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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies and cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of circulating anti-NR2 antibodies and their association with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE), particularly cognitive function, in women with SLE. METHODS: Cognitive function was assessed in 65 consecutive women with SLE from a single referral center using standardized neuropsychological tests. These were selected subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, and the California Verbal Learning Test, which provided information on 8 areas of cognitive function. After a mean followup of 64 (range 52-71) months, cognitive assessments were repeated. Global and domain-specific cognitive impairment was examined using predetermined decision rules, and the change in individual tests of cognitive performance over time was also examined. Overt NP-SLE was identified by clinical assessment and classified using the American College of Rheumatology nomenclature. Circulating IgG anti-NR2 and anti-dsDNA antibodies were determined by ELISA on up to 4 occasions over the study period. A positive result was defined as at least 3 standard deviations above the mean of healthy controls. RESULTS: At enrollment, 15/65 (23%) patients had cognitive impairment. This fell to 7/54 (13%) at followup. In addition 15/65 (23%) patients had a history of clinically overt NP-SLE. Twenty-three of 65 (35%) patients had anti-NR2 antibodies and 48/65 (74%) had anti-dsDNA antibodies. Anti-NR2 antibodies were present in 18/48 (38%) patients with anti-DNA antibodies, and 18/23 patients (78%) with anti-NR2 antibodies also had anti-dsDNA antibodies. There was no association between global cognitive impairment, domain-specific cognitive impairment, or a history of clinically overt NP-SLE and either the presence or amount of anti-NR2 or anti-dsDNA antibodies (p > 0.05). When change in cognitive performance or the occurrence of new NP-SLE events over the 5-year followup period was examined, there was no significant association with persistent elevation of either antibody (p > 0.05). Similarly there was no association between a rise in autoantibodies over time and the development of overt NP events or cognitive decline (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that anti-NR2 antibodies occur in 35% of women with SLE and are infrequent in the absence of detectable anti-dsDNA antibodies. Their presence in the circulation is not associated with cognitive dysfunction at a single timepoint, and an increase in or persistently elevated antibody levels are not associated with a change in cognitive performance over time. There was no association with clinically overt NP-SLE. However, as our study did not examine cerebrospinal fluid samples, these results do not exclude a potential pathogenic role in selected patients for this group of autoantibodies should they penetrate the blood-brain barrier and thereby gain direct access to neuronal tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Classification of breast lesions with multimodality computer-aided diagnosis: observer study results on an independent clinical data set.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a computer-aided diagnosis multimodality intelligent workstation as an aid to radiologists in the interpretation of mammograms and breast sonograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review board approved the protocol for an observer study with signed consent, as well as the retrospective use of the mammograms, sonograms, and clinical data with waiver of consent. The HIPAA-compliant observer study was conducted with five breast radiologists and five breast imaging fellows, all of whom gave confidence ratings and patient management decisions, both without and with the computer aid, for 97 lesions that were unknown to both the observers and the computer. The performance of each observer without and with the computer aid was quantified by using four performance measures: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (A(z)) value, partial A(z) value, sensitivity, and specificity. The statistical significance of the differences in the performance measures without and with the computer aid was determined by using a two-tailed t test for paired data. RESULTS: Use of the computer aid resulted in an improvement of the average performance of the 10 observers, as measured by means of a statistically significant increase in A(z) value (0.87-0.92; P < .001), partial A(z) value (0.47-0.68; P < .001), and sensitivity (0.88-0.93; P = .005). A statistically significant difference was not found in the specificity without and with the computer aid (0.66-0.69; P = .20). CONCLUSION: Use of multimodality intelligent workstations can improve the performance of radiologists in the task of differentiating malignant and benign lesions at mammography and sonography.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evaluating diagnostic tests in the pleural space. Differentiating transudates from exudates as a model.

Physicians have a staggering variety of diagnostic tests available for directing their diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Technologic advances in laboratory science have increased the sophistication of new tests and accelerated their rate of adoption into clinical practice. Unfortunately, studies that report the value of new diagnostic tests often fail to follow accepted methodologic standards for unbiased test assessment or provide clinicians with sufficient information for the intelligent evaluation of a test's performance and applicability. The following review of pleural fluid tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative effusions serves to highlight important methodologic considerations in the assessment of diagnostic tests.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

Learning to live independently with expert systems in memory rehabilitation.

