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PubMed1986

Effects of drinking water temperature on production responses in lactating Holstein cows in summer.

During late summer, 24 lactating Holstein cows were offered 10 or 28 degrees C (control) drinking water ad libitum at 1400 h for 10 min to investigate the effects on respiration rates, body temperatures, dry matter intake, and milk production. Experimental design was a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of the two drinking water temperatures with .8, 1.1, and 1.4% dietary potassium associated with another experiment. Following 1 wk adjustment and 1 wk standardization, cows were blocked by dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight within parity and randomly assigned to treatments within blocks. Cows were denied access to water from 0900 until 1400 h. Respiration rates and rectal temperatures were recorded before and after watering. Tympanic membrane temperatures (8/h) were recorded during the comparison period using 4 cows per water treatment. No interaction occurred between water and potassium. Water at 10 degrees C had a greater cooling effect than 28 degrees C water. No differences were found between treatments in respiration rates and rectal temperatures after drinking water was temperatures after drinking water was offered. Chilled drinking water decreased tympanic membrane temperatures, which remained lower longer. Cows that drank 10 degrees C drinking water increased dry matter intake and milk yield.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent perceptions of college student drinking.

OBJECTIVE: To extend knowledge about perceived drinking norms by assessing perceptions of college student drinking in a sample of 7th- to 12th-graders. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaire was administered to 2,017 adolescents in two Ohio school districts. RESULTS: By seventh grade, 89.6% of the students had formed normative perceptions of collegiate drinking. A canonical correlation analysis revealed that perceptions of collegiate drinking have substantial, independent relationships not only with alcohol use intensity and drinking onset, but also with indicators of tobacco and other drug use as well. CONCLUSIONS: Exaggerated perceptions of college student drinking are psychosocial markers of substance use in 7th- to 12th-graders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive functioning moderates the relation between hyperactivity and drinking habits.

Previous research reveals an inconsistent link between hyperactivity and drinking (Weiss and Hechtman, 1993). This study sought to investigate whether cognitive functioning moderates the relation between these two variables. One hundred participants completed three measures of drinking habits, two measures of hyperactivity, and four measures of cognitive functioning. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a three-factor model of hyperactivity, cognitive functioning, and drinking habits provided an excellent fit to the data. Stacked two-group analyses revealed that cognitive functioning moderated the association between hyperactivity and drinking habits. Drinking habits and hyperactivity correlated 0.408 (p < 0.05) for individuals low on cognitive performance; the correlation between these constructs was only 0.120 (NS) for individuals high on cognitive performance. Higher levels of cognitive functioning may buffer individuals from drinking alcohol in accordance with their hyperactive symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Individual differences predictive of drinking to manage anxiety among non-problem drinkers with panic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol problems co-occur with anxiety disorders at a rate that far exceeds chance ("comorbidity"). One view suggests that risk for developing a comorbid alcohol use disorder is increased when alcohol is used routinely to cope with anxiety symptoms ("self-medication"). Indicating that this view is overly broad, however, the literature suggests that only a subgroup of anxiety-disordered individuals tend to drink to manage their symptoms. Therefore, we set out to identify psychological characteristics that might mark those for whom drinking to cope with anxiety is most likely. Our survey of the literature identified several possibilities, including anxiety-related personality traits (anxiety sensitivity, self-consciousness and Trait Anxiety); higher-order personality dimensions (Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Novelty Seeking); and, finally, alcohol outcome expectancies (specifically, those related to tension-reducing effects from alcohol). METHODS: In a sample of nonproblem drinkers with panic disorder, we regressed predictor variables on several alcohol use measures, including drinking aimed at the control of anxiety symptoms ("self-medication"). RESULTS: Although each variable related positively to a self-medicating style of drinking, expectancies for tension reduction from alcohol use accounted for about twice as much variance as did the other predictors. With simultaneous entry in a step-wise regression analysis, only tension-reduction alcohol outcome expectancies and the Harm Avoidance personality dimension were retained as significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that development of a self-medicating style of drinking among individuals with panic disorder is predicated, in part, on specific psychological characteristics of the individual. Alcohol outcome expectancies emerged as the single most important predictor of drinking behavior in this anxiety-disordered sample.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Expectancies, alcohol drinking and associated problems in university students in Mexico City].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between alcohol use expectancies, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related problems, among college students in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 1998. Study subjects were 678 male and female college students aged between 17 and 25 years, from private and public schools. Alcohol expectancies were measured through the self-reported "Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire" (AEQ), adapted for this population, with a high overall internal reliability coefficient (alpha = 0.93). RESULTS: Thirty-one per cent of study subjects, mainly males, reported heavy drinking (5 drinks or more per drinking occasion in the previous year), while 17% were non-consumers. Relationships for each of the AEQ scales, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related problems, were analyzed through a structural equations model. Analysis of variance showed a statistically significantly association between six AEQ subscales--alcohol as a facilitator of a group interaction, verbal expression, disinhibition, sexual enhancement, reduction of psychological tension and arousal aggression-(F = 5.23, df = 1, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Study findings from other countries show that effects attributed to alcohol, in anticipation of the drinking episode (expectancies), are closely related to alcohol intake. Our results showed that heavy drinkers had higher scores in six AEQ subscales, particularly those who reported having alcohol-related problems in the previous year. Alcohol expectancies related to higher alcohol intake were: facilitation of social interaction, decreasing psychological tension, and increasing arousal/aggression. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The simulated drinking gang: an experimental model for the study of a systems approach to alcoholism. I. Description of the model.

