined visual analogue/facial scale and a five-item scale in 18 children. With the automatic pen there was a significantly lower maximum pain score compared with the manual pen (median 28.5 versus 52.0 mm) as well as a lower mean pain score (mean 13.7 versus 23.5 mm). The five-item scale revealed that automatic needle insertion was significantly less painful than manual insertion and 13 patients chose to continue treatment with the automatic pen. In conclusion, pain during GH injection can be significantly diminished by automatic needle insertion, which may improve compliance in long-term GH treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

An insertion or deletion in the extramembrane loop connecting helices E and F of archaerhodopsin-1 affects in vitro refolding and slows the photocycle.

Upon addition of retinal, archaeopsin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli (ecaO-1002) regenerated the chromophore in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed micelles as efficiently as the same opsin prepared from halobacteria. Introduction of an insertion or a deletion of five amino acids into the surface loop connecting helices E and F changed the secondary and tertiary structures of ecaO-1002 in SDS, and diminished regeneration of the chromophore. The effect of the insertion and deletion on the in vitro refolding was specific to archaeopsin because the same insertion introduced at the corresponding position of bacterioopsin (bO) did not affect chromophore regeneration. The photocycle of the regenerated ecaR-1002 decreased in DMPC/CHAPS/SDS mixed micelles compared with that of aR-1 in the claret membrane, which was consistent with the reported behavior of bO. Unexpectedly, the insertion and deletion in loop EF perturbed the photocycle of the regenerated ecaR-1002. The accumulation of long-lived N- and O-like intermediates suggested that the insertion and deletion slowed down the proton uptake steps at the cytoplasmic surface.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

The effect on energy absorption of hard inserts in laminated EVA mouthguards.

One of the suggestions for using laminated mouthguards is the inclusion of hard inserts to improve mouthguard performance. However, there is a paucity of published material on the use of such inserts and this study was designed to investigate this theory. Hard layers of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) were included in laminated mouthguard sheets which were then subject to repeated impacts with an impact rig. Hard inserts resulted in reduced energy absorption when compared with a control sheet of the same material and approximate thickness but without the hard inserts. Additionally, the further the hard inserts were located from the impact surface, the least reduction there was on energy absorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

The smooth muscle myosin seven amino acid heavy chain insert's kinetic role in the crossbridge cycle for mouse bladder.

The seven amino acid insert in the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain is thought to regulate the kinetics of contraction, contributing to the differences between fast and slow smooth muscle. The effects of this insert on force and stiffness were determined in bladder tissue of a transgenic mouse line expressing the insert SMB at one of three levels: an SMB wild type (+/+), an SMA homozygous type (-/-) and a heterozygous type (+/-). For skinned muscle, an increase in MgADP or inorganic phosphate (Pi) should shift the distribution of crossbridges in the actomyosin ATPase (AMATPase) to increase the relative population of the crossbridge state prior to ADP release and Pi release, respectively. Exogenous ADP increased force and stiffness in a manner consistent with increasing the Ca2+ concentration in both the +/+ and +/- mouse types. However, the -/- type showed a significantly greater increase in force than in stiffness suggesting that immediately prior to ADP release, the AMATPase either has an additional force producing isomerization state or a slower ADP dissociation rate for the -/- type compared to the +/+ or +/- types. Exogenous Pi led to a significantly greater decrease in stiffness than in force for all three mouse types suggesting that there is a force producing state prior to Pi release. In addition, the increase in Pi showed similar changes in the +/+ and -/- types whereas in the +/- type the decreases in both force and stiffness were greater than the other two mouse types indicating that the insert can affect the cooperativity between myosin heads. In conclusion, the seven amino acid insert modulates the kinetics and/or states of the AMATPase, which could lead to differences in the kinetics of contraction between fast and slow smooth muscle.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2000

[Retrospective studies of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children--the treatment of tympanostomy tube insertion].