Expert systems (ES), which are a branch of artificial intelligence, has been widely used in different applications, including medical consultation and more recently in rehabilitation for assessment and intervention. The development and validation of an expert system for memory rehabilitation (ES-MR) is reported here. Through a web-based platform, ES-MR can provide experts with better decision making in providing intervention for persons with brain injuries, stroke, and dementia. The application and possible commercial production of a simultaneously developed version for "non-expert" users is proposed. This is especially useful for providing remote assistance to persons with permanent memory impairment when they reach a plateau of cognitive training and demand a prosthetic system to enhance memory for day-to-day independence. The potential use of ES-MR as a cognitive aid in conjunction with WAP mobile phones, Bluetooth technology, and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) is suggested as an avenue for future study.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Structure design: an artificial intelligence-based method for the design of molecules under geometrical constraints.

This study presents an algorithm that implements artificial-intelligence techniques for automated, and site-directed drug design. The aim of the method is to link two or more predetermined functional groups into a sensible molecular structure. The proposed designing process mimics the classical manual design method, in which the drug designer sits in front of the computer screen and with the aid of computer graphics attempts to design the new drug. Therefore, the key principle of the algorithm is the parameterization of some criteria that affect the decision-making process carried out by the drug designer. This parameterization is based on the generation of weighting factors that reflect the knowledge and knowledge-based intuition of the drug designer, and thus add further rationalization to the drug design process. The proposed algorithm has been shown to yield a large variety of different structures, of which the drug designer may choose the most sensible. Performance tests indicate that with the proper set of parameters, the method generates a new structure within a short time.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Computer-aided diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.

A microcomputer was programmed to accept data on the history and physical findings of patients, with low-back pain, suspected of having a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc, then suggest a likely diagnosis, with probability, and make suggestions for further management. Formal decision analytic techniques were used to test for the threshold of diagnostic likelihood that would make the expected value of laminotomy for excision of a herniated disc greater than the expected value of non-surgical management. The program is recursive, using its results to update its data base, and become more "intelligent." In a blinded evaluation, an expert could not detect a significant difference between the output of the computer and the diagnoses and treatment plans of ten clinicians.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The influence of acquired intelligence on cerebral impairment in the elderly.

During a psychopharmacological trial, the inpatients of three geriatric nursing homes underwent a psychometric examination in which the Multiple Choice Intelligence Test (MWT-B) was used to determine the level of premorbid intelligence. The results seem to indicate that older people with mild to moderate organic brain syndrome and healthy elderly individuals show little difference with regard to their cognitive plasticity. Shaping conditions of the social sphere, as well as a performance-stimulating environment which continuously encourages independent behavior, appear to be of decisive importance for the protection of specific cognitive abilities and mobilization of reserve capacities. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Candidacy and the Children's Implant Profile: is our selection appropriate?

This study has two aims: first, to determine whether our paediatric Cochlear Implant Programme uses a modified version of the Children's Implant Profile (ChIP) in a consistent manner to inform candidacy decisions; and second, to establish whether our ratings of concern on the ChIP are predictive of speech discrimination, speech production and language outcomes. Retrospective data were collated over a 6-year period. For each ChIP category, ratings of 'no concern', 'mild moderate concern' or 'great concern' were agreed for each child, and scores of 0, 1 or 2 were assigned respectively. During the period of study, of 147 children assessed, 63% were considered to be suitable for cochlear implantation. A forward stepwise logistic regression showed that degree of concern on five of the ChIP factors significantly predicted the decision to implant. At 1 year and 3 years after switch-on, the total ChIP score significantly predicted some speech perception outcomes, as did the degree of concern pre-implant regarding speech and language abilities and functional hearing. These concerns were also significantly predictive of receptive language ability and speech intelligibility ratings 3 years after implantation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Phenylketonuric patients decades after diet.