This two-part paper deals with an experimental model for studying interactional behavior from a systems point of view. The experimental model incorporates a research strategy utilizing both a token economy and the simulation of a naturally occurring clinical phenomenon, the alcoholic drinking gang. The model is primarily geared to do two things: a) study the changes in clinical behavior that occur when experimental conditions are manipulated to facilitate the formation of the behavioral "system" as opposed to experimental conditions which interfere with system formation; and b) build into the model tasks which produce measurable performance data as a method of monitoring behavior deemed essential for the successful development of an operational system. The experimental model involved admitting up to six alcoholic individuals to a research ward specifically designed for studies utilizing experimentally induced intoxication. Each study was divided into a 7-day predrinking period, a 10- to 14-day drinking period, during which time alcohol was available to research subjects, and a 5- to 7-day withdrawal period. A token economy was established which allowed for the following essential features to be present: a) a group of chronic alcoholic individuals who desire to go through a drinking experience together; b) the pooling of resources in order to purchase alcohol; c) rules established by the group for the sharing of whatever alcohol becomes available to the group; and d) the opportunity to earn money for the purchase of additional alcohol after the initial supply runs out, in order to keep the group drinking experience going. All "money", or tokens, could be earned only via successful performance at the Cooperative Task Device (CTD), a cooperative, two-person game, and tokens could be utilized to purchase three types of commodities from an automated dispensing machine, alcohol, cigarettes, and television time. Automated data recording provided detailed data about CTD performance and commodity-purchasing records. The discussion centers around difficulties inherent in a simulated model of natural behavior. It is pointed out that laboratory simulation vs. natural setting, as the preferred site for carrying on behavioral research, remains an active controversy, and the arguments on both sides are presented. Difficulties inherent in doing "systems" research are also discussed. A series of alternative hypotheses to explain behavior within the simulated drinking gang are listed, and the data that would be necessary in order to substantiate these alternative hypotheses are also listed. It is maintained that the simulated drinking gang is an advantageous experimental model in that it closely approximates the basic criteria of the naturally occurring phenomenon, while at the same time allowing subjects a range of behaviors, each of which substantiates a different hypothesis about the central organizing feature in alcoholic groups.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Binge drinking among underage college students: a test of a restraint-based conceptualization of risk for alcohol abuse.

The authors tested a restraint-based model that binge drinking is a function of being tempted to drink alcohol while also being concerned about avoiding excessive alcohol intake. Underage (18- to 20-year-olds, 204 men and 225 women) college student drinkers completed measures that assessed the attraction to alcohol (e.g., temptation to drink, alcohol expectancies), concern about regulating alcohol intake (e.g., restriction of alcohol intake, reasons for limiting drinking), and alcohol-related outcomes (binge drinking, alcohol problems). In separate hierarchical multiple regressions, the attraction to alcohol accounted for significant amounts of additional variance in each of the alcohol outcomes. Concern about regulating alcohol intake accounted for additional variance, above that explained by attraction to alcohol. The results suggest that interventions for underage binge drinking should include training in the skills for regulating alcohol intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Progression into and out of binge drinking among high school students.