Retrospective studies of treatment of tympanostomy tube insertion in infantile otitis prone patients caused by Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae were performed. Insertion of the Koken B type tympanostomy tube was performed with local anesthesia. The results were as follows: 1. In 25 otitis prone children, 19 (76.0%) were not recognized as having otitis media and otorrhea, but 6 (24.0%) were recognized. 2. Of the 25 children, 20 had the tympanostomy tube removed. Eighteen were not recognized as having otitis media and otorrhea during tympanostomy tube insertion, but 2 were recognized. 3. In 18 children, 2 developed otitis media after tympanostomy tube removal, but the other 16 children did not. 4. In 2 children who were recognized as having otitis media and otorrhea during tympanostomy tube insertion, 1 child actually had otitis media, whereas the other did not. 5. From this study, tympanostomy tube insertion is a useful method for treating the otitis prone children caused by Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Insertions of IS256-like element flanking the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene of Enterococcus faecalis CX19.

We have previously identified an inverted repeat characteristic of staphylococcal beta-lactamase transposons adjacent to the chromosomal beta-lactamase genes of Enterococcus faecalis CH19 and its beta-lactamase-producing transconjugant CX19. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the CH19 beta-lactamase structural gene (blaZ) reveals it to be identical to the blaZ gene from E. faecalis HH22 and to the blaZ gene from the staphylococcal beta-lactamase transposon Tn552. We also report the presence of nucleotide sequence identical to a 317-bp region of the staphylococcal insertion sequence IS256 upstream of the blaZ gene in both CH19 and CX19. The identical segment of IS256 is present downstream of the blaZ gene of CX19, suggesting a second insertion of the element (in the inverted orientation) accompanying transfer to the recipient strain. Restriction analysis of the areas beyond the ClaI sites used to clone these regions suggests that full copies of the IS256-like element (designated IS256E) are present in all positions but that these elements were not directly involved in the transfer of the beta-lactamase gene to the recipient strain. We have also identified a region downstream of the second IS256E insertion site which exhibits substantial homology to ISSIW, an iso-ISSI insertion originally identified in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. These data suggest that the two enterococcal blaZ genes sequenced to date evolved from a common ancestor and may at one time have been incorporated into a transposon similar to Tn552. They also suggest that IS256-like elements are mobile in E. faecalis and capable of inserting in a manner consistent with the formation of novel composite transposons. Finally, they provide the first confirmation of the presence of an ISSI-like element in enterococci, raising the possibility that these elements play a role in the exchange of chromosomal antimicrobial resistance determinants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Molecular mechanisms of tenofovir resistance conferred by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase containing a diserine insertion after residue 69 and multiple thymidine analog-associated mutations.

Two amino acids inserted between residues 69 and 70 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) are rare mutations that may develop in viruses containing multiple thymidine analog (zidovudine [AZT], stavudine)-associated mutations and that confer high-level resistance to all currently approved chain-terminating nucleoside and nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTIs). The two known mechanisms of resistance to NRTIs are decreased incorporation and increased excision. The mechanism used by RT insertion mutants has not been described for tenofovir (TFV), a recently approved agent in this class. A patient-derived HIV-1 strain (strain FS-SSS) that contained an insertion mutation in a background of additional resistance mutations M41L, L74V, L210W, and T215Y was obtained. A second virus (strain FS) was derived from FS-SSS. In strain FS the insertion and T69S were reverted but the other resistance mutations were retained. The FS virus showed strong resistance to AZT but low-level changes in susceptibilities to other NRTIs and TFV. The FS-SSS virus showed reduced susceptibilities to all NRTIs including TFV. Steady-state kinetics demonstrated that the relative binding or incorporation of TFV was slightly decreased for FS-SSS RT compared to those for wild-type RT. However, significant ATP-mediated excision of TFV was detected for both mutant RT enzymes and followed the order FS-SSS RT > FS RT > wild-type RT. The presence of physiological concentrations of the +1 nucleotide inhibited TFV excision by the wild-type RT and slightly inhibited excision by the FS RT, whereas the level of excision by the FS-SSS RT remained high. Computer modeling suggests that the increased mobility of the beta3-beta4 loop may contribute to the high-level and broad NRTI resistance caused by the T69 insertion mutation.

Adenine↗
PubMed2004

An Entamoeba histolytica LINE/SINE pair inserts at common target sites cleaved by the restriction enzyme-like LINE-encoded endonuclease.