Nineteen early-treated phenylketonuric patients, whose diet was discontinued between 4.5 and 13 years of age, and who have been off the diet for 12-28 years, were reassessed in 1992-93. There was little change in mean IQ between end of diet and follow-up, less than one IQ point on the average, with no change for any individual exceeding 12 IQ points. Both prior and current IQ correlated slightly negatively with mean phenylalanine (Phe) concentration, and positively with parents' education. The phenylalanine level at follow-up was significantly lower on average by about 900 mumol/L. Five of the subjects (26%) have evidence of mental disease. However, the data suggest that the discontinuation of the diet did not cause intellectual deterioration. Nonetheless, the patients' intellect cannot be the only consideration for maintenance of diet. The occurrence of psychopathology among phenylketonuric patients and the possible unknown effects of toxic elevation of phenylalanine during their lifetime suggest the need to maintain the diet. The use of DNA for diagnostic and prognostic purposes might assist in decisions about dietary quality and duration, and in anticipation of psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Multivariate data analysis using D-optimal designs, partial least squares, and response surface modeling: A directional approach for the analysis of farnesyltransferase inhibitors.

We have investigated the combined use of partial least squares (PLS) and statistical design principles in principal property space (PP-space), derived from principal component analysis (PCA), to analyze farnesyltransferase inhibitors in order to identify "activity trends" (an approach we call a "directional" approach) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for a congeneric series of inhibitors: the benzo[f]perhydroisoindole (BPHI) series. Trends observed in the PCA showed that the descriptors used were relevant to describe our structural data set by clearly identifying two well-defined structural subclasses of inhibitors. D-Optimal design techniques allowed us to define a training set for PLS study in PP-space. Models were derived for each biological assay under evaluation: the in vitro Ki-Ras and cellular HCT116 tests. Each of these assay-based sets was subdivided once more into two subsets according to two structural classes in this BPHI series as revealed by the PCA model. The response surface modeling (RSM) methodology was used for each subset, and the corresponding RSM plots helped us identify "activity trends" exploited to guide further analogue design. For more precise activity predictions more refined PLS models on constrained PP-spaces were developed for each subset. This approach was validated with predicted sets and demonstrates that useful information can be extracted from just a few very informative and representative compounds. Finally, we also showed the potential use of such a strategy at an early stage of an optimization process to extract the first "activity trends" that might support decision making and guide medicinal chemists in the initial design of new analogues and/or lead followup libraries.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed2007

The TUM walking machines.

This paper presents some aspects of walking machine design with a special emphasis on the three machines MAX, MORITZ and JOHNNIE, having been developed at the Technical University of Munich within the last 20 years. The design of such machines is discussed as an iterative process improving the layout with every iteration. The control concepts are event-driven and follow logical rules, which have largely been transferred from neurobiological findings. At least for the six-legged machine MAX, a nearly perfect autonomy could be achieved, whereas for the biped JOHNNIE, a certain degree of autonomy could be realized by a vision system with appropriate decision algorithms. This vision system was developed by the group of Prof. G. Schmidt, TU-München. A more detailed description of the design and realization is presented for the biped JOHNNIE.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

On visualization and aggregation of nearest neighbor classifiers.

Nearest neighbor classification is one of the simplest and most popular methods for statistical pattern recognition. A major issue in k-nearest neighbor classification is how to find an optimal value of the neighborhood parameter k. In practice, this value is generally estimated by the method of cross-validation. However, the ideal value of k in a classification problem not only depends on the entire data set, but also on the specific observation to be classified. Instead of using any single value of k, this paper studies results for a finite sequence of classifiers indexed by k. Along with the usual posterior probability estimates, a new measure, called the Bayesian measure of strength, is proposed and investigated in this paper as a measure of evidence for different classes. The results of these classifiers and their corresponding estimated misclassification probabilities are visually displayed using shaded strips. These plots provide an effective visualization of the evidence in favor of different classes when a given data point is to be classified. We also propose a simple weighted averaging technique that aggregates the results of different nearest neighbor classifiers to arrive at the final decision. Based on the analysis of several benchmark data sets, the proposed method is found to be better than using a single value of k.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge precepts for design and evaluation of information visualizations.