The current study examined binge drinking among high school students over an academic year. Adolescent drinkers (N = 621; 58% female) were grouped into 4 trajectories: drinkers (35%), increasers (14%), decreasers (16%), and persistent binge drinkers (35%). Prospective analyses indicated several factors that predicted escalation and de-escalation of binge drinking. Increasers were more likely to regularly use alcohol and cigarettes at a younger age than drinkers. Compared with decreasers, persistent binge drinkers reported regular alcohol and marijuana use at younger ages. Lower levels of perceived student drinking appeared to be a protective factor for onset of binge drinking. The results highlight the need to study precursors to the naturally occurring fluctuations in binge drinking and suggest factors that may accentuate the risk of binge drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The influence of transient change of total body water on relative body fats based on three bioelectrical impedance analyses methods. Comparison between before and after exercise with sweat loss, and after drinking.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of change of total body water caused by exercise and drinking, on relative body fat (%BF) based on three bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) methods, between hand and foot (H-F), between hand and hand (H-H), and between foot and foot (F-F). METHODS: The subjects were 30 Japanese healthy young adults aged 18 to 23 years (15 males, 15 females). Measurements were made three times for each BIA method; before and after exercise with sweat, and after drinking, and also twice according to the under water weighing (UW) method, before exercise and after drinking. A pedaling exercise, with a bicycle ergometer, was used for 60 minutes as the exercise. RESULTS: The relationship of %BF between the UW method and each BIA method was mid-range or more (r=0.765-0.839). However, %BF based on the H-F and F-F BIA methods were higher than that based on the UW method. After drinking, %BF of all the BIA methods were higher than the UW method. %BF of the BIA methods after exercise indicated values lower than those before exercise. %BF of the H-F and H-H BIA methods after drinking were a little higher than those before exercise, indicating that those measurements reflect a slight change of body water. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that %BF of any BIA method reflect the change of body water caused by exercise, sweating, and drinking.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

The role of chloride in deoxycorticosterone hypertension: selective sodium loading by diet or drinking fluid.

To evaluate the role of chloride in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertension, we studied young Wistar rats chronically loaded with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) or sodium chloride (NaCl) which were administered either in the diet or in the drinking fluid. Selective sodium loading (without chloride) increased blood pressure (BP) in DOC-treated animals only if NaHCO(3) was provided in the diet. In contrast, no significant blood pressure changes were induced by DOC treatment in rats drinking NaHCO(3) solution. Hypernatremia and high plasma osmolality occurred only in rats drinking NaCl or NaHCO(3) solutions. Compared to great volume expansion in NaCl-loaded DOC-treated rats, the degree of extracellular fluid volume expansion (namely of its interstitial fraction) was substantially lower in both NaHCO(3)-loaded groups in which significant hypokalemia was observed. NaHCO(3)-drinking rats without significant blood pressure response to DOC treatment represented the only experimental group in which blood volume was not expanded. In conclusion, our data confirm previous observations that NaHCO(3) loading is less potent in eliciting DOC hypertension than NaCl loading, but blood pressure rise in rats fed NaHCO(3) diet clearly demonstrated that selective sodium loading could potentiate the development of DOC hypertension if NaHCO(3) is offered within the appropriate dietary regimen. The reasons for the failure of NaHCO(3)-drinking rats to elevate blood pressure in response to chronic mineralocorticoid treatment are not obvious. However, the absence of a significant plasma volume expansion together with hypernatremia and increased plasma osmolality suggest a considerable degree of dehydration in these animals which fail to increase their fluid consumption compared to water drinking rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Interaction of ApoE and LDL-R gene polymorphisms and alcohol drinking and smoking on coronary heart disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the ApoE and LDLR-R gene loci on coronary heart disease (CHD) and their interaction with alcohol drinking and smoking in Hans of Chinese. METHODS: A questionnaire survey of the behaviors of smoking and drinking, dietary custom, and anamnesis, was conducted among 146 cases of CHD, aged 64 +/- 11, and 340 controls, aged 63 +/- 12. Peripheral blood samples were collected and the total DNAs were extracted. The levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were examined. The ApoE genotype was identified by the method of multiplex amplification refractory mutation system and AvaII polymorphisms of the LDL-R gene were detected by using the method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The interaction between the genes and alcohol drinking and smoking was analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: (1) Both the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the CHD patients (132 mm Hg +/- 21 mm Hg, and 81 mm Hg +/- 13 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) were significantly higher than those of the controls (123 mm Hg +/- 17 mm Hg and 77 mm Hg +/- 11 mm Hg, both P < 0.05). The level of TG was 1.6 +/- 0.9 mmol/L in the CHD group, significantly higher than that in the control group (1.4 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in the levels of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C between the 2 groups (all P > 0.05). (2) For the ApoE gene, the frequencies of E4/3 genotype and epsilon 4 allele were 24.0% and 13.4% respectively in the CHD group, both significantly higher than those in the control group (12.9% and 7.2% respectively, both P < 0.05). For the LDLR-AvaII locus, no difference was found in different genotypes between the CHD and control groups. However, the proportion of those with epsilon 4 locus and AvaII(+) locus simultaneously was 60% in the CHD group, significantly higher than in the control group (31.8%, P < 0.05). (3) After adjustment of confounding variables, such as age, sex, blood pressure, and body mass index, the binary logistic analysis showed a significant gene-environment interaction (P < 0.05). The OR value were: for epsilon 4-AvaII(+): 2.99 (95% CI: 1.36 approximately 6.66, P < 0.01), for epsilon 3-often drinking: 2.60 (95% CI: 1.35 approximately 5.02, P < 0.01), for epsilon 3-smoking 2.58 (95% CI: 1.16 approximately 5.71, P < 0.05), for epsilon 4-stopped smoking 3.12 (95% CI: 1.23 approximately 8.09, P < 0.05), for epsilon 4-smoking: 5.30 (95% CI: 1.21 approximately 23.22, P < 0.05), and for AvaII(+)-often drinking: 2.49 (95% CI: 1.12 approximately 5.52, P < 0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION: The carriers of epsilon 3, epsilon 4 or AvaII(+) alleles would have higher risk of suffering from CHD if they are drink alcohol or smoke heavily.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Variation in the alcohol content of a 'drink' of wine and spirit poured by a sample of the Scottish population.