The non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons (also called long interspersed repetitive elements [LINEs]) are among the oldest retroelements. Here we describe the properties of such an element from a primitive protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, that infects the human gut. This 4.8-kb element, called EhLINE1, is present in about 140 copies dispersed throughout the genome. The element belongs to the R4 clade of non-LTR elements. It has a centrally located reverse transcriptase domain and a restriction enzyme-like endonuclease (EN) domain at the carboxy terminus. We have cloned and expressed a 794-bp fragment containing the EN domain in Escherichia coli. The purified protein could nick supercoiled pBluescript DNA to yield open circular and linear DNAs. The conserved PDX(12-14)D motif was required for activity. Genomic sequences flanking the sites of insertion of EhLINE1 and the putative partner short interspersed repetitive element (SINE), EhSINE1, were analyzed. Both elements resulted in short target site duplications (TSD) upon insertion. A common feature was the presence of a short T-rich stretch just upstream of the TSD in most insertion sites. By sequence analysis an empty target site in the E. histolytica genome, known to be occupied by EhSINE1, was identified. When a 176-bp fragment containing the empty site was used as a substrate for EN, it was prominently nicked on the bottom strand at the precise point of insertion of EhSINE1, showing that this SINE could use the LINE-encoded endonuclease for its insertion. The nick on the bottom strand was toward the right of the TSD, which is uncommon. The lack of strict target site-specificity of the restriction enzyme-like EN encoded by EhLINE1 is also exceptional. A model for retrotransposition of EhLINE1/SINE1 is presented.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1986

Isolation, characterization, and mapping of Tn5 insertions into the 140-megadalton invasion plasmid defective in the mouse Sereny test in Shigella flexneri 2a.

Using Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000, we isolated 304 independent Tn5 insertion mutants in the 230-kilobase invasion plasmid, pMYSH6000. The site of each Tn5 insertion was assigned to 23 SalI fragments on the previously made SalI cleavage map of pMYSH6000. Among the 304 insertions, 150 were negative in expression of four phenotypes examined (mouse Sereny test [Ser], invasion into epithelial cells [Inv], Congo red binding [Pcr], and inhibition of bacterial growth [Igr] ): 12 were Ser- Inv+ Pcr+ Igr+, and 142 were positive in all four phenotypes. Tn5 insertions in the avirulent mutants were distributed in two separate SalI fragments, F and G, and in four contiguous SalI fragments, B, P, H, and D. Fragment G contains a novel class of determinant(s) which is required only for Ser+ but not for Inv+, Pcr+, and Igr+. Fragment F contains the previously characterized virF locus. B, P, H, and D each contained both virulent and avirulent Tn5 insertions. This indicates that more than two gene clusters exist within this region. Both are required for expression of all four virulence phenotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sequence analysis of TnphoA insertion sites in Vibrio cholerae mutants defective in rugose polysaccharide production.

Vibrio cholerae can switch from a smooth to a wrinkled or rugose colony phenotype characterized by the secretion of a polysaccharide that enables the bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions. In order to understand the genetic basis of rugosity, we isolated TnphoA-induced stable, smooth mutants of two O1 El Tor rugose strains and mapped the insertion sites in several of the mutants using a modified Y-adapter PCR technique. One of the TnphoA insertions was mapped to the first gene of the vps region that was previously shown to encode the rugose polysaccharide biosynthesis cluster. Three insertions were mapped to a previously unknown hlyA-like gene, also in the vps region. Five other insertions were found in loci unlinked to the vps region: (i) in the epsD gene (encodes the "secretin" of the extracellular protein secretion apparatus), (ii) in a hydG-like gene (encodes a sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator similar to HydG involved in labile hydrogenase production in Escherichia coli, (iii) in a gene encoding malic acid transport protein upstream of a gene similar to yeiE of E. coli (encodes a protein with similarities to LysR-type transcriptional activators), (iv) in dxr (encodes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), and (v) in the intergenic region of lpd and odp (encode enzymes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex formation). These data suggest the involvement of a complex regulatory network in rugose polysaccharide production and highlight the general utility of the Y-adapter PCR technique described here for rapid mapping of transposon insertion sites.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