The design and evaluation of most current information visualization systems descend from an emphasis on a user's ability to "unpack" the representations of data of interest and operate on them independently. Too often, successful decision-making and analysis are more a matter of serendipity and user experience than of intentional design and specific support for such tasks; although humans have considerable abilities in analyzing relationships from data, the utility of visualizations remains relatively variable across users, data sets, and domains. In this paper, we discuss the notion of analytic gaps, which represent obstacles faced by visualizations in facilitating higher-level analytic tasks, such as decision-making and learning. We discuss support for bridging these gaps, propose a framework for the design and evaluation of information visualization systems, and demonstrate its use.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Effects of treatment on linguistic and social skills in toddlers with delayed language development.

This study investigated the effects of early language intervention on various linguistic and social skills of late-talking toddlers. The 21 children who participated in the investigation were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 11) or a control (delayed-treatment) group (n = 10). The experimental group participated in a 12-week clinician-implemented language intervention program. Groups were compared at pretest and posttest on five linguistic variables: Mean Length of Utterance, Total Number of Words, Number of Different Words, Lexical Repertoire, and Percentage of Intelligible Utterances, as well as on Socialization and Parental Stress. Significant group differences were found for each of the variables, indicating facilitative effects of the treatment. Notably, increases were observed in areas that were not specifically targeted by the intervention. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to considerations regarding clinical management decisions for toddlers with delayed language development.

Child Language↗
PubMed1978

[Insufficient treatment of fractures of the hand (author's transl)].

The treatment of fractures of the hand cannot be standardized, the procedure to be used has to be determined from case to case. Besides age and profession the patients intelligence and his readiness to cooperate are of importance. Sometimes osteosynthesis is not successful because these factors are disregarded. In some cases immediate amputation will not only shorten the time of treatment considerably but also prevent an inept psychic attitude (pension neurosis). Correct assessment of the injury during the first treatment may be decisive for failure or success, because a second operation will not yield a good result.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1981

Family size and the quality of children.

If couples decide to have fewer children in order to achieve higher "quality" offspring, are they correct in assuming that the quality of children bears an important and inverse relation to family size? If they are correct, how does number of children operate to affect individual quality? This research (using U.S. whites primarily) takes educational attainment (among adults) and college plans (among youngsters) as the principal indicators of quality, but also directs some attention to measures of intelligence. The analysis supports the "dilution model" (on average, the more children the lower the quality of each child) and indicates that only children do not suffer from lack of siblings, and that other last-borns are not handicapped by a "teaching deficit." Number of siblings (relative to other background variables) is found to have an important detrimental impact on child quality--an impact compounded by the fact that, when couples are at a stage in life to make family-size decisions, most background factors (however important to the quality of their children) are no longer readily manipulable. A special path analysis of college plans among boys uses a modification of Sewell's Wisconsin Model as its base. The results show that number of siblings is a negative influence on intervening variables affecting college plans. In general, the research documents the unfavorable consequences for individual siblings of high fertility, even in a country that is (at least for whites) as socially, economically, and politically advantaged as the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Video compression for lossy packet networks with mode switching and a dual-frame buffer.

Video codecs that use motion compensation benefit greatly from the development of algorithms for near-optimal intra/inter mode switching within a rate-distortion framework. A separate development has involved the use of multiple-frame prediction, in which more than one past reference frame is available for motion estimation. In this paper, we show that using a dual-frame buffer (one short-term frame and one long-term frame available for prediction) together with intra/inter mode switching improves the compression performance of the coder. We improve the mode-switching algorithm with the use of half-pel motion vectors. In addition, we investigate the effect of feedback in making more informed and effective mode-switching decisions. Feedback information is used to limit drift errors due to packet losses by synchronizing the long-term frame buffers of both the encoder and the decoder.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of a screening instrument for dementia in ageing mentally retarded persons.

The value of a standardized hetero-anamnestic questionnaire, the Dementia Questionnaire for Mentally Retarded Persons (DMR), as a screening instrument for diagnosis of early dementia, has been evaluated during a longitudinal follow-up of 139 institutionalized ageing mentally retarded subjects. By means of decision analysis, provisional criteria have been derived for a diagnosis, based on absolute DMR scores and on scorechanges through time. For different intellectual levels, separate criteria are required for interpretation of absolute scores, but longitudinal scorechanges might be independent of the intellectual level. The DMR was only evaluated for the mildly and moderately retarded intelligence categories, because of the small number of dementing persons among the severely and profoundly retarded subjects. Causes of false-positivity and false-negativity are considered.

Aged↗