The standard UK alcohol unit is used to record alcohol consumption and, in health promotion, as a useful yardstick by which the public may be encouraged to monitor their own drinking levels. To investigate the correspondence between this standard unit and the actual amount contained in the 'usual' drink poured by a sample of the Scottish public, participants (n=251) were recruited from three employers in a major city--a manufacturer, an academic and a financial institution. Following a brief questionnaire, participants were asked to pour their usual drink of wine, and then spirit, into a glass. Among drinkers (n=238), the mean amount of alcohol in a drink of wine corresponded to not 1, but 1.92 UK units. For spirit, the corresponding figure was 2.3 UK units. For wine, 43% of the sample poured more than 2 units, for spirit, 55%. (Males poured significantly more spirit than females.) These findings may have important implications for individuals who wish to promote and to adopt sensible drinking practices when consuming wine and spirit at home. Also, the reliability of many consumption surveys, where there is often the implicit assumption that a 'drink' is equivalent to a 'standard unit', must be questioned.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Drinking patterns and problems among African-Americans: recent findings.

The findings of recent research on drinking patterns and problems among African-Americans can be summarized as follows: (1) African-Americans report higher abstention rates than do whites; (2) African-Americans and whites report similar levels of frequent heavy drinking; (3) rates of heavy drinking have not declined at the same rate among African-American men and women as among white men; and (4) variables such as age, social class, church attendance, drinking norms, and avoidance coping may be important in understanding differences in drinking and drinking problem rates among African-Americans and whites. Limitations of the research are described and suggestions are made for possible directions for future research.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol drinking habits and community perspectives on alcohol abuse in the Bella Coola Valley.

INTRODUCTION: This study surveyed the residents of the rural and remote communities in the Bella Coola Valley, British Columbia, on their alcohol drinking habits and on their opinions as to which of a list of health issues were the most important considerations for the well-being of the community. METHODS: People aged 17 years and older living in the Bella Coola Valley were asked to complete a detailed Health and Quality of Life Survey during the period August 2001 to May 2002. This included two separate mailouts. Alcohol drinking habits; and ratings on whether or not people believed that alcohol abuse, drug abuse, family violence, unemployment, sexual abuse and racial discrimination were surveyed. RESULTS: A total of 674 adults age 17 years and older (39% response rate) completed an 11-page questionnaire. Results from the survey indicate that unemployment, alcohol abuse and drug abuse are seen as the most important community health problems by the majority of residents. Eighty-eight percent of respondents agree or strongly agree that unemployment is a problem; for alcohol abuse it was 83%, for drug abuse 77%, for both family violence and sexual abuse 58%, and for racial discrimination it was 53%. Patterns of drinking habits vary considerably between Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal people. More Aboriginal respondents abstained from drinking alcoholic beverages (54%) than non-Aboriginal respondents (22%). Among the Aboriginal peoples who did drink alcohol, there were relatively more heavy drinkers (36%) compared with non-Aboriginal people (7%). There were more heavy drinkers among men than among women. CONCLUSION: Patterns of drinking habits vary between men and women and between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. The majority of residents agree that alcohol is a problem in these communities. Unemployment, drug abuse, family violence, sexual abuse and racial discrimination are also believed to be important issues for the Bella Coola Valley. This information should be used to set priorities for future health and wellness programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of signalled and unsignalled lick-dependent delays on the development of schedule-induced drinking in rats.

Food pellets were programmed to be delivered to rats every 60 sec (Fixed Time 60-sec schedule), and the development of schedule-induced drinking was measured in terms of the amount of water consumed and the number of licks per inter-pellet interval. For some rats (masters) 10-sec delays in food delivery were dependent on licks. Yoked-control rats received food at the same time as their masters and independently of their own behaviour. In Experiment 1, in which the delays were signalled by a blackout, the master rats began to drink, but this schedule-induced behaviour then decreased to levels lower than those shown by the yoked controls. When the signalled delays were discontinued, the drinking of the master rats recovered. In Experiment 2, in which the delays were not signalled, the master rats did not develop as much schedule-induced drinking as the yoked controls, and discontinuing the delays led to only small increases in drinking. These results support the view that schedule-induced drinking is subject to control by its consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Problem drinking and alcohol problems. Widening the circle of covariation.

This chapter reviews research pertaining to two basic premises regarding problem drinking: that a conceptual clarification is necessary, one which makes an explicit distinction between drinking behavior and alcohol-related problems or adverse consequences, and that an adequate theory of problem drinking must extend beyond the alcohol-specific theories to a broad matrix of biological, behavioral, psychological, and social variables. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of drinking in nonclinical populations show that levels of alcohol consumption are only moderately related to alcohol-related adverse consequences, and that a broad array of variables mediate the extent to which normal-population drinkers will be vulnerable to alcohol problems. Factors contributing to differential vulnerability to alcohol problems include the concurrent use of other drugs, engaging in other problem behaviors, personality characteristics such as impulsivity, prior depression, and a lack of social conformity or conventionality, the lack of a protective family environment, stress, and being female. A model of problem drinking consisting of overlapping, but distinct sets of predictors for drinking behavior and alcohol-related adverse consequences is proposed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Some characteristics of post-hypoxia-induced drinking in rats.

When rats are returned to a normoxic environment after chronic exposure to hypoxia, they manifest a striking drinking response. Earlier studies had shown that the drinking response was an inverse linear function of the percentage of oxygen in the air to which the rats had been exposed. An objective of the present experiment was to measure the post-hypoxic drinking response at intervals during a 71-d exposure to an atmosphere containing 12% oxygen in nitrogen to assess whether the response could be observed throughout this entire period. The results suggest that the response continued unabated throughout the duration of exposure to hypoxia. The mechanism(s) accounting for the posthypoxic drinking response cannot be stated with certainty. However, the results of these studies indicate that administration of the betra-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (6 mg/kg, i.p.), failed to affect the magnitude of the drink following return from hypoxia to normoxia. Hence, it is unlikely that the posthypoxic drinking response is mediated by an increase in beta-adrenergic activity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drinking levels, knowledge, and associated characteristics, 1985 NHIS findings.

Several questions in the 1985 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Questionnaire, which was part of the 1985 National Health Interview Survey, addressed respondents' consumption of alcohol. Sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of health risks related to heavy drinking, health practices, and the prevalence of certain health conditions were examined in relation to drinking levels. Although cause-effect relationships should not be inferred from the associations, the findings suggest some provocative areas for prevention and research. Heavier drinkers were more commonly found among men than women. Level of drinking was associated positively with years of education and family income, but was inversely related to age. Compared with light drinkers, heavier drinkers were much more likely to drive after they had had too much to drink. While more than 90 percent of the population knew that heavier drinking increases the risk of 'liver cirrhosis, less than half knew about the increased risk of throat cancer and cancer of the mouth. Most respondents aged 18-44 years (80 percent or more) knew that heavy drinking increases the chance of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and more women than men (62 versus 49 percent) had heard of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). However, 70 percent or more of those who had heard of FAS described the syndrome as a newborn addicted to alcohol rather than a child born with certain birth defects. Heavier drinkers of both sexes were less likely than others to be nonsmokers, and moderate drinkers were more likely than others to exercise or play sports regularly. Moderate drinkers also tended to have lower lifetime prevalence rates than others for hypertension and heart trouble.

Adolescent↗